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Pereira GG, Howard D, Lahur P, Breedon M, Kilby P, Hornung CH. Freeform generative design of complex functional structures. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11918. [PMID: 38789601 PMCID: PMC11126620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Generative machine learning is poised to revolutionise a range of domains where rational design has long been the de facto approach: where design is practically a time consuming and frustrating process guided by heuristics and intuition. In this article we focus on the domain of flow chemistry, which is an ideal candidate for generative design approaches. We demonstrate a generative machine learning framework that optimises diverse, bespoke reactor elements for flow chemistry applications, combining evolutionary algorithms and a scalable fluid dynamics solver for in silico performance assessment. Experimental verification confirms the discovery of never-before-seen bespoke mixers whose performance exceeds the state of the art by 45%. These findings highlight the power of autonomous generative design to improve the operational performance of complex functional structures, with potential wide-ranging industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald G Pereira
- CSIRO Data61, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia.
| | - David Howard
- CSIRO Data61, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Paulus Lahur
- CSIRO IMT, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Michael Breedon
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Phil Kilby
- CSIRO Data61, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
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2
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Dyer MR, Jing Z, Duncan K, Godbe J, Shokeen M. Advancements in the development of radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear medicine applications in the treatment of bone metastases. Nucl Med Biol 2024; 130-131:108879. [PMID: 38340369 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Bone metastases are a painful and complex condition that overwhelmingly impacts the prognosis and quality of life of cancer patients. Over the years, nuclear medicine has made remarkable progress in the diagnosis and management of bone metastases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in nuclear medicine for the diagnosis and management of bone metastases. Furthermore, the review explores the role of targeted radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine for bone metastases, focusing on radiolabeled molecules that are designed to selectively target biomarkers associated with bone metastases, including osteocytes, osteoblasts, and metastatic cells. The applications of radionuclide-based therapies, such as strontium-89 (Sr-89) and radium-223 (Ra-223), are also discussed. This review also highlights the potential of theranostic approaches for bone metastases, enabling personalized treatment strategies based on individual patient characteristics. Importantly, the clinical applications and outcomes of nuclear medicine in osseous metastatic disease are discussed. This includes the assessment of treatment response, predictive and prognostic value of imaging biomarkers, and the impact of nuclear medicine on patient management and outcomes. The review identifies current challenges and future perspectives on the role of nuclear medicine in treating bone metastases. It addresses limitations in imaging resolution, radiotracer availability, radiation safety, and the need for standardized protocols. The review concludes by emphasizing the need for further research and advancements in imaging technology, radiopharmaceutical development, and integration of nuclear medicine with other treatment modalities. In summary, advancements in nuclear medicine have significantly improved the diagnosis and management of osseous metastatic disease and future developements in the integration of innovative imaging modalities, targeted radiopharmaceuticals, radionuclide production, theranostic approaches, and advanced image analysis techniques hold great promise in improving patient outcomes and enhancing personalized care for individuals with bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Dyer
- Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhenghan Jing
- Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathleen Duncan
- Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jacqueline Godbe
- Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Monica Shokeen
- Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Capaldo L, Wen Z, Noël T. A field guide to flow chemistry for synthetic organic chemists. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4230-4247. [PMID: 37123197 PMCID: PMC10132167 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00992k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry has unlocked a world of possibilities for the synthetic community, but the idea that it is a mysterious "black box" needs to go. In this review, we show that several of the benefits of microreactor technology can be exploited to push the boundaries in organic synthesis and to unleash unique reactivity and selectivity. By "lifting the veil" on some of the governing principles behind the observed trends, we hope that this review will serve as a useful field guide for those interested in diving into flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Zhenghui Wen
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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4
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Ölçücü G, Krauss U, Jaeger KE, Pietruszka J. Carrier‐Free Enzyme Immobilizates for Flow Chemistry. CHEM-ING-TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Ölçücü
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Biorganic Chemistry Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
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5
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Duan ZY, Peng LF, Liu TL, Li S, Zhang JM, Zhu DL. Numerical Simulation Study of Nozzle Structure of Liquid-Gas Ejector. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s004057952233003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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6
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Hsu MC, Mansouri M, Ahamed NNN, Larson SM, Joshi IM, Ahmed A, Borkholder DA, Abhyankar VV. A miniaturized 3D printed pressure regulator (µPR) for microfluidic cell culture applications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10769. [PMID: 35750792 PMCID: PMC9232624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-defined fluid flows are the hallmark feature of microfluidic culture systems and enable precise control over biophysical and biochemical cues at the cellular scale. Microfluidic flow control is generally achieved using displacement-based (e.g., syringe or peristaltic pumps) or pressure-controlled techniques that provide numerous perfusion options, including constant, ramped, and pulsed flows. However, it can be challenging to integrate these large form-factor devices and accompanying peripherals into incubators or other confined environments. In addition, microfluidic culture studies are primarily carried out under constant perfusion conditions and more complex flow capabilities are often unused. Thus, there is a need for a simplified flow control platform that provides standard perfusion capabilities and can be easily integrated into incubated environments. To this end, we introduce a tunable, 3D printed micro pressure regulator (µPR) and show that it can provide robust flow control capabilities when combined with a battery-powered miniature air pump to support microfluidic applications. We detail the design and fabrication of the µPR and: (i) demonstrate a tunable outlet pressure range relevant for microfluidic applications (1-10 kPa), (ii) highlight dynamic control capabilities in a microfluidic network, (iii) and maintain human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a multi-compartment culture device under continuous perfusion conditions. We anticipate that our 3D printed fabrication approach and open-access designs will enable customized µPRs that can support a broad range of microfluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chun Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Mehran Mansouri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Nuzhet N N Ahamed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Stephen M Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Indranil M Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Adeel Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - David A Borkholder
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Vinay V Abhyankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA.
