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Horsophonphong S, Sritanaudomchai H, Nakornchai S, Kitkumthorn N, Surarit R. Odontogenic gene expression profile of human dental pulp-derived cells under high glucose influence: a microarray analysis. J Appl Oral Sci 2021; 29:e20201074. [PMID: 34586189 PMCID: PMC8477757 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2020-1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, a major characteristic of diabetes, is considered to play a vital role in diabetic complications. High glucose levels have been found to inhibit the mineralization of dental pulp cells. However, gene expression associated with this phenomenon has not yet been reported. This is important for future dental therapeutic application. OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to investigate the effect of high glucose levels on mineralization of human dental pulp-derived cells (hDPCs) and identify the genes involved. METHODOLOGY hDPCs were cultured in mineralizing medium containing 25 or 5.5 mM D-glucose. On days 1 and 14, RNA was extracted and expression microarray performed. Then, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected for further validation using the reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method. Cells were fixed and stained with alizarin red on day 21 to detect the formation of mineralized nodules, which was further quantified by acetic acid extraction. RESULTS Comparisons between high-glucose and low-glucose conditions showed that on day 1, there were 72 significantly up-regulated and 75 down-regulated genes in the high-glucose condition. Moreover, 115 significantly up- and 292 down-regulated genes were identified in the high-glucose condition on day 14. DEGs were enriched in different GO terms and pathways, such as biological and cellular processes, metabolic pathways, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and AGE-RAGE signaling pathways. RT-qPCR results confirmed the significant expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 (PDK3), cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8), activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), fibulin-7 (Fbln-7), hyaluronan synthase 1 (HAS1), interleukin 4 receptor (IL-4R) and apolipoprotein C1 (ApoC1). CONCLUSIONS The high-glucose condition significantly inhibited the mineralization of hDPCs. DEGs were identified, and interestingly, HAS1 and Fbln-7 genes may be involved in the glucose inhibitory effect on hDPC mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaporn Horsophonphong
- Mahidol University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Thailand
- Mahidol University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Thailand
| | | | - Siriruk Nakornchai
- Mahidol University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Kitkumthorn
- Mahidol University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Thailand
| | - Rudee Surarit
- Mahidol University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Thailand
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Sánchez N, González-Ramírez MC, Contreras EG, Ubilla A, Li J, Valencia A, Wilson A, Green JBA, Tucker AS, Gaete M. Balance Between Tooth Size and Tooth Number Is Controlled by Hyaluronan. Front Physiol 2020; 11:996. [PMID: 32982773 PMCID: PMC7476214 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the function of proteins and genes has been widely studied during vertebrate development, relatively little work has addressed the role of carbohydrates. Hyaluronan (HA), also known as hyaluronic acid, is an abundant carbohydrate in embryonic tissues and is the main structural component of the extracellular matrix of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. HA is able to absorb large quantities of water and can signal by binding to cell-surface receptors. During organ development and regeneration, HA has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell shape, and migration. Here, we have investigated the function of HA during molar tooth development in mice, in which, similar to humans, new molars sequentially bud off from a pre-existing molar. Using an ex vivo approach, we found that inhibiting HA synthesis in culture leads to a significant increase in proliferation and subsequent size of the developing molar, while the formation of sequential molars was inhibited. By cell shape analysis, we observed that inhibition of HA synthesis caused an elongation and reorientation of the major cell axes, indicating that disruption to cellular orientation and shape may underlie the observed phenotype. Lineage tracing demonstrated the retention of cells in the developing first molar (M1) at the expense of the generation of a second molar (M2). Our results highlight a novel role for HA in controlling proliferation, cell orientation, and migration in the developing tooth, impacting cellular decisions regarding tooth size and number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sánchez
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Angélica Ubilla
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jingjing Li
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anyeli Valencia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Wilson
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jeremy B A Green
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcia Gaete
