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Ferreira-Sánchez MDR, Moreno-Verdú M, Poliakoff E, Sánchez Milá Z, Rodríguez Sanz D, Frutos Llanes R, Barragán Casas JM, Velázquez Saornil J. Differences in Motor Imagery Ability between People with Parkinson's Disease and Healthy Controls, and Its Relationship with Functionality, Independence and Quality of Life. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2898. [PMID: 37958042 PMCID: PMC10650523 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11212898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) has been shown to be effective for the acquisition of motor skills; however, it is still unknown whether similar benefits can be achieved in neurological patients. Previous findings of differences in MI ability between people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) and healthy controls (HCs) are mixed. This study examined differences in the ability to both create and maintain MI as well as investigating the relationship between the ability to create and maintain MI and motor function, independence and quality of life (QoL). A case-control study was conducted (31 PwPD and 31 HCs), collecting gender, age, dominance, socio-demographic data, duration and impact of the disease. MI intensity (MIQ-RS and KVIQ-34) and temporal accuracy of MI (imagined box and block test [iBBT], imagined timed stand and walk test [iTUG]) were assessed. Functional and clinical assessments included upper limb motor function, balance, gait, independence in activities of daily living and quality of life measures. Statistically significant differences in temporal accuracy were observed and partial and weak relationships were revealed between MI measures and functioning, independence and QoL. PwPD retain the ability to create MI, indicating the suitability of MI in this population. Temporal accuracy might be altered as a reflection of bradykinesia on the mentally simulated actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Rosario Ferreira-Sánchez
- NEUMUSK Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Ávila, C/Canteros s/n, 05005 Ávila, Spain; (M.d.R.F.-S.); (R.F.L.); (J.M.B.C.); (J.V.S.)
| | - Marcos Moreno-Verdú
- Brain, Action and Skill Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience (Cognition and Systems Division), UC Louvain, 1348 Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Ellen Poliakoff
- Body Eyes and Movement (BEAM) Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Zacarías Sánchez Milá
- NEUMUSK Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Ávila, C/Canteros s/n, 05005 Ávila, Spain; (M.d.R.F.-S.); (R.F.L.); (J.M.B.C.); (J.V.S.)
| | - David Rodríguez Sanz
- Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Raúl Frutos Llanes
- NEUMUSK Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Ávila, C/Canteros s/n, 05005 Ávila, Spain; (M.d.R.F.-S.); (R.F.L.); (J.M.B.C.); (J.V.S.)
| | - José Manuel Barragán Casas
- NEUMUSK Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Ávila, C/Canteros s/n, 05005 Ávila, Spain; (M.d.R.F.-S.); (R.F.L.); (J.M.B.C.); (J.V.S.)
| | - Jorge Velázquez Saornil
- NEUMUSK Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Ávila, C/Canteros s/n, 05005 Ávila, Spain; (M.d.R.F.-S.); (R.F.L.); (J.M.B.C.); (J.V.S.)
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Iwanami J, Mutai H, Sagari A, Sato M, Kobayashi M. Relationship between Corticospinal Excitability While Gazing at the Mirror and Motor Imagery Ability. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030463. [PMID: 36979273 PMCID: PMC10046091 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mirror therapy (MT) helps stroke survivors recover motor function. Previous studies have reported that an individual's motor imagery ability is related to the areas of brain activity during motor imagery and the effectiveness of motor imagery training. However, the relationship between MT and motor imagery ability and between corticospinal tract excitability during mirror gazing, an important component of MT, and motor imagery ability is unclear. This study determined whether the motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude while gazing at the mirror relates to participants' motor imagery abilities. Twenty-four healthy right-handed adults (seven males) were recruited. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was performed while gazing at the mirror, and MEP of the first dorsal interosseous muscle of the right hand were measured. Motor imagery ability was measured using the Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ), which assesses the vividness of motor imagery ability. Additionally, a mental chronometry (MC) task was used to assess time aspects. The results showed a significant moderate correlation between changes in MEP amplitude values while gazing at the mirror, as compared with resting conditions, and assessment scores of KVIQ. This study shows that corticospinal excitability because of mirror gazing may be related to the vividness of motor imagery ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Iwanami
- Division of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mutai
- Division of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Akira Sagari