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7
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Zhenya D, Tailong L, Wenchen L, Hongyan Z, Junmei Z, Longlong L, Jingtao W. Numerical simulation and experimental study of an efficient multi-orifice-impinging transverse (MOIT) jet mixer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2021-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In order to accomplish efficient mixing of liquids with large differences in flow rates, an efficient multi-orifice impinging transverse (MOIT) jet mixer is used in this paper. Its structure combines a conventional MOIT jet mixer with a venturi jet mixer to improve the mixing efficiency of the MOIT jet mixer. The flow characteristics and mixing effects inside the conventional and efficient jet mixer are numerically simulated by means of a Multiphase Models. Based on building the experimental platform, the maximum error between the simulation results and the experimental results obtained with the high-speed camera is 8.42%, which verifies that the model and simulation method applies to the simulation of the mixer. In addition, the paper uses MATLAB software to obtain the interphase contact area at the transverse orifice section and verifies that the contact area at the transverse orifice section affects the mixing effect of the mixer. The droplet size distribution was also analyzed by the CFD-PBM model. The results show that the efficient MOIT jet mixer has better mixing efficiency and mixing effect, and the optimal values of the number of orifices and main fluid flow rate of the jet mixer exist. In addition, the mixing effect of the mixer showed a decreasing trend with the increase of the orifice size. The results of this paper complete the optimization of the parameters of the MOIT jet mixer, facilitating its industrial application. And combining two different mixers to create a novel jet mixer, which provides a direction for the development of new jet mixers and helps to promote the development of the fine chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Zhenya
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266061 , Shandong Province , China
| | - Liu Tailong
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266061 , Shandong Province , China
| | - Li Wenchen
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266061 , Shandong Province , China
| | - Zhai Hongyan
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266061 , Shandong Province , China
| | - Zhang Junmei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , Shandong Province , China
| | - Lin Longlong
- Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Company Limited , Zibo 255000 , Shandong Province , China
| | - Wang Jingtao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
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Watts P, Sagandira CR. Rapid Multigram-Scale End-to-End Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Sulfonylurea Antidiabetes Drugs: Gliclazide, Chlorpropamide, and Tolbutamide. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1664-2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA multigram-scale robust, efficient, and safe end-to-end continuous-flow process for the diabetes sulfonylurea drugs gliclazide, chlorpropamide, and tolbutamide is reported. The drugs were prepared by the treatment of an amine with a haloformate affording carbamate, which was subsequently treated with a sulfonamide to afford sulfonylurea. Gliclazide was obtained in 87% yield within 2.5 minutes total residence time with 26 g/h throughput; 0.2 kg of the drug was produced in 8 hours of running the system continuously. Chlorpropamide and tolbutamide were both obtained in 94% yield within 1 minute residence time with 184–188 g/h throughput; 1.4–1.5 kg of the drugs was produced in 8 hours of running the system continuously. N-Substituted carbamates were used as safe alternatives to the hazardous isocyanates in constructing the sulfonyl urea moiety.