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Chrepa V, Austah O, Diogenes A. Evaluation of a Commercially Available Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel (Restylane) as Injectable Scaffold for Dental Pulp Regeneration: An In Vitro Evaluation. J Endod 2017; 43:257-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hyaluronan and hyaluronan synthases expression and localization in embryonic mouse molars. J Mol Histol 2016; 47:413-20. [PMID: 27318667 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-016-9684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) and hyaluronan synthases (HASs) have been shown to play critical roles in embryogenesis and organ development. However, there have not been any studies examining HA and HAS expression and localization during tooth development. The present study was designed to investigate the expression of HA and three isoforms of HASs (HAS1, 2, 3) in embryonic mouse molars. The first mandibular embryonic mouse molars were examined by immunohistochemistry at E11.5, E13.5, E14.5, E16.5, and E18.5. PCR and western blot analyses were performed on RNA and proteins samples from E13.5 to E18.5 tooth germs. At the initial stage (E11.5), HA and HASs were expressed in the dental epithelium but not the underlying dental mesenchyme. HA immunostaining gradually increased in the enamel organ from the bud stage (E13.5) to the late bell stage (E18.5), and HA and HASs were highly expressed in the stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium. HA immunostaining was also enhanced in the dental mesenchyme and its derived tissues, but it was not expressed in the ameloblast and odontoblast regions. The three HAS isoforms had distinct expression patterns, and they were expressed in the dental mesenchyme and odontoblast at various levels. Furthermore, HAS1 and HAS2 expression decreased, while HAS3 expression increased from E13.5 to E18.5. These results suggested that HA synthesized by different HASs is involved in embryonic mouse molar morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation.
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Chen KL, Yeh YY, Lung J, Yang YC, Yuan K. Mineralization Effect of Hyaluronan on Dental Pulp Cells via CD44. J Endod 2016; 42:711-6. [PMID: 26975415 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CD44 is a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in various cellular functions. Recent studies have suggested that CD44 is involved in early mineralization of odontoblasts. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is the principal ligand for receptor CD44. Whether and how HA regulated the mineralization process of dental pulp cells were investigated. METHODS The effects of high-molecular-weight HA on differentiation and mineral deposition of dental pulp cells were tested by using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay and alizarin red S staining. Osteogenesis real-time polymerase chain reaction array, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting were performed to identify downstream molecules involved in the mineralization induction of HA. CD44 was knocked down and examined to confirm whether the mineralization effect of HA was mediated by receptor CD44. Immunohistochemistry was used to understand the localization patterns of CD44 and the identified downstream proteins in vivo. RESULTS Pulse treatment of HA enhanced ALP activity and mineral deposition in dental pulp cells. Tissue-nonspecific ALP, bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), and type XV collagen (Col15A1) were upregulated via the HA-CD44 pathway in vitro. Immunohistochemistry of tooth sections showed that the staining pattern of BMP7 was very similar to that of CD44. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study indicated that high-molecular-weight HA enhanced early mineralization of dental pulp cells mediated via CD44. The process involved important mineralization-associated molecules including tissue-nonspecific ALP, BMP7, and Col15A1. The findings may help develop new strategies in regenerative endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Liang Chen
- Department of Endodontics, ChiMei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Dental Laboratory Technology, Min-Hwei College of Healthcare Management, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yi Yeh
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jrhau Lung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Yang
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo Yuan
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Siponen M, Kullaa A, Nieminen P, Salo T, Pasonen-Seppänen S. Altered expression of hyaluronan, HAS1-2, and HYAL1-2 in oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:401-9. [PMID: 25421996 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an immune-mediated mucosal disease of unclear etiology and of unresolved pathogenesis. Hyaluronan (HA) is an extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan involved in inflammation and tumor progression. However, its presence in OLP has not been reported. We therefore aimed to study the immunohistochemical expression of HA, its receptor CD44, hyaluronan synthases (HAS1-3), and hyaluronidases (HYAL1-2) in OLP. METHODS The presence of HA, CD44, HAS1-3, and HYAL1-2 was studied by immunohistochemical methods in 55 OLP and 23 control oral mucosal specimens (CTR). The localization, intensity, and differences of the epithelial expression