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Bishnoi K, Rani P, Bishnoi NR. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage-irrigated vegetables from industrial cities in Haryana, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:337. [PMID: 38430315 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The majority of Indians consume a lot of vegetables because of their health advantages. High concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables may be seriously harmful to consumers' health. The method for identifying and measuring 16 USEPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in samples of sewage-irrigated vegetables from three industrial cities in Haryana, India, is described in this research. Ultrasonication, liquid-liquid extraction using n-hexane as a solvent, clean-up using a Florisil column, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector were all included in the process. The PAHs were successfully linearized (R2 > 0.99) at various doses. Results for PAH recovery ranged from 90 to about 100%. The limit of quantification was 0.002-0.580, and the limit of detection was 0.0006-0.174 µgkg-1. Data indicated that the highest mean concentrations of ∑16 PAHs were detected in Spinach (123.36 µgkg-1), in carrot (105.09 µgkg-1), and in cucumber (63.40 µgkg-1) among leafy, underground, and fruity vegetables, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bishnoi
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
- Department of Environmental Studies, Government College for Women, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Pushpa Rani
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Narsi R Bishnoi
- Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
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Areguamen OI, Calvin NN, Gimba CE, Okunola OJ, Elebo A. Seasonal assessment of the distribution, source apportionment, and risk of water-contaminated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023:10.1007/s10653-023-01542-7. [PMID: 36976374 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The research aims to evaluate the seasonal differences in the distribution, source, and risks of water-contaminated PAHs. The PAHs were extracted by the liquid-liquid method and analyzed with GC-MS, and a total of eight PAHs were detected. There was a percentage increase in the average concentration of the PAHs from the wet to the dry season in the range of 20 (Anthracene)-350 (Pyrene)%. Total PAHs (∑PAHs) range from 0.31 to 1.23 mg/l in the wet period and from 0.42 to 1.96 mg/l in the dry period. The distribution of the average PAHs in mg/l showed that Fluoranthene ≤ Pyrene < Acenaphthene < Fluorene < Phenanthrene < Acenaphthylene < Anthracene < Naphthalene in wet period and while Fluoranthene < Acenaphthene < Pyrene < Fluorene < Phenanthrene < Acenaphthylene < Anthracene < Naphthalene in the dry period. The children were exposed to non-carcinogenic risk through non-dietary ingestion due to the accumulative effect (HI) of the PAHs in the dry period. Furthermore, the naphthalene was responsible for ecological and carcinogenic risk in the wet period, while the fluorene, phenanthrene, and anthracene were responsible for ecological and carcinogenic risk in the dry period. However, while adults and children are both susceptible to carcinogenic risk through the oral channel during the dry period, only children are susceptible to non-carcinogenic risk through this pathway. The multivariate statistical analysis revealed the influence of physicochemical parameters on the detected PAHs and also showed the PAHs' sources to be mainly combustion, pyrolysis, and vehicular emission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Abuchi Elebo
- Chemistry Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria
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Sobol sensitivity analysis for non-carcinogenic health risk assessment and water quality index for Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Western Iran. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
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Al-Nasir F, Hijazin TJ, Al-Alawi MM, Jiries A, Al-Madanat OY, Mayyas A, A. Al-Dalain S, Al-Dmour R, Alahmad A, Batarseh MI. Accumulation, Source Identification, and Cancer Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Different Jordanian Vegetables. TOXICS 2022; 10:643. [PMID: 36355935 PMCID: PMC9692249 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in plants is considered one of the most serious threats faced by mankind because of their persistence in the environment and their carcinogenic and teratogenic effect on human health. The concentrations of sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs) were determined in four types of edible vegetables (tomatoes, zucchini, eggplants, and cucumbers), irrigation water, and agriculture soil, where samples were collected from the Jordan Valley, Jordan. The mean total concentration of 16 PAHs (∑16PAHs) ranged from 10.649 to 21.774 µg kg−1 in vegetables, 28.72 µg kg−1 in soil, and 0.218 µg L−1 in the water samples. The tomato samples posed the highest ∑16PAH concentration level in the vegetables, whereas the zucchini samples had the lowest. Generally, the PAHs with a high molecular weight and four or more benzene rings prevailed among the studied samples. The diagnostic ratios and the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the PAH contamination sources in soil and vegetables mainly originated from a pyrogenic origin, traffic emission sources, and biomass combustion. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) for ∑16PAHs have been observed in the order of tomatoes > cucumbers and eggplants > zucchini. A potential cancer risk related to lifetime consumption was revealed based on calculating the incremental lifetime cancer risk of PAHs (ILCR). Therefore, sustainable agricultural practices and avoiding biomass combusting would greatly help in minimizing the potential health risk from dietary exposure to PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farh Al-Nasir
- Faculty of Agriculture, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Tahani J. Hijazin
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | | | - Anwar Jiries
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Osama Y. Al-Madanat
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
- Prince Faisal Center for the Dead Sea, Environmental and Energy Research, Mutah 61710, Jordan
| | - Amal Mayyas
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, American University of Madaba, Amman 11821, Jordan
| | - Saddam A. Al-Dalain
- Al-Shoubak University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Rasha Al-Dmour
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Abdalrahim Alahmad
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mufeed I. Batarseh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
- Academic Support Department, Abu Dhabi Polytechnic, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 111499, United Arab Emirates
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