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Chandra HS, Johnson JS, Sagar L, Naveen M, Ziauddin S, Britto F, Havaldar KS, Shalini H. A Comparative Evaluation of Physical Parameters of Saliva and Correlation with Periodontal Condition in Down Syndrome Children and Healthy Controls. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023; 24:372-380. [PMID: 37534503 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to assess the significance and role of physical parameters of saliva on periodontal health in children with Down syndrome (DS). MATERIALS AND METHODS A comparative evaluation of physical parameters of saliva such as flow rate, viscosity, pH, quantity and buffering capacity, and buffer capacity was carried out using GC Saliva-Check Buffer kit and correlated with periodontal condition examined using community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) in 40 DS subjects (group I) and 40 healthy controls (group II) aged 8-15 years. RESULTS Down syndrome subjects had a low resting salivary flow rate, moderately acidic saliva, very low quantity of stimulated saliva, and low buffering capacity. On correlating salivary parameters with the periodontal condition, DS subjects with CPITN code 1 had low resting salivary flow rate, normal viscosity, moderately acidic pH, very low quantity of stimulated saliva, and low buffering capacity. Down syndrome subjects with CPITN code 2 had low resting flow rate, increased viscosity, very low quantity of stimulated saliva, low buffering capacity, and moderately acidic pH. Healthy controls with CPITN code 0 had normal resting flow rate, viscosity of saliva, quantity of stimulated saliva, buffering capacity, and moderately acidic pH. CONCLUSION Compared to healthy controls, DS subjects showed decreased values for resting flow rate, pH, quantity of stimulated saliva, and buffering capacity. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the physical parameters of saliva and periodontal condition in DS subjects (p < 0.05). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Periodontal diseases start at a very early age and periodontal health deteriorates at a faster rate in DS children for which saliva also plays its part. Prime importance should be given to frequent oral hygiene and preventive measures in DS children thus preventing accumulation of debris and plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hurlihal Sharath Chandra
- Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, SJM Dental College and Hospital, PB Road, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India, Phone: +91 9743048418, e-mail:
| | | | - Lakshmi Sagar
- Department of Orthodontics, CKS Teja Institute of Dental Sciences & Research, Chadalawada Nagar, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Makam Naveen
- Department of Orthodontics, SJM Dental College and Hospital, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
| | - Shaik Ziauddin
- Department of Orthodontics, Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences, Virajpet, Karnataka, India
| | - Frankantony Britto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, SJM Dental College and Hospital, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Hurlihal Shalini
- Department of Community Medicine, JJM Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, India
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García-Mato E, Martínez-Lamas L, Álvarez-Fernández M, Varela-Aneiros I, Diniz-Freitas M, Limeres-Posse J, Diz-Dios P. Molecular Detection of Streptococcus downii sp. nov. from Dental Plaque Samples from Patients with Down Syndrome and Non-Syndromic Individuals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061098. [PMID: 35744617 PMCID: PMC9227364 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A new bacterial species has recently been identified in the dental plaque of an adolescent with Down syndrome. The species is known as Streptococcus downii sp. nov. (abbreviated to S. downii), and it inhibits the growth of S. mutans and certain periodontal pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of S. downii in the oral cavity of individuals with Down syndrome. Methods: A specific polymerase chain reaction for the operon of bacteriocin (class IIb lactobin A/cerein 7B family) was designed to detect S. downii in individuals with Down syndrome (n = 200) and in the general population (n = 100). We also compared the whole genome of S. downii and the regions related to its bacteriocins against 127 metagenomes of supragingival plaque of the “Human Microbiome Project”. Results: We detected the specific gene of the S. downii bacteriocin in an individual with Down syndrome (Cq, 34.52; GE/μL, 13.0) and in an individual of the non-syndromic control group (Cq, 34.78 Cq; GE/μL, 4.93). The prevalence of S. downii was ≤1% both in Down syndrome and in the general population, which did not allow for clinical-microbiological correlations to be established. This result was confirmed by detecting only one metagenome with an ANIm with approximately 95% homology and with 100% homology with ORFs that code class IIb lactobiocin A/cerein 7B bacteriocins among the 127 metagenomes of the “Human Microbiome Project” tested. Conclusions: The detection rate of S. downii in the supragingival dental plaque was very low, both in the Down syndrome individuals and in the non-syndromic controls. A clinical-microbiological correlation could therefore not be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane García-Mato
- Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (I.V.-A.); (J.L.-P.)
| | - Lucía Martínez-Lamas
- Clinical Microbiology, Microbiology and Infectiology Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (L.M.-L.); (M.Á.-F.)
| | - Maximiliano Álvarez-Fernández
- Clinical Microbiology, Microbiology and Infectiology Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, 36312 Vigo, Spain; (L.M.-L.); (M.Á.-F.)
| | - Iván Varela-Aneiros
- Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (I.V.-A.); (J.L.-P.)
| | - Marcio Diniz-Freitas
- Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (I.V.-A.); (J.L.-P.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.-F.); (P.D.-D.); Tel.: +34-881-812344 (P.D.-D.)
| | - Jacobo Limeres-Posse
- Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (I.V.-A.); (J.L.-P.)
| | - Pedro Diz-Dios
- Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (I.V.-A.); (J.L.-P.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.-F.); (P.D.-D.); Tel.: +34-881-812344 (P.D.-D.)
