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Soltani Rad MN, Behrouz S, Charbaghi M, Behrouz M, Zarenezhad E, Ghanbariasad A. Design, synthesis, anticancer and in silico assessment of 8-caffeinyl chalcone hybrid conjugates. RSC Adv 2024; 14:26674-26693. [PMID: 39175679 PMCID: PMC11340408 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04787g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of novel 8-caffeinyl chalcone hybrid conjugates, which were studied for their anticancer properties, toxicity, and in silico behavior. The synthesized compounds consist of 8-caffeinyl and chalcone structures with diverse substituents. The synthesis involved three main stages: bromination of caffeine to produce 8-BC, synthesis of chalcones, and subsequent coupling of these chalcones with 8-BC. The anticancer activity of the resulting compounds was evaluated in vitro against breast cancer MCF-7 and melanoma A-375 cell lines, revealing certain compounds to have significant efficacy compared to the reference drug methotrexate. Toxicity assessments using a healthy cell line indicated that most compounds displayed some level of toxicity, with only a few exceptions. Molecular docking studies indicated robust binding affinities of selected compounds to B-RAF kinase and hDHFR enzymes. In silico analyses of pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties demonstrated that the majority of the compounds adhered to Lipinski's rule of five. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) studies were performed to gain deeper insights into the properties of the intermediates used throughout the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Navid Soltani Rad
- Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University of Technology Shiraz 71555-313 Iran +98-71-3735-4520 +98-71-3735-4500
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Novel Technology for Health Research Center, Shiraz University of Technology Shiraz 71555-313 Iran
| | - Somayeh Behrouz
- Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University of Technology Shiraz 71555-313 Iran +98-71-3735-4520 +98-71-3735-4500
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Novel Technology for Health Research Center, Shiraz University of Technology Shiraz 71555-313 Iran
| | - Maedeh Charbaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University of Technology Shiraz 71555-313 Iran +98-71-3735-4520 +98-71-3735-4500
| | - Marzieh Behrouz
- Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University of Technology Shiraz 71555-313 Iran +98-71-3735-4520 +98-71-3735-4500
| | - Elham Zarenezhad
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences Fasa Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbariasad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences Fasa Iran
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Abu-Hashem AA, Hakami O, El-Shazly M, El-Nashar HAS, Yousif MNM. Caffeine and Purine Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review on the Chemistry, Biosynthetic Pathways, Synthesis-Related Reactions, Biomedical Prospectives and Clinical Applications. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400050. [PMID: 38719741 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Caffeine and purine derivatives represent interesting chemical moieties, which show various biological activities. Caffeine is an alkaloid that belongs to the family of methylxanthine alkaloids and it is present in food, beverages, and drugs. Coffee, tea, and some other beverages are a major source of caffeine in the human diet. Caffeine can be extracted from tea or coffee using hot water with dichloromethane or chloroform and the leftover is known as decaffeinated coffee or tea. Caffeine and its derivatives were synthesized via different procedures on small and large scales. It competitively antagonizes the adenosine receptors (ARs), which are G protein-coupled receptors largely distributed in the human body, including the heart, vessels, brain, and kidneys. Recently, many reports showed the effect of caffeine derivatives in the treatment of many diseases such as Alzheimer's, asthma, parkinsonism, and cancer. Also, it is used as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hypocholesterolemic agent. The present review article discusses the synthesis, reactivity, and biological and pharmacological properties of caffeine and its derivatives. The biosynthesis and biotransformation of caffeine in coffee and tea leaves and the human body were summarized in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameen A Abu-Hashem
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, 45142 and 2097, Jazan, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman Hakami
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, 45142 and 2097, Jazan, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud N M Yousif
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Soltani Rad MN, Behrouz S, Aghajani S, Behrouz M, Zarenezhad E, Ghanbariasad A. Design, synthesis, anticancer and in silico assessment of 8-caffeinyl-triazolylmethoxy hybrid conjugates. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3056-3070. [PMID: 36756447 PMCID: PMC9850771 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07683g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research the synthesis, characterization, anticancer and the cytotoxicity assessments of novel 8-caffeinyl-triazolylmethoxy hybrid conjugates have been described. These compounds are the first caffeine-1,2,3-triazolyl hybrid molecules that structurally are composed of three compartments comprising caffeinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl and N-alkyl/aryl residues. The in vitro evaluations of synthesized compounds on cancer cell lines, including two breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-468 (ATCC HTB-22), MCF-7 (ATCC HTB-22), melanoma cell line A-375 (ATCC CRL-1619) and normal cell line HEK-293 (ATCC CRL-11268) have determined that 22c (IC50 < 12.5 μM) demonstrated potent activity against A375 and its toxicity is even stronger than methotrexate (MTX) as a standard drug. Additionally, 22c involves more selectivity than MTX regarding its non-toxicity for the HEK-293 cell line. Among the tested compounds against two breast cancer cell lines, 22f (IC50 = 136 ± 0.2 and 126 ± 0.6 μM for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468, respectively) and 22i (IC50 = 165 ± 1.8 and 175 ± 1.4 μM