- Division of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Division of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Division of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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Moreno-Verdú M, Ferreira-Sánchez MDR, Martín-Casas P, Atín-Arratibel MÁ. Imagined Timed Up and Go test (iTUG) in people with Parkinson's Disease: test-retest reliability and validity. Disabil Rehabil 2023:1-11. [PMID: 36890615 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2185688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the test-retest reliability and validity of the Imagined Timed Up and Go Test (iTUG) as a Motor Imagery measure of temporal accuracy in people with Parkinson's Disease (PD). MATERIALS AND METHODS A descriptive study was conducted following the GRRAS recommendations. Thirty-two people with idiopathic, mild to moderate PD (Hoehn and Yahr I-III), without cognitive impairment (MMSE ≥ 24), were assessed twice (7-15 days apart) with the iTUG. The absolute unadjusted difference in seconds, and the absolute adjusted difference as percentage of estimation error, between real and imagined TUG times, were calculated as outcome measures. Test-retest reliability was assessed using a two-way mixed-effects model of the ICC. Construct validity was tested with the Imagined Box and Blocks Test (iBBT) and convergent validity with clinical characteristics of PD, using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS The ICC for the unadjusted and adjusted measures of the iTUG was ICC = 0.61 and ICC = 0.55, respectively. Correlations between iTUG and iBBT were not statistically significant. The iTUG was partially correlated to clinical characteristics of PD. CONCLUSIONS Test-retest reliability of the iTUG was moderate. Construct validity between iTUG and iBBT was poor, so caution should be taken when using them concurrently to assess imagery's temporal accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Moreno-Verdú
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Therapy, Madrid Parkinson Association, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Brain Injury and Movement Disorders Neurorehabilitation Group (GINDAT), Institute of Life Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - María Del Rosario Ferreira-Sánchez
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiotherapy, Catholic University of Avila, Avila, Spain
| | - Patricia Martín-Casas
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Atín-Arratibel
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Stuerner J, Sehle A, Liepert J. Extrinsic feedback facilitates mental chronometry abilities in stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation 2023; 53:347-354. [PMID: 37927280 PMCID: PMC10741321 DOI: 10.3233/nre-230093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor imagery (MI) can serve as a treatment for stroke rehabilitation. MI abilities can be assessed by testing mental chronometry (MC) as the degree of conformity between imagined and real performance of a task. A good MC performance is supposed to indicate good MI capacities. OBJECTIVE To explore if MC abilities can be modified by extrinsic feedback in stroke patients. METHODS 60 subacute stroke patients were randomized into three groups. MC was evaluated by executing a modified version of the Box and Block Test (BBT) mentally and in real before and after a training session. For Groups 1 and 2 the training consisted of repeated performance of the BBT in a mental and then a real version. The time needed to complete each task was measured. Only participants of Group 1 received feedback about how well mental and real performance matched. Group 3 executed the same number of BBTs but without MI. RESULTS MC ability only improved in Group 1. The improvement lasted for at least 24 hours. In all groups, BBT real performance was improved post-training. CONCLUSION External feedback was able to enhance MC capability which might be an approach for improving MI abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Stuerner
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Lurija Institute, Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany
| | - Aida Sehle
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Lurija Institute, Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany
| | - Joachim Liepert
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Lurija Institute, Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany
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Watanabe M, Tani H. Using crutches during walking possibly reduces gait imagery accuracy among healthy young and older adults. J Phys Ther Sci 2022; 34:673-677. [PMID: 36213196 PMCID: PMC9535242 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.34.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Although crutches are widely used in the field of rehabilitation to improve
gait performance, patients usually have difficulties using them, and this may increase
their risks for falls. This study aimed to define the accuracy of gait imagery during
walking with and without crutches, in healthy young and older adults, using the mental
chronometry method. [Participants and Methods] Overall, 99 healthy young (mean age, 20.2 ±
1.0 years) and 39 healthy older adults (mean age, 71.3 ± 2.9 years) performed the imagery
and execution tasks, which involved walking through a distance of 10 meters both with and
without crutches. Using the mental chronometry method, the accuracy of the motor imagery
was defined as the difference between the imagery time and the actual execution time.
