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Kowalska A, Adamska E, Grobelna B. Medical Applications of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles and Core-Shell Nanostructures Based on Silver or Gold Core: Recent Progress and Innovations. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300672. [PMID: 38477448 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) of noble metals such as silver (Ag NPs) or gold (Au NPs) draw the attention of scientists looking for new compounds to use in medical applications. Scientists have used metal NPs because of their easy preparation, biocompatibility, ability to influence the shape and size or modification, and surface functionalization. However, to fully use their capabilities, both the benefits and their potential threats should be considered. One possibility to reduce the potential threat and thus prevent the extinction of their properties resulting from the agglomeration, they are covered with a neutral material, thus obtaining core-shell nanostructures that can be further modified and functionalized depending on the subsequent application. In this review, we focus on discussing the properties and applications of Ag NPs and Au NPs in the medical field such as the treatment of various diseases, drug carriers, diagnostics, and many others. In addition, the following review also discusses the use and potential applications of Ag@SiO2 and Au@SiO2 core-shell nanostructures, which can be used in cancer therapy and diagnosis, treatment of infections, or tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kowalska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stosza Gdańsk, 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Adamska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stosza Gdańsk, 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Beata Grobelna
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stosza Gdańsk, 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
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2
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Sharmin S, Islam MB, Saha BK, Ahmed F, Maitra B, Uddin Rasel MZ, Quaisaar N, Rabbi MA. Evaluation of antibacterial activity, in-vitro cytotoxicity and catalytic activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Leea macrophylla. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20810. [PMID: 37860550 PMCID: PMC10582493 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has become a cutting-edge field of research that has emerged as an interdisciplinary research area and contributes to almost every field of science. With the increasing demand for sustainable greener products, attention has recently been focused on green nanotechnology. This study manifested the aptitude of Leea macrophylla (LM) leaf extract, fortified with phytochemicals, to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the first time. As soon as the AgNPs were biosynthesized, they immediately changed color, and the distinctive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) occurred at 420 nm in the Ultraviolet-Visible spectrum, proving that the biosynthesis had been successful. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to examine the phytochemicals present in the LM leaf extract, those are accountable for the formation and stabilization of AgNPs. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) revealed the formation of quasi spherical silver nanoparticles with an average diameter of 22.77 nm. Synthesized nanoparticles were further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron microscope (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The production of AgNPs with high metal content from LM leaf extract exhibited encouraging results. The LM leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles evinced significant antibacterial and catalytic activities. The cytotoxicity effects of biosynthesized AgNPs were tested on brine shrimps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsad Sharmin
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Badrul Islam
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Barun Kanti Saha
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Firoz Ahmed
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Bijoy Maitra
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - M. Zia Uddin Rasel
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Nazeeb Quaisaar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET), Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - M. Ahasanur Rabbi
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
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3
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Costa M, Carreiro EP, Filho CMC, Silva M, Gonçalves I, Souza EF, Teixeira APS, Craveiro A, Burke AJ. Chitosan Salts as Stabilizing Agents for the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs). ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Costa
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Institute for Research and Advanced Studies University of Évora Rua Romão Ramalho 59 7000-671 Évora Portugal
| | - Elisabete P. Carreiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Institute for Research and Advanced Studies University of Évora Rua Romão Ramalho 59 7000-671 Évora Portugal
| | | | - Mara Silva
- BRinova Bioquímica Rua Fernando Seno, n° 6 7005-485 Évora Portugal
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- BRinova Bioquímica Rua Fernando Seno, n° 6 7005-485 Évora Portugal
| | - Esmar F. Souza
- BRinova Bioquímica Rua Fernando Seno, n° 6 7005-485 Évora Portugal
| | - António P. S. Teixeira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Institute for Research and Advanced Studies University of Évora Rua Romão Ramalho 59 7000-671 Évora Portugal
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development University of Évora Rua Romão Ramalho 59 7000-671 Évora Portugal
| | | | - Anthony J. Burke
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Institute for Research and Advanced Studies University of Évora Rua Romão Ramalho 59 7000-671 Évora Portugal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science and Technology University of Évora Rua Romão Ramalho 59 7000-671 Évora Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
