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Castillo-Suárez LA, Sierra-Sánchez AG, Linares-Hernández I, Martínez-Miranda V, Teutli-Sequeira EA. A critical review of textile industry wastewater: green technologies for the removal of indigo dyes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2023; 20:1-38. [PMID: 37360556 PMCID: PMC10041522 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-023-04810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The denim textile industry represents an important productive sector. It generates wastewater with low biodegradability due to the presence of persistent pollutants, which can produce toxic and carcinogenic compounds; therefore, wastewater treatment reduces risks to aquatic life and public health. This paper presents a review of 172 papers regarding textile industry wastewater treatment for the removal of contaminants, especially indigo dyes used in the denim industry, in the context of green technologies. The physicochemical characteristics of textile wastewater, its environmental and health impacts, and the permissible limit regulations in different countries were reviewed. Biological, physicochemical and advanced oxidation processes for the removal of indigo dyes were reviewed. The goal of this study was to analyze the characteristics of green technologies; however, the research does not clearly demonstrate an effect on energy consumption savings, carbon footprint decreases, and/or waste generation. Advanced oxidation processes showed the highest color removal efficiency (95 and 97% in synthetic or real wastewater, respectively). Photocatalysis and Fenton reactions were the most efficient processes. None of the revised works presented results regarding upscaling for industrial application, and the results should be discussed in terms of the guidelines and maximum permissible limits established by international legislation. New technologies need to be developed and evaluated in a sustainable context with real wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Castillo-Suárez
- Cátedras COMECYT. Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología COMECYT, Paseo Colón Núm.: 112-A, Col. Ciprés, C.P. 50120 Toluca, Estado de México México
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Unidad San Cayetano, Km. 14.5, Carretera, Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 Toluca, Estado de México México
| | - A. G. Sierra-Sánchez
- Cátedras COMECYT. Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología COMECYT, Paseo Colón Núm.: 112-A, Col. Ciprés, C.P. 50120 Toluca, Estado de México México
| | - I. Linares-Hernández
- Cátedras COMECYT. Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología COMECYT, Paseo Colón Núm.: 112-A, Col. Ciprés, C.P. 50120 Toluca, Estado de México México
| | - V. Martínez-Miranda
- Cátedras COMECYT. Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología COMECYT, Paseo Colón Núm.: 112-A, Col. Ciprés, C.P. 50120 Toluca, Estado de México México
| | - E. A. Teutli-Sequeira
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Unidad San Cayetano, Km. 14.5, Carretera, Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 Toluca, Estado de México México
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2
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Hassan NS, Jalil AA, Khusnun NF, Bahari MB, Hussain I, Firmansyah ML, Nugraha RE. Extra-modification of zirconium dioxide for potential photocatalytic applications towards environmental remediation: A critical review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 327:116869. [PMID: 36455446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation is a valuable direction for eliminating organic pollutants in the environment because of its exceptional catalytic activity and low energy requirements. As one of the prospective photocatalysts, zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) is a promising candidate for photoactivity due to its favorable redox potential and higher chemical stability. ZrO2 has a high rate of electron-hole recombination and poor light-harvesting capabilities. Still, modification has demonstrated enhancements, especially extra-modification, and is therefore worthy of investigation. This present review provides a comprehensive overview of the extra-modifications of ZrO2 for enhanced photocatalytic performance, including coupling with other semiconductors, doping with metal, non-metal, and co-doping with metal and non-metal. The extra-modified ZrO2 showed superior performance in degrading the organic pollutant, particularly dyes and phenolic compounds. Interestingly, this review also briefly highlighted the probable mechanisms of the extra-modification of ZrO2 such as p-n heterojunction, type II heterojunction, and Z-scheme heterojunction. The latter heterojunction with excellent electron-hole space separation improved the photoactivity. Extensive research on ZrO2's photocatalytic potential is presented, including the removal of heavy metals, the redox of heavy metals and organic pollutants, and the evolution of hydrogen. Modified ZrO2's photocatalytic effectiveness depends on its band position, oxygen vacancy concentration, and metal defect sites. The opportunities and future problems of the extra-modified ZrO2 photocatalyst are also discussed. This review aims to share knowledge regarding extra-modified ZrO2 photocatalysts and inspire new environmental remediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Hassan
- Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A A Jalil
- Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - N F Khusnun
- Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M B Bahari
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - I Hussain
- Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - M L Firmansyah
- Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Airlangga University, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - R E Nugraha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur, Surabaya 60294, Indonesia