Two-way analysis of variance and one-sample t-tests were performed to evaluate the
accuracy of the gait imagery. [Results] Both the young and older adults significantly
overestimated their gait speeds when using crutches; the overestimation was larger among
the older adults. [Conclusion] The overestimations indicate that participants estimated
their gait speeds with crutches to be faster than their actual speeds. Therefore, using
crutches decreased the accuracy of gait imagery and might therefore increase an
individual’s risk of falling during walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoko Watanabe
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare: 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara-shi, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tani
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare: 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara-shi, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
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Motor Imagery of Walking in People Living with and without Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Comparison of Mental Chronometry. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091131. [PMID: 34573154 PMCID: PMC8466525 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery represents the ability to simulate anticipated movements mentally prior to their actual execution and has been proposed as a tool to assess both individuals’ perception of task difficulty as well as their perception of their own abilities. People with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) often present with motor and cognitive dysfunction, which may negatively affect motor imagery. In this cross-sectional study, we explored differences in motor imagery of walking performance between pwMS (n = 20, age = 57.1 (SD = 8.6) years, 55% female) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 20, age = 58.1 (SD = 7.0) years, 60% female). Participants underwent mental chronometry assessments, a subset of motor imagery, which evaluated the difference between imagined and actual walking times across four walking tasks of increasing difficulty (i.e., large/narrow-width walkway with/without obstacles). Raw and absolute mental chronometry (A-MC) measures were recorded in single- (ST) and dual-task (DT) conditions. In ST conditions, pwMS had higher A-MC scores across all walking conditions (p ≤ 0.031, η2 ≥ 0.119), indicating lower motor imagery ability compared to healthy controls. During DT, all participants tended to underestimate their walking ability (3.38 ± 6.72 to 5.63 ± 9.17 s). However, after physical practice, pwMS were less able to adjust their imagined walking performance compared to healthy controls. In pwMS, A-MC scores were correlated with measures of balance confidence (ρ = −0.629, p < 0.01) and the self-reported expanded disability status scale (ρ = 0.747, p < 0.01). While the current study revealed that pwMS have lower motor imagery of walking performance compared to healthy individuals, further work is necessary to examine how the disassociation between mental chronometry and actual performance relates to quality of life and well-being.
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Liepert J, Stürner J, Büsching I, Sehle A, Schoenfeld MA. Effects of a single mental chronometry training session in subacute stroke patients - a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2020; 12:66. [PMID: 33101692 PMCID: PMC7579870 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-020-00212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Motor imagery training might be helpful in stroke rehabilitation. This study explored if a single session of motor imagery (MI) training induces performance changes in mental chronometry (MC), motor execution, or changes of motor excitability. Methods Subacute stroke patients (n = 33) participated in two training sessions. The order was randomized. One training consisted of a mental chronometry task, the other training was a hand identification task, each lasting 30 min. Before and after the training session, the Box and Block Test (BBT) was fully executed and also performed as a mental version which served as a measure of MC. A subgroup analysis based on the presence of sensory deficits was performed. Patients were allocated to three groups (no sensory deficits, moderate sensory deficits, severe sensory deficits). Motor excitability was measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pre and post training. Amplitudes of motor evoked potentials at rest and during pre-innervation as well as the duration of cortical silent period were measured in the affected and the non-affected hand. Results Pre-post differences of MC showed an improved MC after the MI training, whereas MC was worse after the hand identification training. Motor execution of the BBT was significantly improved after mental chronometry training but not after hand identification task training. Patients with severe sensory deficits performed significantly inferior in BBT execution and MC abilities prior to the training session compared to patients without sensory deficits or with moderate sensory deficits. However, pre-post differences of MC were similar in the 3 groups. TMS results were not different between pre and post training but showed significant differences between affected and unaffected side. Conclusion Even a single training session can modulate MC abilities and BBT motor execution in a task-specific way. Severe sensory deficits are associated with poorer motor performance and poorer MC ability, but do not have a negative impact on training-associated changes of mental chronometry. Studies with longer treatment periods should explore if the observed changes can further be expanded. Trial registration DRKS, DRKS00020355, registered March 9th, 2020, retrospectively registered
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Liepert
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Kliniken Schmieder, Zum Tafelholz 8, 78476 Allensbach, Germany
| | - Jana Stürner
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Kliniken Schmieder, Zum Tafelholz 8, 78476 Allensbach, Germany
| | | | - Aida Sehle
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Kliniken Schmieder, Zum Tafelholz 8, 78476 Allensbach, Germany
| | - Mircea A Schoenfeld
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Kliniken Schmieder, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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Imagery Ability and Imagery Perspective Preference: A Study of Their Relationship and Age- and Gender-Related Changes. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:7536957. [PMID: 31467614 PMCID: PMC6701277 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7536957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined if imagery ability (i.e., vividness and temporal congruence between imagined and executed knee extensions) and imagery perspective preference were affected by ageing and gender. Ninety-four participants, 31 young, 43 intermediate, and 20 older adults completed the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 and a knee extension temporal congruence test to reflect on their imagery ability and an imagery perspective preference test. Male participants had a better imagery ability than the female participants (F (4, 85) = 2.84, p = .029, η2 = .118). However, significant age-related changes in imagery ability were not found in the three age groups. Change in imagery perspective preference with a trend towards an external imagery perspective was observed with ageing (F (3, 89) = 3.16, p = .028, η2 = .096) but not between male and female. The results suggest that imagery ability may be preserved with ageing. As individuals age, their preference for using an imagery perspective shifts from a more internal to a more external perspective. This understanding is important when designing future imagery research and real-life application or clinical intervention.