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Habeeb Rahuman HB, Dhandapani R, Narayanan S, Palanivel V, Paramasivam R, Subbarayalu R, Thangavelu S, Muthupandian S. Medicinal plants mediated the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. IET Nanobiotechnol 2022; 16:115-144. [PMID: 35426251 PMCID: PMC9114445 DOI: 10.1049/nbt2.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarming effect of antibiotic resistance prompted the search for alternative medicine to resolve the microbial resistance conflict. Over the last two decades, scientists have become increasingly interested in metallic nanoparticles to discover their new dimensions. Green nano synthesis is a rapidly expanding field of interest in nanotechnology due to its feasibility, low toxicity, eco‐friendly nature, and long‐term viability. Some plants have long been used in medicine because they contain a variety of bioactive compounds. Silver has long been known for its antibacterial properties. Silver nanoparticles have taken a special place among other metal nanoparticles. Silver nanotechnology has a big impact on medical applications like bio‐coating, novel antimicrobial agents, and drug delivery systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pharmaceutical qualities of medicinal plants, as well as a convenient guideline for plant‐based silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranjithkumar Dhandapani
- Medical Microbiology Unit Department of Microbiology Alagappa University Karaikudi Tamilnadu India
- Chimertech Private Limited Chennai Tamilnadu India
| | - Santhoshini Narayanan
- Medical Microbiology Unit Department of Microbiology Alagappa University Karaikudi Tamilnadu India
| | - Velmurugan Palanivel
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research Chennai Tamilnadu India
| | | | | | - Sathiamoorthi Thangavelu
- Medical Microbiology Unit Department of Microbiology Alagappa University Karaikudi Tamilnadu India
| | - Saravanan Muthupandian
- Division of Biomedical Sciences College of Health Sciences School of Medicine Mekelle Ethiopia
- AMR and Nanotherapeutics Laboratory Department of Pharmacology Saveetha Dental College and Hospital Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai Tamilnadu India
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Basaleh AS, Ewais HA. Oxidative Decolorization of Brilliant Cresyl Blue Dye by Persulfate in the Presence of Cobalt(II) As a Catalyst in Aqueous and Micellar Media: A Kinetic Study. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024421150048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shaikh WA, Chakraborty S, Owens G, Islam RU. A review of the phytochemical mediated synthesis of AgNP (silver nanoparticle): the wonder particle of the past decade. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021; 11:2625-2660. [PMID: 34745812 PMCID: PMC8556825 DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) has been one of the most commonly used nanoparticles since the past decade for a wide range of applications, including environmental, agricultural, and medical fields, due to their unique physicochemical properties and ease of synthesis. Though chemical and physical methods of fabricating AgNPs have been quite popular, they posed various environmental problems. As a result, the bioinspired route of AgNP synthesis emerged as the preferred pathway for synthesis. This review focuses extensively on the biosynthesis of AgNP-mediated through different plant species worldwide in the past 10 years. The most popularly utilized application areas have been highlighted with their in-depth mechanistic approach in this review, along with the discussion on the different phytochemicals playing an important role in the bio-reduction of silver ions. In addition to this, the environmental factors which govern their synthesis and stability have been reviewed. The paper systematically analyses the trend of research on AgNP biosynthesis throughout the world through bibliometric analysis. Apart from this, the feasibility analysis of the plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles and their applications have been intrigued considering the perspectives of engineering, economic, and environmental limitations. Thus, the review is not only a comprehensive summary of the achievements and current status of plant-mediated biosynthesis but also provides insight into emerging future research frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Akram Shaikh
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Mesra, Jharkhand 835215 India
| | - Sukalyan Chakraborty
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Mesra, Jharkhand 835215 India
| | - Gary Owens
- Environmental Contaminants Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, 5095 Australia
| | - Rafique Ul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Material Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, East Champaran, Motihari, Bihar 845401 India
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Priyatharshni S, Navadeepthy D, Srividhya G, Viswanathan C, Ponpandian N. Highly stable and selective LaNiO3nanostructures modified glassy carbon electrode for simultaneous electrochemical detection of neurotransmiting compounds. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang M, Yang J, Tang L, Zhang D, Pan X. Lability-specific enrichment of typical engineered metal (oxide) nanoparticles by surface-functionalized microbubbles from waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137526. [PMID: 32120116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enrichment of metallic engineered nanoparticles (MENPs) from environmental waters is a prerequisite for their removal, reliable analyses, and environmental process interpretations. This work investigated the enrichment of typical MENPs with different degrees of lability using surface-functionalized microbbubles. During the process, the transformation/dissolution characteristics of MENPs were considered, and the impact of surfactant or coagulant dose, pH of MENP suspensions, and water matrix was systematically investigated. Results show that the colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) were capable of enriching over 90.0% of ionic Ag(I) which ended up as AgBr and Ag2CO3 in floats when the pH of suspension was 6.0. The polyaluminum chloride-modified CGAs with positive surface charges were good at capturing the particulate ZnO-NPs (~84.8%) but failed to collect the ionic species. It should be noted that the total MENP enrichment efficiency closely related to the content proportions of different species. In the river water, both of the dissolved natural organic matter (fulvic acids) and the electrolytes might influence the enrichment process by affecting the species transformation of Ag-NPs and ZnO-NPs. For the stable TiO2-NPs, 97.1% of the nanoparticles were captured by CGAs. FAs apparently reinforced the enrichment performance since the molecules acted as bridge and facilitated the attachment between TiO2-NP and CGAs. This work contributes to establishing the robust microbubble-induced enrichment method considering the characteristics of MENP contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Junhan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Linfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Daoyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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9