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Usgodaarachchi L, Thambiliyagodage C, Wijesekera R, Vigneswaran S, Kandanapitiye M. Fabrication of TiO 2 Spheres and a Visible Light Active α-Fe 2O 3/TiO 2-Rutile/TiO 2-Anatase Heterogeneous Photocatalyst from Natural Ilmenite. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:27617-27637. [PMID: 35967057 PMCID: PMC9366797 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High-purity (98.8%, TiO2) rutile nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using ilmenite sand as the initial titanium source. This novel synthesis method was cost-effective and straightforward due to the absence of the traditional gravity, magnetic, electrostatic separation, ball milling, and smelting processes. Synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were 99% pure. Also, highly corrosive environmentally hazardous acid leachate generated during the leaching process of ilmenite sand was effectively converted into a highly efficient visible light active photocatalyst. The prepared photocatalyst system consists of anatase-TiO2/rutile-TiO2/Fe2O3 (TF-800), rutile-TiO2/Fe2TiO5 (TFTO-800), and anatase-TiO2/Fe3O4 (TF-450) nanocomposites, respectively. The pseudo-second-order adsorption rate of the TF-800 ternary nanocomposite was 0.126 g mg-1 min-1 in dark conditions, and a 0.044 min-1 visible light initial photodegradation rate was exhibited. The TFTO-800 binary nanocomposite adsorbed methylene blue (MB) following pseudo-second-order adsorption (0.224 g mg-1 min-1) in the dark, and the rate constant for photodegradation of MB in visible light was 0.006 min-1. The prepared TF-450 nanocomposite did not display excellent adsorptive and photocatalytic performances throughout the experiment period. The synthesized TF-800 and TFTO-800 were able to degrade 93.1 and 49.8% of a 100 mL, 10 ppm MB dye solution within 180 min, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leshan Usgodaarachchi
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe, Colombo 10115, Sri Lanka
| | - Charitha Thambiliyagodage
- Faculty
of Humanities and Sciences, Sri Lanka Institute
of Information Technology, Malabe, Colombo 10115, Sri Lanka
| | - Ramanee Wijesekera
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Colombo, Colombo
3 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Technology
Sydney (UTS), P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2127, Australia
- Faculty
of Sciences & Technology (RealTek), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box N-1432 Ås 1430, Norway
| | - Murthi Kandanapitiye
- Department
of Nano Science Technology, Wayamba University
of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya 60200, Sri Lanka
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Linares-Hernández I, Antonio Castillo-Suárez L, Ibanez JG, Vasquez-Medrano R, Miguel López-Rebollar B, Santoyo-Tepole F, Alejandra Teutli-Sequeira E, Martínez-Cienfuegos IG. Degradation of commercial paraquat in a solar-Fenton pilot lagoon using iron oxalate as a chelating agent: Hydro-thermal analysis with CFD. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Bano K, Kaushal S, Singh PP. A review on photocatalytic degradation of hazardous pesticides using heterojunctions. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Commercial herbicide degradation by solar corrosion Fenton processes of iron filaments in a continuous flow reactor and its computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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7
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Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Photocatalytic Activity of Zn2Ti3O8 Materials for Phenol Photodegradation. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.16.1.10322.196-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Zinc titanate (Zn2Ti3O8) is a bimetal oxide material that is especially attractive as a photocatalyst. In the preparation of the Zn2Ti3O8, the calcination temperature is a crucial parameter. Hence, in the present work, we aimed to synthesize the Zn2Ti3O8 materials from zinc(II) nitrate and titanium(IV) isopropoxide as precursors by using a sol-gel method and followed by calcination at 700, 900, and 1100 °C to give ZT-700, ZT-900, and ZT-100 materials, respectively. The ZT materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible (DR UV-vis), and fluorescence spectroscopies. It was confirmed that the ZT materials contained O−Ti−O, Zn−O−Ti, Zn−O, Ti−O−Ti, and Ti−O functional groups as shown from their FTIR spectra. Similar fluorescence properties were only observed on the ZT-700 and ZT-900. From the bandgap energy analysis, ZT-700 and ZT-900 contained spinel and cubic Zn2Ti3O8 (spl-Zn2Ti3O8 and c-Zn2Ti3O8) crystal phases), while ZT-1100 contained c-Zn2TiO4 and TiO2 rutile crystal phases. The kinetic analysis of photocatalytic phenol degradation showed that both ZT-700 and ZT-900 materials exhibited high photocatalytic activity with the reaction rate constants of 0.0353 and 0.0355 h−1, respectively. These values were higher than that of the ZT-1100 (0.0206 h−1). This study demonstrated that calcination at 700 and 900 °C resulted in the formation of the spl-Zn2Ti3O8 and c-Zn2Ti3O8 phases, which were effective as the photocatalyst, but the formation of c-Zn2TiO4 and rutile TiO2 at calcination of 1100 °C deteriorated the photocatalytic activity. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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Ibarra-Rodriguez LI, Huerta-Flores AM, Garay-Rodríguez LF, Torres-Martínez LM. Study of the K2Ti6-xZrxO13 (x = 0 - 1) solid solution for enhancing the photocatalytic hydrogen production: Oxygen vacancies playing an important role in the catalytic performance. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nandiyanto ABD, Zaen R, Oktiani R. Correlation between crystallite size and photocatalytic performance of micrometer-sized monoclinic WO3 particles. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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10