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Prabhakar AR, Sreeja G, Naik SV. DNA finger printing of S. Mutans present in the saliva of caries active children and those associated with intellectual disability - An RAPD analysis. Saudi Dent J 2019; 31:424-430. [PMID: 31700219 PMCID: PMC6823829 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study is, to evaluate and compare the diversity of S. Mutans genotypes with respect to caries activity among normal children and intellectually disabled children, which would enable the clinician to plan better strategies for early caries detection, management and prevention. Materials and methods Genotyping of S. Mutans was done by collecting the saliva samples from 40 caries active children (20 normal and 20 children associated with intellectual disability by Rapid amplified polymorphic DNA analysis using three arbitrarily primers (P1, P2, P3). Rapid amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is preferred because of its reliability, reproducibility in generating genetic fingerprints of Streptococcus isolates. Results Number of bacterial counts in Group I showed a mean of 111.6500 followed by the Group II with a mean of 102.6500. Therefore, the difference in the number of bacterial counts was not significant between the two groups (p < 0.001). Genotype encoding Primer 1 was present in almost 82.5% of the total population of both groups. Genotype encoding Primer 2 was present in 95% of the total population. Whereas, Genotype encoding Primer 3 was present in 20% of children associated with intellectual disability and 95% of normal children. Interpretation and conclusion There was no significant difference in S. Mutans count of normal caries active children to that of caries active children with intellectual disability, but, there was a significance difference in the distribution of S. Mutans genotypes in both the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Prabhakar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka 577004, India
| | - Gudla Sreeja
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka 577004, India
| | - Saraswatthi V Naik
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka 577004, India
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Moreira MJS, Klaus NM, Dall'Onder AP, Grando D, Parolo CCF, Faccini LS, Hashizume LN. Genotypic diversity and acidogenicity of Streptococcus mutans in Down syndrome children. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2019; 39:578-586. [PMID: 31515845 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the genotypic diversity and acidogenicity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and the potential association of these factors with dental caries experience in children with DS compared to non-DS children (controls). METHODS AND RESULTS Seventeen children (age 6-12 years) with high salivary S. mutans counts (> 2.5 × 105 CFU/mL) were selected and divided into two groups: DS and non-DS. Five children in each group were caries-free, while the remainder had elevated caries experience. S. mutans isolates were obtained from each participant. The genotypic profile of the isolates was analyzed with the AP-PCR methodology. The acidogenicity of a representative strain from each genotype of S. mutans was also evaluated. DS children had 16 different S. mutans genotypes, while the control group had 21. Twelve genotypes were present in both groups and one of them was associated with caries-free status (P < .05). Although the acidogenicity of the genotypes found in DS children was significantly lower (P < .05) compared to controls, this fact was not associated with caries experience in both groups. CONCLUSIONS DS children have a lower S. mutans genotypic diversity and genotypes with lower acidogenicity than those of non-DS children. However these findings were not associated with their caries experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício José Santos Moreira
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália Mincato Klaus
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dall'Onder
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Grando
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lina Naomi Hashizume
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Domingues NB, Mariusso MR, Tanaka MH, Scarel-Caminaga RM, Mayer MPA, Brighenti FL, Zuanon ÂCC, Ibuki FK, Nogueira FN, Giro EMA. Reduced salivary flow rate and high levels of oxidative stress in whole saliva of children with Down syndrome. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2017; 37:269-276. [PMID: 29231976 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate salivary parameters between children with Down Syndrome (DS) and without DS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stimulated whole saliva was collected from 18 children with DS and 23 without DS. Salivary flow rate, pH, and salivary buffering capacity were determined. Cariogenic microorganisms were quantified by culture, and periodontopathogens by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The antioxidant profile was quantified spectrophotometrically, while malondialdehyde (MDA) was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation (α = 0.05). RESULTS Salivary flow rate was significantly lower in DS than in controls (p < 0.0001). Significant higher difference was observed for total protein dosage (p < 0.0001), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) (p = 0.0002), and MDA (p < 0.001) in DS group. CONCLUSIONS Reduced salivary flow rate might be an important factor in oral diseases development. High salivary levels of SOD and MDA show the significant influence of the oxidative stress and the early-onset periodontal disease in DS people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Bertolo Domingues