for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468, respectively) were the most potent compounds but their activities were less than MTX, moreover 22f showed more selectivity regarding its lower toxicity against HEK-293. Overall, 22f displayed general toxicity and selectivity on all tested cancer cell lines. The in silico physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic profile, and drug likeness predictions were also carried out for all the studied compounds. Most new compounds exhibited zero violation of Lipinski's rule (RO5). A molecular docking study was also conducted to predict the binding mode and the interaction of 22c as the most active anti-melanoma entry with B-RAF V600E kinase enzyme. The docking results determined that 22c exhibited a strong binding affinity to the active site of the enzyme. These findings demonstrated 22c and 22f as potential future anticancer drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Navid Soltani Rad
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University of Technology Shiraz 71555-313 Iran +98 71 3735 4520 +98 71 3735 4500
| | - Somayeh Behrouz
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University of Technology Shiraz 71555-313 Iran +98 71 3735 4520 +98 71 3735 4500
| | - Saleh Aghajani
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University of Technology Shiraz 71555-313 Iran +98 71 3735 4520 +98 71 3735 4500
| | - Marzieh Behrouz
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University of Technology Shiraz 71555-313 Iran +98 71 3735 4520 +98 71 3735 4500
| | - Elham Zarenezhad
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Ali Ghanbariasad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
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Reshetnikov DV, Burova LG, Rybalova TV, Bondareva EA, Patrushev SS, Evstropov AN, Shults EE. Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Caffeine Derivatives Containing Amino-Acid Fragments. Chem Nat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-022-03826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Caballero Alfonso AY, Mora Lagares L, Novic M, Benfenati E, Kumar A. Exploration of structural requirements for azole chemicals towards human aromatase CYP19A1 activity: Classification modeling, structure-activity relationships and read-across study. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 81:105332. [PMID: 35176449 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human aromatase, also called CYP19A1, plays a major role in the conversion of androgens into estrogens. Inhibition of aromatase is an important target for estrogen receptor (ER)-responsive breast cancer therapy. Use of azole compounds as aromatase inhibitors is widespread despite their low selectivity. A toxicological evaluation of commonly used azole-based drugs and agrochemicals with respect to CYP19A1is currently requested by the European Union- Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (EU-REACH) regulations due to their potential as endocrine disruptors. In this connection, identification of structural alerts (SAs) is an effective strategy for the toxicological assessment and safe drug design. The present study describes the identification of SAs of azole-based chemicals as guiding experts to predict the aromatase activity. Total 21 SAs associated with aromatase activity were extracted from dataset of 326 azole-based drugs/chemicals obtained from Tox21 library. A cross-validated classification model having high accuracy (error rate 5%) was proposed which can precisely classify azole chemicals into active/inactive toward aromatase. In addition, mechanistic details and toxicological properties (agonism/antagonism) of azoles with respect to aromatase were explored by comparing active and inactive chemicals using structure-activity relationships (SAR). Lastly, few structural alerts were applied to form chemical categories for read-across applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Y Caballero Alfonso
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di RicercheFarmacologiche "Mario Negri"-IRCCS, Milano, Italy; Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Liadys Mora Lagares
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Theory Department, Laboratory for Cheminformatics, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjana Novic
- Theory Department, Laboratory for Cheminformatics, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di RicercheFarmacologiche "Mario Negri"-IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Applied Sciences, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Diversifying the xanthine scaffold for potential phosphodiesterase 9A inhibitors: synthesis and validation. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Singh N, Shreshtha AK, Thakur M, Patra S. Xanthine scaffold: scope and potential in drug development. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00829. [PMID: 30302410 PMCID: PMC6174542 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been the basis for discovery of various important marketed drugs. Xanthine is one such lead molecule. Xanthines in various forms (caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, etc) are abode in tea, coffee, cocoa, chocolate etc. giving them popular recognition. These compounds are best known for their diverse pharmaceutical applications as cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibition, antagonization of adenosine receptor, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and anti-tumor activities. These properties incentivize to use xanthine as scaffold to develop new derivatives. Chemical synthesis contributes greater diversity in xanthine based derivatisation. With highlighting the existing challenges in chemical synthesis, the present review focuses the probable solution to fill existing lacuna. The review summarizes the available knowledge of xanthine based drugs development along with exploring new xanthine led chemical synthesis path for bringing diversification in xanthine based research. The main objective of this review is to explore the immense potential of xanthine as scaffold in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | | | - M.S. Thakur
- Fermentation Technology and Bioengineering Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Sanjukta Patra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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