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Disruption of motor imagery performance following inhibition of the left inferior parietal lobe. Neuropsychologia 2019; 127:106-112. [PMID: 30807756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The left inferior parietal lobe (IPL), a brain region localized to the ventro-dorsal stream, is known to be critical to motor imagery (MI) performance. Yet its specific role in processes underlying MI, namely the generation, maintenance, manipulation, and controllability of motor images, is conflicting in the literature. To determine the specific role of the left IPL in MI, the current study sought to examine the effect inhibition of the left IPL has on performance on two disparate measures thought to probe different MI processes within the same participants. Participants (N = 31) completed the hand laterality judgment task (HLJT), employed to probe processes related to manipulation and controllability, and mental chronometry, employed to probe processes related to generation and maintenance, after receiving either inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left IPL (Active-TMS group), or with the coil angled away from the scalp (Sham group). Impaired performance on the HLJT was observed following active TMS relative to sham. Similar mental chronometry performance resulted regardless of left IPL inhibition. In showing that inhibition of the left IPL selectively disrupted performance on the HLJT but not mental chronometry, our findings indicate that the left IPL is specifically involved in image manipulation and controllability during MI. Ultimately, the current study extends our understanding of the role of the left IPL in MI.
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Mateo S, Reilly KT, Collet C, Rode G. Descriptive pilot study of vividness and temporal equivalence during motor imagery training after quadriplegia. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2018; 61:300-308. [PMID: 29944923 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor imagery (MI) training is often used to improve physical practice (PP), and the functional equivalence between imagined and practiced movements is widely considered essential for positive training outcomes. OBJECTIVE We previously showed that a 5-week MI training program improved tenodesis grasp in individuals with C6-C7 quadriplegia. Here we investigated whether functional equivalence changed during the course of this training program. METHODS In this descriptive pilot study, we retrospectively analyzed data for 6 individuals with C6-C7 quadriplegia (spinal cord injured [SCI]) and 6 healthy age-matched controls who trained for 5 weeks in visual and kinesthetic motor imagery or visualization of geometric shapes (controls). Before training, we assessed MI ability by using the Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ). We analyzed functional equivalence by vividness measured on a visual analog scale (0-100) and MI/PP time ratios computed from imagined and physically practiced movement durations measured during MI training. These analyses were re-run considering that half of the participants with quadriplegia were good imagers and the other half were poor imagers based on KVIQ scores. To investigate generalization of training effects, we analyzed MI/PP ratios for an untrained pointing task before (3 baseline measures), immediately after, and 2 months after training. RESULTS During MI training, imagery vividness increased significantly. Only the good imagers evolved toward temporal equivalence during training. Good imagers were also the only participants who showed changes in temporal equivalence on the untrained pointing task. CONCLUSION This is the first study reporting improvement in functional equivalence during an MI training program that improved tenodesis grasp in individuals with C6-C7 quadriplegia. We recommend that clinical MI programs focus primarily on vividness and suggest that feedback about movement duration could potentially improve temporal equivalence, which could in turn lead to further improvement in PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Mateo
- Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69676 Lyon, France; Plate-forme Mouvement et Handicap, Hospices Civils de Lyon, hôpital Henry Gabrielle, 69000 Lyon, France; École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5672, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France; Laboratoire interuniversitaire de la biologie de la motricité LIBM, équipe d'Accueil 7424, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
| | - Karen T Reilly
- Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69676 Lyon, France
| | - Christian Collet
- Laboratoire interuniversitaire de la biologie de la motricité LIBM, équipe d'Accueil 7424, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Gilles Rode
- Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69676 Lyon, France; Plate-forme Mouvement et Handicap, Hospices Civils de Lyon, hôpital Henry Gabrielle, 69000 Lyon, France
