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Parsafard N, Abedi R, Moodi H. Ternary tin-doped titanium dioxide/calcium oxide (Sn-TiO 2/CaO) composite as a photocatalyst for efficient removal of toxic dyes. RSC Adv 2024; 14:19984-19995. [PMID: 38938525 PMCID: PMC11210368 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03641g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel environmentally friendly route was explored for the synthesis of a tin-doped titanium dioxide/calcium oxide (Sn-TiO2/CaO) composite using eggshell as a ternary photocatalyst. The composite was prepared via a simple hydrothermal method, resulting in a unique material with potential applications in photocatalysis. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis/diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller techniques. At the same time, the Sn-TiO2/CaO composite shows excellent degradation activity for toxic dyes. The degradation efficiencies for alizarin red, bromophenol blue, methylene blue, malachite green, and methyl red are 68.38%, 62.39%, 76.81%, 86.93%, and 17.52%, respectively, under ultraviolet light irradiation for 35 min at pH = 3. In addition, the best photocatalytic degradation efficiency for zero charge (pH 7) and basic pH is for AR 98.21% and 68.38%, MR 33.01% and 17.52%, BPB 73.17% and 17.52%, MB 72.32% and 76.81%, and MG 85.59% and 86.93%, respectively, under UV light irradiation for 35 min. The increase in photocatalytic activity of the ternary photocatalyst is accredited to the enhancement of electron-hole pair separation. Simultaneous photodegradation and photoreduction of organic dyes show that ternary photocatalysts could be used in real wastewater applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Parsafard
- Kosar University of Bojnord, Department of Applied Chemistry North Khorasan Iran +98 58 32427408 +98 58 32258865
| | - Rokhsareh Abedi
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran Babolsar Iran
| | - Homa Moodi
- Kosar University of Bojnord, Department of Applied Chemistry North Khorasan Iran +98 58 32427408 +98 58 32258865
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Amiri S, Chahkandi M, Zargazi M. Ag 2O@UiO-66 new thin film as p-n heterojunction: permanent photoreduction of hexavalent Cr. RSC Adv 2024; 14:3867-3877. [PMID: 38274162 PMCID: PMC10810231 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06305d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The new nanosphere Ag2O@UiO-66 thin-film was synthesized on a stainless steel mesh surface via an electrophoretic deposition method, and is used as an effective and low-cost photocatalyst using visible light. The synthesized nanocomposite was used to perform photo-reduction of Cr(vi) ions under white light irradiation. The best removal rate (72% after 15 minutes) was obtained by the film with 0.034 grams of deposited composite having relative percentages of Ag2O : UiO-66 of 70 : 30. The interesting obtained results confirm that the p-n heterojunction of the composite is the main cause of the desired charge separation and the photoreduction speed increase. In the following, the resulting compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), transmittance electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy diffraction X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method. Scavenging studies performed in the presence of familiar scavengers confirmed that superoxide radicals (˙O2-) and dissolved oxygen gas have a significant role in the photocatalytic reduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Hakim Sabzevari University Sabzevar 96179-76487 Iran +985144013501 +985144013525
| | - Mohammad Chahkandi
- Department of Chemistry, Hakim Sabzevari University Sabzevar 96179-76487 Iran +985144013501 +985144013525
| | - Mahboobeh Zargazi
- Sonochemical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
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Zou M, Tan C, Yuan Z, Wu M, Jian J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Ma Z, Zhou H. In situ preparation of Ag@AgCl/Bio-veins composites and their photocatalytic activity and recyclability. Front Chem Sci Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-022-2273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Pastre MMG, Cunha DL, Marques M. Design of biomass-based composite photocatalysts for wastewater treatment: a review over the past decade and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:9103-9126. [PMID: 36441319 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This investigation applied a systematic review approach on publications covering primary data during 2012-2022 with a focus on photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in aqueous solution by composite materials synthesized with biomass and, at least, TiO2 and/or ZnO semiconductors to form biomass-based composite photocatalysts (BCPs). After applying a set of eligibility criteria, 107 studies including 832 observations/entries were analyzed. The average removal efficiency and degradation kinetic rate reported for all model pollutants and BCPs were 77.5 ± 21.5% and 0.064 ± 0.174 min-1, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to analyze BCPs synthesis methods, experimental conditions, and BCPs' characteristics correlated with the removal efficiency and photodegradation kinetics. The relevance of adsorption processes on the pollutants' removal efficiency was highlighted by PCA applied to all categories of pollutants (PCA_pol). The PCA applied to textile dyes (PCA_dyes) and pharmaceutical compounds (PCA_pharma) also indicate the influence of variables related to the composite synthesis (i.e., thermal treatment and time spent on BCPs synthesis) and photocatalytic experimental parameters (catalyst concentration, pollutant concentration, and irradiation time) on the degradation kinetic accomplished by BCPs. Furthermore, the multivariate analysis (PCA_pol) revealed that the specific surface area and the narrow band gap are key characteristics for BCPs to serve as a competitive photocatalyst. The effect of scavengers on pollutants' degradation and the recyclability of BCPs are also discussed, as necessary aspects for scalability trends. Further investigations are recommended to compare the performance of BCPs and commercial catalysts, as well as to assess the costs to treat real wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M G Pastre
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), R. São Francisco Xavier, 524, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-900, Brazil.