between OLP and CTRs were analyzed. RESULTS HA and CD44 were found on cell membranes in the epithelial basal and intermediate layers in CTR and OLP specimens. The HA staining intensity was stronger in the basal layer of the epithelium in OLP than in CTRs (P < 0.001). HAS1 (P = 0.001) and HAS2 (P < 0.001) showed stronger staining in the basal and weaker staining in the superficial (P < 0.001) epithelial layers in OLP than in CTRs. The immunostaining of HAS3 was low in both OLP and CTRs. Positive HYAL1 and HYAL2 staining were mainly found in the basal and intermediate epithelial layers, and their intensities were significantly increased in OLP, except HYAL 2 in the intermediate epithelial layer. CONCLUSIONS HA, HAS1-2, and HYAL1-2 have altered expression in OLP compared to CTRs and may therefore have a role in OLP pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Siponen
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arja Kullaa
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Educational Dental Clinic, Health Center of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pentti Nieminen
- Medical Informatics and Statistics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Graduate Program in Estomatopatologia, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba-São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sanna Pasonen-Seppänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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CD44 Is Involved in Mineralization of Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2013; 39:351-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Leonardi R, Loreto C, Caltabiano R, Caltabiano C. Immunolocalization of CD44s in human teeth. Acta Histochem 2006; 108:425-9. [PMID: 17049369 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD44s (standard form) is an integral membrane glycoprotein, which plays an important role in both cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion. Few studies have demonstrated that CD44s and its isoforms are involved in mediating cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions in the periodontium and surrounding tissues. The present study was undertaken as so little data are available on its presence in human adult hard dental structures. Six extracted premolars from children, aged 10-12 years, were used in the present study. They were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and decalcified in 7.5% EDTA for 2 weeks. Immunohistochemistry to reveal binding of a monoclonal mouse anti-CD44s was used for the localization of CD44s. The antibody was applied directly onto the tissue section and the slides incubated overnight (4 degrees C) in a humidified chamber. In serial sagittal sections of teeth, binding of anti-CD44s was seen in odontoblasts, periodontal ligament fibroblasts and cementoblasts. Our findings present evidence that CD44s is localized in periodontal ligament fibroblasts, cementocytes and odontoblasts of mature human teeth. CD44s may be involved in tooth cell differentiation and later in cell-matrix interaction and in the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the extravascular connective tissue in these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Leonardi
- II Dental Unit, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario, Italy
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Blundell CD, Reed MAC, Almond A. Complete assignment of hyaluronan oligosaccharides up to hexasaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2803-15. [PMID: 17056022 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan is involved in a diverse range of physiological and diseases processes and comprises repeated disaccharide units of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and d-glucuronic acid (GlcA). A molecular description of the solution conformation of HA is required to account for this biology, which is best attained using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). NMR studies of the polymer, however, are frustrated by resonance overlap arising from the highly degenerate structure. In contrast, end-effects in oligosaccharides can produce some chemical shift dispersion, giving the possibility that their conformational properties can be measured and extrapolated to models of the polymer. We report the complete resolution and assignment of (1)H, (13)C and (15)N nuclei in hyaluronan oligosaccharides with seven different naturally occurring terminal rings. At 900MHz, all (1)H nuclei in the hexasaccharide GlcA-beta-(1-->3)-GlcNAc-beta-(1-->4)-GlcA-beta-(1-->3)-GlcNAc-beta-(1-->4)-GlcA-beta-(1-->3)-GlcNAc-OH were uniquely resolved and the two central rings were found to be a good model for the polymer environment. These assignments now allow resolved, unambiguous structural restraints to be acquired on this oligosaccharide and extrapolated to models for the solution conformation of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Blundell
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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Ida-Yonemochi H, Saku T. Perlecan, a Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan, Is a Major Constituent of the Intraepithelial Stroma Functioning in Tooth Morphogenesis. J Oral Biosci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(06)80006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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