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Abstract
A growing theme in chemistry is the joining of multiple organic molecular building blocks to create functional molecules. Diverse derivatizable structures—here termed “scaffolds” comprised of “hubs”—provide the foundation for systematic covalent organization of a rich variety of building blocks. This review encompasses 30 tri- or tetra-armed molecular hubs (e.g., triazine, lysine, arenes, dyes) that are used directly or in combination to give linear, cyclic, or branched scaffolds. Each scaffold is categorized by graph theory into one of 31 trees to express the molecular connectivity and overall architecture. Rational chemistry with exacting numbers of derivatizable sites is emphasized. The incorporation of water-solubilization motifs, robust or self-immolative linkers, enzymatically cleavable groups and functional appendages affords immense (and often late-stage) diversification of the scaffolds. Altogether, 107 target molecules are reviewed along with 19 syntheses to illustrate the distinctive chemistries for creating and derivatizing scaffolds. The review covers the history of the field up through 2020, briefly touching on statistically derivatized carriers employed in immunology as counterpoints to the rationally assembled and derivatized scaffolds here, although most citations are from the past two decades. The scaffolds are used widely in fields ranging from pure chemistry to artificial photosynthesis and biomedical sciences.
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Abd Alhameed R, Almarhoon Z, N. Sholkamy E, Ali Khan S, Ul-Haq Z, Sharma A, G. de la Torre B, Albericio F, El-Faham A. Novel 4,6-Disubstituted s-Triazin-2-yl Amino Acid Derivatives as Promising Antifungal Agents. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040237. [PMID: 33096851 PMCID: PMC7712924 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of 4,6-disubstituted s-triazin-2-yl amino acid derivatives was prepared and characterized. Most of them showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans compared to clotrimazole (standard drug). Compounds bearing aniline derivatives, piperidine and glycine on the triazine core showed the highest inhibition zones at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 μg per disc. In addition, docking studies revealed that all the compounds accommodated well in the active site residues of N-myristoltransferase (NMT) and exhibited complementarity, which explains the observed antifungal activity. Interestingly, none of these compounds showed antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakia Abd Alhameed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.A.); (Z.A.)
| | - Zainab Almarhoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.A.); (Z.A.)
| | - Essam N. Sholkamy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Salman Ali Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (S.A.K.); (Z.U.-H.)
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (S.A.K.); (Z.U.-H.)
| | - Anamika Sharma
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (A.S.); (B.G.d.l.T.)
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (A.S.); (B.G.d.l.T.)
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.A.); (Z.A.)
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- CIBER-BBN (Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine) and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: or (F.A.); or (A.E.-F.); Tel.: +966-114673195 (A.E.-F.)
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.A.); (Z.A.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia 12321, Alexandria, Egypt
- Correspondence: or (F.A.); or (A.E.-F.); Tel.: +966-114673195 (A.E.-F.)
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