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Racy Mariusso
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Hiromi Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Lourenção Brighenti
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ângela Cristina Cilense Zuanon
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Kazue Ibuki
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Neves Nogueira
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Maria Aparecida Giro
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Scalioni F, Carrada C, Machado F, Devito K, Ribeiro LC, Cesar D, Ribeiro R. Salivary density of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and dental caries in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. J Appl Oral Sci 2017; 25:250-257. [PMID: 28678943 PMCID: PMC5482247 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2016-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are strongly associated with dental caries. However, the relationship between oral streptococci and dental caries in children with Down syndrome is not well characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Scalioni
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontopediatria, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Camila Carrada
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Machado
- Faculdade Estácio de Sá, Faculdade de Odontologia, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Karina Devito
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Clínica Odontológica, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Luiz Cláudio Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Estatística, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Dionéia Cesar
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Rosangela Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontopediatria, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
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Moreira MJS, Schwertner C, Dall'Onder AP, Klaus NM, Parolo CCF, Hashizume LN. Dental caries and associated factors in twins with Down syndrome: a case report. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2016; 37:107-110. [PMID: 27922732 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disorder in humans, but its incidence in monozygotic twins is extremely rare. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with dental caries in a pair of monozygotic twin girls with DS, where one had caries experience and the other did not. Clinical examination, salivary Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) levels and their genotypic diversity, the biochemical composition of the dental biofilm, the frequency of sucrose consumption, and toothbrushing habits were assessed from the twin girls. Twin with caries experience showed higher levels of S. mutans in the saliva and lower concentrations of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride and higher concentrations of extracellular polysaccharides in the biofilm compared to her sister. Genotypic diversity of S. mutans was also higher in the twin with caries experience. Dental biofilm composition showed different patterns of cariogenicity between the two sisters, which may also by itself explain the difference in the dental caries between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício José Santos Moreira
- Graduate Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Schwertner
- Graduate Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dall'Onder
- Undergraduate Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália Mincato Klaus
- Undergraduate Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Cavalcanti Fatturi Parolo
- Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lina Naomi Hashizume
- Associate Professor, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Genetic Diversity and Evidence for Transmission of Streptococcus mutans by DiversiLab rep-PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 128:108-117. [PMID: 27432341 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This two-part study investigated the genetic diversity and transmission of Streptococcus mutans using the DiversiLab repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) approach. For children with S. mutans and participating household members, analysis for evidence of unrelated child-to-child as well as intra-familial transmission was evaluated based on commonality of genotypes. A total of 169 index children and 425 household family members from Uniontown, Alabama were evaluated for genetic diversity using rep-PCR. Thirty-four unique rep-PCR genotypes were observed for 13,906 S. mutans isolates. For transmission, 117 child and household isolates were evaluated for shared genotype (by child and by genotype cases, multiple matches possible for each child). Overall, children had 1-9 genotypes and those with multiple genotypes were 2.3 times more likely to have caries experience (decayed, missing and filled teeth/surfaces>0). Only 28% of children shared all genotypes within the household, while 72% had at least 1 genotype not shared with anyone in the household. Children had genotype(s) not shared with any household members in 157 cases. In 158 cases children and household members shared a genotype in which 55% (87/158 cases) were shared with more than one family member. Children most frequently shared genotypes with their mothers (54%; 85/158), siblings (46%; 72/158) and cousins (23%; 37/158). A reference library for S. mutans for epidemiological surveillance using the DiversiLab rep-PCR approach is detailed. The genetic diversity of S. mutans in this population demonstrated frequent commonality of genotypes. Evidence for both child-to-child and intra-familial transmission of S. mutans was observed by rep-PCR.
