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Jadon N, Tomar P, Shrivastava S, Hosseinzadeh B, Kaya SI, Ozkan SA. Monitoring of Specific Phytoestrogens by Dedicated Electrochemical Sensors: A Review. Food Chem 2024; 460:140404. [PMID: 39068721 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are non-steroidal estrogens produced from plants that can bind with the human body's estrogenic receptor site and be used as a substitute for maintaining hormonal balance. They are mainly classified as flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, stilbenes, and coumestans; some are resocyclic acids of lactones, which are mycotoxins and not natural phytoestrogen. Phytoestrogens have many beneficial medicinal properties, making them an important part of the daily diet. Electrochemical sensors are widely used analytical tools for analysing various pharmaceuticals, chemicals, pollutants and food items. Electrochemical sensors provide an extensive platform for highly sensitive and rapid analysis. Several reviews have been published on the importance of the biological and medicinal properties of phytoestrogens. However, this review provides an overview of recent work performed through electrochemical measurements with electrochemical sensors and biosensors for all the classes of phytoestrogens done so far since 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Jadon
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560 Ankara, Türkiye; School of Studies in Environmental Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P., 474011, India.
| | - Puja Tomar
- School of Studies in Environmental Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P., 474011, India
| | - Swati Shrivastava
- School of Studies in Environmental Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P., 474011, India
| | - Batoul Hosseinzadeh
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - S Irem Kaya
- University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560 Ankara, Türkiye.
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Wang B, Zhao W, Wang L, Kang K, Li X, Zhang D, Ren J, Ji X. Binary-amplifying electrochemiluminescence sensor for sensitive assay of catechol and luteolin based on HKUST-1 derived CuO nanoneedles as a novel luminophore. Talanta 2024; 273:125836. [PMID: 38458080 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a highly novel and effective electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on metal-organic framework (MOF, HKUST-1) derived CuO nanoneedles (HKUST-1 derived CuO NNs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and TiO2 was developed for ultrasensitive detection of catechol and luteolin. The HKUST-1 derived CuO NNs were employed as luminophore for the first time, which were successfully fabricated by using HKUST-1 as precursor. The results revealed that the HKUST-1 derived CuO NNs exhibit excellent ECL activity ascribed to its abundant active site and the high specific surface area, thus obviously promoting the separation and transfer of charge and further improving the current density of ECL sensor. To binary-amplify the signal of the ECL sensor, the AuNPs and TiO2 nano-materials with good biocompatibility, great electron transport efficiency and high catalytic activity were used as co-reaction accelerators in the ECL process. Dependent on the above brilliant strategy, the proposed ECL sensor achieved wide linear ranges from 3 × 10-9 - 1 × 10-4 M for catechol and 1 × 10-8 - 2 × 10-4 M for luteolin, with the detection limits of 1.5 × 10-9 M for catechol and 5.3 × 10-9 M for luteolin, respectively. Furthermore, the ECL sensor exhibited outstanding selectivity, repeatability, stability and obtained great feedback on determination of catechol and luteolin in actual samples. The method not only filled a gap in the ECL application of MOF-derived materials but also provided a novel sight for design other highly efficient luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Wenrui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Kai Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xianrui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Jujie Ren
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
| | - Xueping Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
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Chiorcea-Paquim AM. Electrochemistry of Flavonoids: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15667. [PMID: 37958651 PMCID: PMC10648705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids represent a large group of aromatic amino acids that are extensively disseminated in plants. More than six thousand different flavonoids have been isolated and identified. They are important components of the human diet, presenting a broad spectrum of health benefits, including antibacterial, antiviral, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, immunomodulatory, vasodilatory and cardioprotective properties. They are now considered indispensable compounds in the healthcare, food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and biotechnology industries. All flavonoids are electroactive, and a relationship between their electron-transfer properties and radical-scavenging activity has been highlighted. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview concerning the electron-transfer reactions in flavonoids, from the point of view of their in-vitro antioxidant mode of action. Flavonoid redox behavior is related to the oxidation of the phenolic hydroxy groups present in their structures. The fundamental principles concerning the redox behavior of flavonoids will be described, and the phenol moiety oxidation pathways and the effect of substituents and experimental conditions on flavonoid electrochemical behavior will be discussed. The final sections will focus on the electroanalysis of flavonoids in natural products and their identification in highly complex matrixes, such as fruits, vegetables, beverages, food supplements, pharmaceutical compounds and human body fluids, relevant for food quality control, nutrition, and healthcare research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Chiorcea-Paquim
- Instituto Pedro Nunes (IPN), 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal;