| | - Deivisson Lopes Cunha
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), R. São Francisco Xavier, 524, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Marcia Marques
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), R. São Francisco Xavier, 524, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-900, Brazil
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Li Y, Lin X, Li Z, Liu J. Highly-Efficient and Visible Light Photocatalytical Degradation of Organic Pollutants Using TiO 2-Loaded on Low-Cost Biomass Husk. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8671. [PMID: 36500169 PMCID: PMC9739637 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A composite composing of TiO2 nanoparticles load on biomass rice husk (RH) is developed by directly growing TiO2 nanoparticles on RH. The in-situ growth of the nanocrystals on RH is achieved by a low-cost and one-step homogeneous precipitation. Rapid hydrolysis proceeds at 90 °C by using ammonium fluotitanate and urea to facilitate the selective growth of TiO2. The method provides an easy access to the TiO2-RH composite with a strong interaction between TiO2 nanoparticles and the underlying RH. The structure and composition of TiO2-RH are characterized by using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. TiO2 nanoparticles-RH exhibits a good photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. The results show that 92% of methyl orange (20 mg L-1) can be degraded within three hours in visible light. The catalytic activity of the composite is not reduced after 6 cycles, and it still reaches 81% after 6 cycles. The enhanced performance is ascribed to the suitable particle size the good dispersibility. It is expected that the high photocatalytical performance and the cost-effective composite presented here will inspire the development of other high-performance photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Sichuan Vocational and Technical College, Suining 629000, China
| | - Xirong Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano-Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhanpeng Li
- Nanjing Noland Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211215, China
| | - Jinyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
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Ao W, Qu J, Yu H, Liu Y, Liu C, Fu J, Dai J, Bi X, Yuan Y, Jin Y. TiO 2/activated carbon synthesized by microwave-assisted heating for tetracycline photodegradation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113837. [PMID: 35810812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A furfural residue-derived activated carbon (AC) supported black-TiO2 photocatalyst was successfully prepared by ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel treatment (USG) and solvothermal treatment (ST) combined with microwave-assisted heating (MH). The prepared composites were characterized and evaluated based on the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) under ultraviolet (UV) illumination. The average TiO2 nanoparticle size of the as-synthesized catalysts was between 9 and 11 nm. The bandgap of TiO2-USGM was 1.6 eV, much lower than that of other reference catalysts. Organic carbon and AC in the catalyst play positive roles in reducing the band gap (e.g. 1.6∼2.6 eV) and improving visible-light absorption. The oxygen vacancies are responsible for UV-visible absorption. Adding AC into black TiO2 resulted in a lower degree of recombination of photogenerated electrons. Mott-Schottky plots showed that AC-containing TiO2@AC-STM reduced the value of conduction band value from -0.59 eV to -0.24 eV, which is beneficial to photogenerated electrons. Compared with TiO2, the Ti-O-C and Ti-C- in TiO2@AC remarkably improved the adsorption and catalytic efficiency of TC. In a near-neutral pH environment, TiO2@AC-STM and TiO2@AC-USGM exhibited high removal efficiencies (88.0% and 75.7%, respectively) and degradation rates (0.0418 and 0.0302 μmol/g/s, respectively) at a catalyst load of 0.25 g/L. Notably, the catalyst can be effectively used over a wide range of pH (6-9). The solution pH after treatment was close to neutral, which is advantageous for wastewater treatment. The activation energies were found to be approximately 3.47 kJ/mol. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the photodegradation process was non-spontaneous and endothermic. Based on the trapping experiments, O2⋅- was mainly responsible for TC photodegradation over TiO2@AC-STM, followed by h+. The TC degradation pathways and catalyst stability were also investigated. Biomass-derived carbon-supported catalysts have great potential for waste biomass utilization as green, and low-cost catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Ao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Junshen Qu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hejie Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaotao Bi
- Clean Energy Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Yanxin Yuan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yajie Jin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