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Liepert J, Büsching I, Sehle A, Schoenfeld MA. Mental chronometry and mental rotation abilities in stroke patients with different degrees of sensory deficit. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 34:907-914. [PMID: 27689548 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor imagery is used for treatment of motor deficits after stroke. Clinical observations suggested that motor imagery abilities might be reduced in patients with severe sensory deficits. This study investigated the influence of somatosensory deficits on temporal (mental chronometry, MC) and spatial aspects of motor imagery abilities. METHODS Stroke patients (n = 70; <6 months after stroke) were subdivided into 3 groups according to their somatosensory functions. Group 1 (n = 31) had no sensory deficits, group 2 (n = 27) had a mild to moderate sensory impairment and group 3 (n = 12) had severe sensory deficits. Patients and a healthy age-matched control group (n = 23) participated in a mental chronometry task (Box and Block Test, BBT) and a mental rotation task (Hand Identification Test, HIT). MC abilities were expressed as a ratio (motor execution time-motor imagery time/motor execution time). RESULTS MC for the affected hand was significantly impaired in group 3 in comparison to stroke patients of group 1 (p = 0.006), group 2 (p = 0.005) and healthy controls (p < 0.001). For the non-affected hand MC was similar across all groups. Stroke patients had a slower BBT motor execution than healthy controls (p < 0.001), and group 1 executed the task faster than group 3 (p = 0.002). The percentage of correct responses in the HIT was similar for all groups. CONCLUSION Severe sensory deficits impair mental chronometry abilities but have no impact on mental rotation abilities. Future studies should explore whether the presence of severe sensory deficits in stroke patients reduces the benefit from motor imagery therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Liepert
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany
| | - Imke Büsching
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany
| | - Aida Sehle
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany
| | - Mircea Ariel Schoenfeld
- Department of Behavioural Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Poiroux E, Cavaro-Ménard C, Leruez S, Lemée JM, Richard I, Dinomais M. What Do Eye Gaze Metrics Tell Us about Motor Imagery? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143831. [PMID: 26605915 PMCID: PMC4659676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the brain structures involved in performing real movements also have increased activity during imagined movements or during motor observation, and this could be the neural substrate underlying the effects of motor imagery in motor learning or motor rehabilitation. In the absence of any objective physiological method of measurement, it is currently impossible to be sure that the patient is indeed performing the task as instructed. Eye gaze recording during a motor imagery task could be a possible way to "spy" on the activity an individual is really engaged in. The aim of the present study was to compare the pattern of eye movement metrics during motor observation, visual and kinesthetic motor imagery (VI, KI), target fixation, and mental calculation. Twenty-two healthy subjects (16 females and 6 males), were required to perform tests in five conditions using imagery in the Box and Block Test tasks following the procedure described by Liepert et al. Eye movements were analysed by a non-invasive oculometric measure (SMI RED250 system). Two parameters describing gaze pattern were calculated: the index of ocular mobility (saccade duration over saccade + fixation duration) and the number of midline crossings (i.e. the number of times the subjects gaze crossed the midline of the screen when performing the different tasks). Both parameters were significantly different between visual imagery and kinesthesic imagery, visual imagery and mental calculation, and visual imagery and target fixation. For the first time we were able to show that eye movement patterns are different during VI and KI tasks. Our results suggest gaze metric parameters could be used as an objective unobtrusive approach to assess engagement in a motor imagery task. Further studies should define how oculomotor parameters could be used as an indicator of the rehabilitation task a patient is engaged in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Poiroux
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), EA 7315 F-49000, Angers, France
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Département de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, CHU d’Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Cavaro-Ménard
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), EA 7315 F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Stéphanie Leruez
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), EA 7315 F-49000, Angers, France
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Département d’Ophtalmologie, CHU d’Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean Michel Lemée
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Département de Neurochirurgie, CHU d’Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, Cedex 9, France
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, INSERM U1066 « Micro- et nano-médecines biomimétiques », bâtiment IRIS 3e étage, CHU d’Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Richard
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Département de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, CHU d’Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, Cedex 9, France
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Laboratoire d’épidémiologie, ergonomie et santé au travail, EA 4626 F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Mickael Dinomais
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), EA 7315 F-49000, Angers, France
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Département de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, CHU d’Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, Cedex 9, France
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