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Nandiyanto ABD, Oktiani R, Ragadhita R, Sukmafitri A, Zaen R. Amorphous content on the photocatalytic performance of micrometer-sized tungsten trioxide particles. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Zhang G, Xue Y, Wang Q, Wang P, Yao H, Zhang W, Zhao J, Li Y. Photocatalytic oxidation of norfloxacin by Zn 0.9Fe 0.1S supported on Ni-foam under visible light irradiation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 230:406-415. [PMID: 31112863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Norfloxacin (NOR) is an emerging antibiotics contaminant due to its high resistance to microbial degradation and natural weathering. In this study, Fe-doped ZnS photocatalyst (Zn0.9Fe0.1S) was deposited on nickel foam (Ni-foam) to improve photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. The mass ratio of Zn0.9Fe0.1S and Ni-foam was optimized to be 0.03 g catalyst versus per g Ni-foam (0.03 Zn0.9Fe0.1S/Ni-foam), which led to the highest removal rate of 95%. The optimal degradation condition for NOR over 0.03 Zn0.9Fe0.1S/Ni-foam was pH at 7.0, initial NOR concentration of 5 mg L-1, and initial photocatalyst concentration of 11.7 g L-1, with the highest first-order reaction rate constant of 0.025 min-1 and mineralization rate of 63.1%. The NOR removal rate on 0.03 Zn0.9Fe0.1S/Ni-foam photocatalyst (95%) was approximately four times of that obtained on Zn0.9Fe0.1S photocatalyst (25%). The increased photocatalytic performance could be attributed to the function of Ni-foam as excellent electron collectors that provided efficient photoinduced charge separation from Zn0.9Fe0.1S. The reactive species responsible for the degradation of NOR were photo-generated holes, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide radicals. Nearly 90% of the photocatalytic efficiency was retained over seven cycles and the released metal ion concentrations were <0.3% of the total mass of photocatalyst, suggesting high stability of the photocatalyst during the photocatalytic reactions. The aqueous/solid mass transfer and intraparticle mass transfer for Zn0.9Fe0.1S/Ni-foam were not limiting factors for the degradation of NOR. Therefore the Zn0.9Fe0.1S/Ni-foam photocatalyst could be applied in the degradation of hazardous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Yanei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Hong Yao
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, China; John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, 07102, USA.
| | - Jinbo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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12
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Huang Y, Zhan H, Bhatt P, Chen S. Paraquat Degradation From Contaminated Environments: Current Achievements and Perspectives. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1754. [PMID: 31428067 PMCID: PMC6689968 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat herbicide has served over five decades to control annual and perennial weeds. Despite agricultural benefits, its toxicity to terrestrial and aquatic environments raises serious concerns. Paraquat cannot rapidly degrade in the environment and is adsorbed in clay lattices that require urgent environmental remediation. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and bioaugmentation techniques have been developed for this purpose. Among various techniques, bioremediation is a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach for pesticide-polluted soils. Though several paraquat-degrading microorganisms have been isolated and characterized, studies about degradation pathways, related functional enzymes and genes are indispensable. This review encircles paraquat removal from contaminated environments through adsorption, photocatalyst degradation, AOPs and microbial degradation. To provide in-depth knowledge, the potential role of paraquat degrading microorganisms in contaminated environments is described as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Basheer EAM, Abdulbari HA. Visible Light TiO 2Photocatalyst Composite Based on Carbon Microfiber Derived from Human Hair. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Esmail A. M. Basheer
- Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Pahang; Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Hayder A. Abdulbari
- Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Pahang; Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow (CARIFF); Universiti Malaysia Pahang; Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
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14
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Xue Y, Su R, Zhang G, Wang Q, Wang P, Zhang W, Wang Z. Visible light responsive Fe–ZnS/nickel foam photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20187c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ZnFeS photocatalysts were successfully decorated on nickel foam to form a ZnFeS/nickel foam composite photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanei Xue
- Department of Life Science
- Environmental Science Researching Center
- Harbin University of Commerce
- Harbin 150076
- China
| | - Rongjun Su
- Department of Life Science
- Environmental Science Researching Center
- Harbin University of Commerce
- Harbin 150076
- China
| | - Guangshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
| | - Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
| | - Wen Zhang
- John A. Reif, Jr
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
- New Jersey Institute of Technology
- Newark
- USA
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Physics
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
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