Ag nanoparticles immobilized on guanidine modified-KIT-5 mesoporous nanostructure: Evaluation of its catalytic activity for synthesis of propargylamines and investigation of its antioxidant and anti-lung cancer effects

Starch valorization: Direct conversion of starch to hexyl levulinate over SO4/ZrO2-KIT5 composite

Valorization of biomass for the synthesis of valuable chemicals is a promising toolbox for replacing fossil fuel consumption. Long-chain hexyl levulinate (HL) is one of the attractive high-value chemicals obtained from biomass valorization. The current paper investigates the synthesis of KIT5-supported SO4/ZrO2 and its application in the successive hydrolysis and dehydration of starch to HL. The acidity of the prepared catalyst was modified, and its effect on the conversion of starch and HL yield was thoroughly studied. The parameters effective on the reaction yield and selectivity were optimized, and the possibility of 5-((hexyloxy)methyl) furan-2-carbaldehyde formation was explored. The prepared SO4/ZrO2-KIT5 can be used at least in four successive runs with a slight decrease in its reactivity. The HL yield was increased to a maximum of 28 %, while the starch conversion increased to a maximum of 100 % by conducting the reactions at 220 °C for 10 h. The accessibility and low cost of the starting materials as well as the method's simplicity, can give a practical outlook of its possible industrial application.