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Li Y, Yang Y, Li J, Zhang L, Zhao P, Fei J, Xie Y. Ultrasensitive Luteolin Electrochemical Sensor Based on Novel Lamellar CuZn@ Nitrogen-Containing Carbon Nanosheets. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:nano13010171. [PMID: 36616084 PMCID: PMC9823784 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Cu/Zn-zeolitic imidazolate framework (Cu/Zn-ZIF) was synthesized using the traditional hydrothermal method, and its surface morphology was controlled by adding polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) during its synthesis. It was then calcined at 800 °C to form the nitrogen-containing carbon material CuZn@NC, which improved the electron transfer rate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray crystal diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to investigate the surface morphology and structure. Finally, the electrochemical sensing platform for luteolin was effectively constructed by changing the metal-ion ratio during synthesis to achieve the most suitable electrode material. The sensor platform detects luteolin well, with an operating curve equation of Ip (A) = 0.0571C (nM) - 1.2913 and a minimum detection limit of 15 nM, and the platform has been successfully employed for luteolin detection in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Yaqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Jiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Junjie Fei
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Yixi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
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Yang Y, Shen X. Preparation and Application of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Flavonoids: Review and Perspective. Molecules 2022; 27:7355. [PMID: 36364181 PMCID: PMC9653670 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The separation and detection of flavonoids from various natural products have attracted increasing attention in the field of natural product research and development. Depending on the high specificity of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), MIPs are proposed as efficient adsorbents for the selective extraction and separation of flavonoids from complex samples. At present, a comprehensive review article to summarize the separation and purification of flavonoids using molecular imprinting, and the employment of MIP-based sensors for the detection of flavonoids is still lacking. Here, we reviewed the general preparation methods of MIPs towards flavonoids, including bulk polymerization, precipitation polymerization, surface imprinting and emulsion polymerization. Additionally, a variety of applications of MIPs towards flavonoids are summarized, such as the different forms of MIP-based solid phase extraction (SPE) for the separation of flavonoids, and the MIP-based sensors for the detection of flavonoids. Finally, we discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the current synthetic methods for preparing MIPs of flavonoids and prospected the approaches for detecting flavonoids in the future. The purpose of this review is to provide helpful suggestions for the novel preparation methods of MIPs for the extraction of flavonoids and emerging applications of MIPs for the detection of flavonoids from natural products and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiantao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan 430030, China
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Abd-Elsabour M, Alsoghier HM, Alhamzani AG, Abou-Krisha MM, Yousef TA, Assaf HF. A Novel Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Nicotine in Tobacco Products Based on Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Conjugated with (1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-Sulphonic Acid) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142354. [PMID: 35889578 PMCID: PMC9323772 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple electrochemical sensor for nicotine (NIC) detection was performed. The sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified by (1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonic acid)(Nq) decorated by graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite. The synthesized (GO) nanosheets were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), FT-IR, and UV-Visible Spectroscopy. The insertion of Nq with GO nanosheets on the surface of GCE displayed high electrocatalytic activity towards NIC compared to the bare GCE. NIC determination was performed under the optimum conditions using 0.10 M of Na2SO4 as a supporting electrolyte with pH 8.0 at a scan rate of 100 mV/s using both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). This electrochemical sensor showed an excellent result for NIC detection. The oxidation peak current increased linearly with a 6.5–245 µM of NIC with R2 = 0.9999. The limit of detection was 12.7 nM. The fabricated electrode provided satisfactory stability, reproducibility, and selectivity for NIC oxidation. The reliable GO/Nq/GCE sensor was successfully applied for detecting NIC in the tobacco product and a urine sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Abd-Elsabour
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (M.A.-E.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Hesham M. Alsoghier
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (M.A.-E.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Abdulrahman G. Alhamzani
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.A.); (T.A.Y.)
| | - Mortaga M. Abou-Krisha
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (M.A.-E.); (H.M.A.)
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.A.); (T.A.Y.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.-K.); (H.F.A.)
| | - Tarek A. Yousef
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.A.); (T.A.Y.)
- Mansoura Laboratory, Department of Toxic and Narcotic Drug, Forensic Medicine, Medicolegal Organization, Ministry of Justice, Mansoura 35511, Egypt
| | - Hytham F. Assaf
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; (M.A.-E.); (H.M.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.-K.); (H.F.A.)