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Rosseau LR, Middelkoop V, Willemsen HA, Roghair I, van Sint Annaland M. Review on Additive Manufacturing of Catalysts and Sorbents and the Potential for Process Intensification. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.834547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing of catalyst and sorbent materials promises to unlock large design freedom in the structuring of these materials, and could be used to locally tune porosity, shape and resulting parameters throughout the reactor along both the axial and transverse coordinates. This contrasts catalyst structuring by conventional methods, which yields either very dense randomly packed beds or very open cellular structures. Different 3D-printing processes for catalytic and sorbent materials exist, and the selection of an appropriate process, taking into account compatible materials, porosity and resolution, may indeed enable unbounded options for geometries. In this review, recent efforts in the field of 3D-printing of catalyst and sorbent materials are discussed. It will be argued that these efforts, whilst promising, do not yet exploit the full potential of the technology, since most studies considered small structures that are very similar to structures that can be produced through conventional methods. In addition, these studies are mostly motivated by chemical and material considerations within the printing process, without explicitly striving for process intensification. To enable value-added application of 3D-printing in the chemical process industries, three crucial requirements for increased process intensification potential will be set out: i) the production of mechanically stable structures without binders; ii) the introduction of local variations throughout the structure; and iii) the use of multiple materials within one printed structure.
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Sagandira CR, Nqeketo S, Mhlana K, Sonti T, Gaqa S, Watts P. Towards 4th industrial revolution efficient and sustainable continuous flow manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of end-to-end continuous flow synthesis with downstream processing, process analytical technology (PAT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and automation in ensuring improved accessibility of quality medicines on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinazo Nqeketo
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Kanyisile Mhlana
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Thembela Sonti
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Sibongiseni Gaqa
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Paul Watts
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
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11
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Grande CA, Didriksen T. Production of Customized Reactors by 3D Printing for Corrosive and Exothermic Reactions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Grande
- SINTEF Industry, Forskningsveien 1, 0373 Oslo, Norway
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center & Kaust Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Sagandira CR, Khasipo AZ, Watts P. Total Synthesis of Glipizide and Glibenclamide in Continuous Flow. Chemistry 2021; 27:16028-16035. [PMID: 34633700 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glipizide and glibenclamide remain some of the widely prescribed antidiabetic sulfonylurea drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Herein the authors report on an isocyanate-free synthetic procedure towards the preparation of these on demand drugs at multigram scale using continuous flow technology. The safety concern over the use of isocyanates in most of the existing synthetic routes was dealt with in this present work by using N-carbamates synthesised in situ from activation of amines with chloroformates as safer alternatives. An overall yield of 80-85 % was obtained for the semi-telescoped steps within 10 min total residence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloudius R Sagandira
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Agnes Z Khasipo
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Paul Watts
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
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Seoane-Viaño I, Trenfield SJ, Basit AW, Goyanes A. Translating 3D printed pharmaceuticals: From hype to real-world clinical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:553-575. [PMID: 33965461 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a revolutionary technology that is disrupting pharmaceutical development by enabling the production of personalised printlets (3D printed drug products) on demand. By creating small batches of dose flexible medicines, this versatile technology offers significant advantages for clinical practice and drug development, namely the ability to personalise medicines to individual patient needs, as well as expedite drug development timelines within preclinical studies through to first-in-human (FIH) and Phase I/II clinical trials. Despite the widely demonstrated benefits of 3D printing pharmaceuticals, the clinical potential of the technology is yet to be realised. In this timely review, we provide an overview of the latest cutting-edge investigations in 3D printing pharmaceuticals in the pre-clinical and clinical arena and offer a forward-looking approach towards strategies to further aid the translation of 3D printing into the clinic.
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Abstract
Continuous manufacturing has received increasing interest because of the advantages of intrinsic safety and enhanced mass transfer in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the difficulty for scale-up has limited the application of continuous manufacturing for a long time. Recently, the tubular flow reactor equipped with the Kenics static mixer appears to be a solution for the continuous process scale-up. Although many influence factors on the mixing performance in the Kenics static mixer have been investigated, little research has been carried out on the aspect ratio. In this study, we used the coefficient of variation as the mixing evaluation index to investigate the effect of the aspect ratio (0.2–2) on the Kenics static mixer’s mixing performance. The results indicate that a low aspect ratio helps obtain a shorter mixing time and mixer length. This study suggests that adjusting the aspect ratio of the Kenics static mixer can be a new strategy for the scale-up of a continuous process in the pharmaceutical industry.
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15
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Neyt NC, Riley DL. Application of reactor engineering concepts in continuous flow chemistry: a review. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of flow technology for the manufacture of chemical entities, and in particular pharmaceuticals, has seen rapid growth over the past two decades with the technology now blurring the lines between chemistry and chemical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Neyt
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
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