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Structural Properties and Degradation Efficiency Photocatalyst-based Composite Titanium Dioxide/Activated Carbon by Charge Trap System for Groundwater Reach Phenol Treatment. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Luo M, Wang C, He X, Zhan M, Yu R. Photocatalytic oxidation degradation of inhibitory fatty acids for aged Chlorella vulgaris cultivation medium recycling. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1211-1222. [PMID: 35716219 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The medium used for Chlorella vulgaris cultivation exerted obvious inhibitory effects on the growth of C. vulgaris after several culture-harvest cycles. The accumulated fatty acids secreted by C. vulgaris during their growth process were expected to be the cell inhibition components. In this work, the ultraviolet-driven photocatalytic oxidation technique was applied for the degradation of microalgae cell growth inhibition components in the aged cultivation medium, and the reaction parameters were optimized. The results indicated that the photocatalytic oxidation processes using 0.5 g/L [Formula: see text] NPs as the catalyst under the aeration condition showed as high as 74.61 ± 4.60% FA degradation efficiency after 20 min illumination, and the contents of -COOH, [Formula: see text] (α) and -COO-R functional groups in the aged C. vulgaris medium were significantly reduced. In addition, the modification of the photocatalyst further improved the ability of the degradation of FA. When the modified [Formula: see text]/AC and [Formula: see text]/Ag catalysts were applied, the FA degradation rates reached as high as 92.46 ± 0.37% and 93.91 ± 1.37%, respectively. In the recycled medium treated with [Formula: see text]/AC, the cell density in the stable phase reached 96.33 ± 1.83% of that in the fresh medium as the control. In summary, the photocatalytic oxidation with the modified [Formula: see text]/AC catalyst was proposed as the efficient strategy to realize the recycling of the aged C. vulgaris cultivation medium via the degradation of the FA as the cell growth inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moye Luo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Street, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuya Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Street, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Street, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manjun Zhan
- Nanjing Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Environmental Protection Bureau, Nanjing, 210013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ran Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Street, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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Shawky A, Mohamed R, Alahmadi N, Zaki Z. Enhanced photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium ions over S-Scheme based 2D MoS2-supported TiO2 heterojunctions under visible light. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhao Z, Wang N, Zhang H, Shang R, Xing J, Zhang D, Li J. Fabrication of ZSM-5 zeolite supported TiO2-NiO heterojunction photocatalyst and research on its photocatalytic performance. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.122895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Synthesis and characterization of novel M@ZnO/UiO-66 (M = Ni, Pt, Pd and mixed Pt&Pd) as an efficient photocatalyst under solar light. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Alghamdi YG, Krishnakumar B, Malik MA, Alhayyani S. Design and Preparation of Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon Loaded TiO 2 Photocatalyst for Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Red 120 and Ofloxacin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050880. [PMID: 35267703 PMCID: PMC8912609 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and development of novel photocatalysts for treating toxic substances such as industrial waste, dyes, pesticides, and pharmaceutical wastes remain a challenging task even today. To this end, a biowaste pistachio-shell-derived activated carbon (AC) loaded TiO2 (AC-TiO2) nanocomposite was fabricated and effectively utilized towards the photocatalytic degradation of toxic azo dye Reactive Red 120 (RR 120) and ofloxacin (OFL) under UV-A light. The synthesized materials were characterized for their structural and surface morphology features through various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, including high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) along with energy dispersive spectra (EDS), diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectra (PL) and BET surface area measurements. AC-TiO2 shows enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to bare TiO2 due to the change in the bandgap energy and effective charge separation. The degradation rate of dyes was affected by the bandgap of the semiconductor, which was the result of the deposition weight percentage of AC onto the TiO2. The presence of AC influences the photocatalytic activity of AC-TiO2 composite towards RR 120 and OFL degradation. The presence of heteroatoms-enriched AC enhances the charge mobility and suppresses the electron-hole recombination in AC-TiO2 composite, which enhances the photocatalytic activity of the composite. The hybrid material AC-TiO2 composite displayed a higher photocatalytic activity against Reactive Red 120 and ofloxacin. The stability of the AC-TiO2 was tested against RR 120 dye degradation with multiple runs. GC-MS analyzed the degradation intermediates, and a suitable degradation pathway was also proposed. These results demonstrate that AC-TiO2 composite could be effectively used as an ecofriendly, cost-effective, stable, and highly efficient photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Gamaan Alghamdi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Balu Krishnakumar
- Environmental Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Geongsan 38541, Korea
- Correspondence: or (B.K.); or (M.A.M.)
| | - Maqsood Ahmad Malik
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: or (B.K.); or (M.A.M.)
| | - Sultan Alhayyani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 344, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia;
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