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Reverberi AP, Vocciante M, Salerno M, Ferretti M, Fabiano B. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Low-Energy Wet Bead Milling of Metal Spheres. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 13:E63. [PMID: 31877711 PMCID: PMC6982072 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A low-energy, magnetically-driven milling technique for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles is proposed, where the grinding medium and the metal precursor consisting of silver spheres have the same shape and size, belonging to a millimetric scale. The process is carried out at room temperature in aqueous solvent, where different types of capping agents have been dissolved to damp particle agglomeration. The particle diameters, determined by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, have been compared with those typical of conventional wet-chemical bottom-up synthesis processes. The use of milling spheres and metal precursor of the same initial shape and size allows to overcome some drawbacks and limitations distinctive of conventional bead-milling equipment, generally requiring complex operations of separation and recovery of milling media. The milling bead/nanoparticle diameter ratio obtained by this approach is lower than that typical of most previous wet bead milling techniques. The method described here represents a simple, one-pot, cost-effective, and eco-friendly process for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles starting from a bulky solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pietro Reverberi
- DCCI, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy; (M.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Marco Vocciante
- DCCI, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy; (M.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Marco Salerno
- Nanophysics Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Ferretti
- DCCI, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy; (M.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Bruno Fabiano
- DICCA, Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genova, Italy;
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Pisárčik M, Lukáč M, Jampílek J, Bilka F, Bilková A, Pašková Ľ, Devínsky F, Horáková R, Opravil T. Silver nanoparticles stabilised with cationic single-chain surfactants. Structure-physical properties-biological activity relationship study. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Saif M, El-Shafiy HF, Mashaly MM, Eid MF, Nabeel A, Fouad R. Hydrothermal preparation and physicochemical studies of new copper nano-complexes for antitumor application. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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12
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Tran M, Whale A, Padalkar S. Exploring the Efficacy of Platinum and Palladium Nanostructures for Organic Molecule Detection via Raman Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18010147. [PMID: 29316659 PMCID: PMC5796314 DOI: 10.3390/s18010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Noble transition metals, like palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt), have been well-known for their excellent catalytic and electrochemical properties. However, they have been considered non-active for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In this work, we explore the scattering contributions of Pd and Pt for the detection of organic molecules. The Pd and Pt nanostructures were synthesized on silicon substrate using a modified galvanic displacement method. The results show Pt nanoparticles and dendritic Pd nanostructures with controlled density and size. The influence of surfactants, including sodium dodecyl sulfate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, on the size and morphology of the nanostructures was investigated. The Pd and Pt nanostructures with a combination of large size and high density were then used to explore their applicability for the detection of 10−5 M Rhodamine 6G and 10−2 M paraoxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Tran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Alison Whale
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Sonal Padalkar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
- Microelectronics Research Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Khan MN, Khan TA, Khan Z, Al-Thabaiti SA. Green synthesis of biogenic silver nanomaterials using Raphanus sativus extract, effects of stabilizers on the morphology, and their antimicrobial activities. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:2397-416. [PMID: 26458821 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study explores the reducing and capping potentials of aqueous Raphanus sativus root extract for the synthesis of silver nanomaterials for the first time in the absence and presence of two stabilizers, namely, water-soluble starch and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The surface properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) techniques. The mean size of AgNPs, ranging from 3.2 to 6.0 nm, could be facilely controlled by merely varying the initial [extract], [CTAB], [starch], and [Ag(+)] ions. The agglomeration number, average number of silver atoms per nanoparticle, and changes in the fermi potentials were calculated and discussed. The AgNPs were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against different pathogenic organisms. The inhibition action was due to the structural changes in the protein cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Naved Khan
- Nano-Science Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Tabrez Alam Khan
- Nano-Science Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Zaheer Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shaeel Ahmed Al-Thabaiti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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