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Huang H, Xie S, Deng L, Yuan J, Yue R, Xu J. Fabrication of rGO/MXene-Pd/rGO hierarchical framework as high-performance electrochemical sensing platform for luteolin detection. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:59. [PMID: 35015150 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A nanocomposite of rGO/MXene-Pd/rGO with hierarchical structure based on Ti3C2Tx MXene, Pd nanoparticles, and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized by a green approach. Ti3C2Tx MXene decorated with Pd nanoparticles (MXene-Pd) was prepared first. Then, graphene oxide (GO), MXene-Pd, and GO were coated on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in sequence. After each coating of the GO layer, the GO nanosheets were reduced to rGO electrochemically. The fabricated rGO/MXene-Pd/rGO hierarchical framework performs a pie structure with MXene-Pd as the stuffing and rGO nanosheets as the crust, which will be beneficial to the enhancement of its electrochemical sensing performance. As compared with other electrodes, the rGO/MXene-Pd/rGO/GCE exhibited higher electrocatalytic activity and better sensing performance for luteolin detection, with a wide linear range of 6.0 × 10-10 to 8 × 10-7 M and 1.0 × 10-6 to 1.0 × 10-5 M (oxidation peak potential Epa = 0.34 V vs. SCE), a low detection limit of 2.0 × 10-10 M, and a high sensitivity of 112.72 µA µM-1 cm-2. Moreover, the fabricated sensor also showed high selectivity, reproducibility, and repeatability toward the detection of luteolin. The real sample analysis for luteolin in honeysuckle was successfully carried out by rGO/MXene-Pd/rGO and verified with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis techniques with acceptable results. All the above tests indicate the promising application prospect of the rGO/MXene-Pd/rGO framework for luteolin detection in honeysuckle and other herbs containing luteolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yuan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Yue
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingkun Xu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China.
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8
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George SA, Rajeev R, Thadathil DA, Varghese A. A Comprehensive Review on the Electrochemical Sensing of Flavonoids. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1133-1173. [PMID: 35001755 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2008863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are bioactive polyphenolic compounds, widespread in the plant kingdom. Flavonoids possess broad-spectrum pharmacological effects due to their antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-neoplastic, anti-mutagenic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, immunomodulatory, and vasodilatory properties. Care must be taken, since excessive consumption of flavonoids may have adverse effects. Therefore, proper identification, quantification and quality evaluations of flavonoids in edible samples are necessary. Electroanalytical approaches have gained much interest for the analysis of redox behavior and quantification of different flavonoids. Compared to various conventional methods, electrochemical techniques for the analysis of flavonoids offer advantages of high sensitivity, selectivity, low cost, simplicity, biocompatibility, easy on-site evaluation, high accuracy, reproducibility, wide linearity of detection, and low detection limits. This review article focuses on the developments in electrochemical sensing of different flavonoids with emphasis on electrode modification strategies to boost the electrocatalytic activity and analytical efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rijo Rajeev
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India
| | | | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India
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Abd-Elsabour M, Assaf HF, Abo-Bakr AM, Alhamzani AG, Abou-Krisha MM, Al-Mutairi AA, Alsoghier HM. Green electro-organic synthesis of a novel catechol derivative based on o-benzoquinone nucleophilic addition. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj04530c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a green-electrochemical synthesis was applied to catechol oxidation (1) to o-benzoquinone (2) using cyclic voltammetry and potential controlled coulometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abd-Elsabour
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Hytham F. Assaf
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Abo-Bakr
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Abdulrahman G. Alhamzani
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mortaga M. Abou-Krisha
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aamal A. Al-Mutairi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham M. Alsoghier
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
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Zhang Y, You Z, Hou C, Liu L, Xiao A. An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Amino Magnetic Nanoparticle-Decorated Graphene for Detection of Cannabidiol. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092227. [PMID: 34578543 PMCID: PMC8467804 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For detection of cannabidiol (CBD)—an important ingredient in Cannabis sativa L.—amino magnetic nanoparticle-decorated graphene (Fe3O4-NH2-GN) was prepared in the form of nanocomposites, and then modified on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), resulting in a novel electrochemical sensor (Fe3O4-NH2-GN/GCE). The applied Fe3O4-NH2 nanoparticles and GN exhibited typical structures and intended surface groups through characterizations via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Raman spectroscopy. The Fe3O4-NH2-GN/GCE showed the maximum electrochemical signal for CBD during the comparison of fabricated components via the cyclic voltammetry method, and was systematically investigated in the composition and treatment of components, pH, scan rate, and quantitative analysis ability. Under optimal conditions, the Fe3O4-NH2-GN/GCE exhibited a good detection limit (0.04 μmol L−1) with a linear range of 0.1 μmol L−1 to 100 μmol L−1 (r2 = 0.984). In the detection of CBD in the extract of C. sativa leaves, the results of the electrochemical method using the Fe3O4-NH2-GN/GCE were in good agreement with those of the HPLC method. Based on these findings, the proposed sensor could be further developed for the portable and rapid detection of natural active compounds in the food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liangliang Liu
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (A.X.); Tel.: +86-731-88998525 (L.L.); +86-731-88998536 (A.X.)
| | - Aiping Xiao
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (A.X.); Tel.: +86-731-88998525 (L.L.); +86-731-88998536 (A.X.)
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