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Milani NBL, van Gilst E, Pirok BWJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography- A discussion on recent innovations. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300304. [PMID: 37654057 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Although comprehensive 2-D GC is an established and often applied analytical method, the field is still highly dynamic thanks to a remarkable number of innovations. In this review, we discuss a number of recent developments in comprehensive 2-D GC technology. A variety of modulation methods are still being actively investigated and many exciting improvements are discussed in this review. We also review interesting developments in detection methods, retention modeling, and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino B L Milani
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric van Gilst
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Schwalb L, Tiemann O, Käfer U, Gröger T, Rüger CP, Gayko G, Zimmermann R. Analysis of complex drugs by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry: detailed chemical description of the active pharmaceutical ingredient sodium bituminosulfonate and its process intermediates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:2471-2481. [PMID: 36401638 PMCID: PMC10149445 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04393-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe European pharmacopeia provides analytical methods for the chemical characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, the complexity of some APIs exceeds the limitations of the currently prevailing physicochemical methods. Sodium bituminosulfonate (SBS) is described by the collection of key parameters of generalizing criteria such as dry matter, sulfur and sodium content, and neutrality, but techniques to unravel the complexity on a molecular level are lacking. We present a study based on online derivatization with tetramethylammonium hydroxide in combination with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to an electron ionization high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC × GC-HR-ToF–MS) for the chemical description of SBS as well as its process intermediates. The application of GC × GC allowed the comprehensive description of the chemical components in the API and the process intermediates for the first time. Furthermore, it was possible to classify peaks regarding their elemental and structural composition based on accurate mass information, elution behavior, and mass fragmentation pattern. This work demonstrates not only the general applicability, advantages but also limitations of GC × GC for the characterization of APIs for complex drugs.
Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schwalb
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ole Tiemann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Käfer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Now at: Leibniz-Institute of Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Christopher Paul Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Guido Gayko
- Ichthyol-Gesellschaft, Cordes, Hermanni & Co. (GmbH & Co.) KG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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A multicolor colorimetric assay for sensitive detection of sulfide ions based on anti-etching of triangular gold nanoplates. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Weng X, Cao L, Zhang G, Chen F, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Gao J, Xu C. Ultradeep Hydrodesulfurization of Diesel: Mechanisms, Catalyst Design Strategies, and Challenges. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, 18 Fuxue Road, Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, 18 Fuxue Road, Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, 18 Fuxue Road, Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, 18 Fuxue Road, Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, 18 Fuxue Road, Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, 18 Fuxue Road, Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinsen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, 18 Fuxue Road, Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, 18 Fuxue Road, Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
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