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Moreira MJS, Schwertner C, Jardim JJ, Hashizume LN. Dental caries in individuals with Down syndrome: a systematic review. Int J Paediatr Dent 2016; 26:3-12. [PMID: 26538473 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have shown a lower experience of caries in people with Down syndrome compared to individuals without Down syndrome, but this issue has not been critically evaluated. AIM To conduct a systematic review of the international literature on dental caries experience in people with Down syndrome. DESIGN Three online databases (PubMed, LILACS, and Cochrane) were used to identify relevant studies on caries experience in people with Down syndrome published until May 2015. PICO (Patient/Population, Intervention, Comparison group, and Outcome) criteria were used to screen studies by title and abstract. An assessment of the methodological study quality was performed according to the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS The search resulted in 226 studies. Thirteen publications were included in the systematic review. Ten studies reported results of lower caries experience in individuals with Down syndrome in at least one age group studied. Three studies reported no differences in caries experience among the groups. All studies, however, included in this systematic review had limitations that increased the likelihood of bias in the study results. CONCLUSION There is no scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that people with Down syndrome have a lower experience of caries than non-syndromic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício José Santos Moreira
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina Schwertner
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana Jobim Jardim
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lina Naomi Hashizume
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Association between Dental Caries and Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127484. [PMID: 26086498 PMCID: PMC4472226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence of susceptibility to dental caries in the population with Down Syndrome (DS) is limited and conflicting, making it difficult to establish firm conclusions. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to obtain scientific evidence of the possible association between dental caries and individuals with DS, compared to individuals without DS (control). An electronic search of five databases was performed, with no language or publication date restrictions. The studies were selected by two independent reviewers (Kappa = 0.83). The systematic review included 13 studies, while eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. The studies are presumably all at risk of bias given their observational character. Two of these evaluated the presence or absence of caries in permanent and deciduous teeth, and six evaluated the mean DMFT index in permanent teeth. Combined odds ratios (OR), standard difference, standard error and a 95% confidence interval (CI) were obtained. The vast majority of the studies found that individuals from control groups had more carious lesions or caries experience than those with DS. The results were statistically significant in seven studies (p<0.05). Meta-analysis of two studies revealed that individuals with DS had a lower dental caries than those in the control group (OR = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.22-0.57). In six studies, individuals with DS had a significantly lower mean DMFT index than individuals from the control group (Sd = -0.18; SE = 0.09; 95% CI = -0.35--0.02). The quality of the studies varied and in general had a high risk of bias. Scientific evidence suggests that individuals with DS have fewer dental caries than individuals without DS.
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Sulugodu Ramachandra S. Low levels of caries in aggressive periodontitis: A literature review. Saudi Dent J 2013; 26:47-9. [PMID: 25408595 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is a traditional literature review on caries levels in aggressive periodontitis. Aggressive periodontitis generally affects systemically healthy individuals aged <30 years (older individuals can also be affected) and is characterized by a young age of onset, rapid rate of disease progression, and familial aggregation of cases. Dental caries is caused by the dissolution of enamel by acid-producing bacteria present in the plaque biofilm, especially when the biofilm reaches critical mass due to improper oral hygiene. The association between caries level and aggressive periodontitis has long been debated. Initial research indicated that caries levels were high in patients with aggressive periodontitis, but high-quality studies have consistently shown that caries and aggressive periodontitis are inversely related. A recent in vitro study showed that Streptococcus mutans was killed more readily in the saliva of patients with aggressive periodontitis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans positivity than in patients with A. actinomycetemcomitans negativity. Other mechanisms possibly explaining the inverse relationship between caries and aggressive periodontitis in cases of Down's syndrome are also discussed in this literature review. The usefulness of caries level in the diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis in developing countries such as India, where the disease is diagnosed primarily on the basis of clinical and radiographic features and familial history is also discussed.
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Tanaka MH, Giro EMA, Cavalcante LB, Pires JR, Apponi LH, Valentini SR, Spolidório DMP, Capela MV, Rossa C, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Expression of interferon-γ, interferon-α and related genes in individuals with Down syndrome and periodontitis. Cytokine 2012; 60:875-81. [PMID: 22995210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, attenuation of anti-inflammatory and increase of pro-inflammatory mediators was demonstrated in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) in comparison with euploid patients during periodontal disease (PD), suggesting a shift to a more aggressive inflammation in DS. AIM To determine the influence of DS in the modulation of interferons (IFNs) signaling pathway in PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical periodontal assessment was performed and gingival tissue samples obtained from a total of 51 subjects, including 19 DS individuals with PD, 20 euploid individuals with PD and 12 euploid individuals without PD. Expression levels of interferon-gamma (IFNG) and interferon-alpha (IFNA), and their receptors IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, the signaling intermediates Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) were determined using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS Clinical signs of periodontal disease were markedly more severe in DS and euploid patients with PD in comparison to euploid and periodontally healthy patients. There was no difference on mRNA levels of IFNA, IFNG, INFGR2, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 between DS and euploid individuals, even though some of these genes are located on chromosome 21. STAT1 and IRF1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in DS patients in comparison with euploid individuals with PD. In euploid individuals, PD was associated with an increased expression of IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IFNAR1, STAT1 and IRF1. CONCLUSIONS Reduced expression of STAT1 and IRF1 genes indicate an impaired activation of IFNs signaling in individuals with DS and PD. Expression of IFNA, IFNG and IFN receptors was not altered in DS patients, indicating that indirect mechanisms are involved in the reduced activation of IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia H Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
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Areias C, Sampaio-Maia B, Pereira MDL, Azevedo A, Melo P, Andrade C, Scully C. Reduced salivary flow and colonization by mutans streptococci in children with Down syndrome. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:1007-11. [PMID: 23018295 PMCID: PMC3438238 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(09)04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although individuals with Down syndrome have considerable oral disease, the prevalence of dental caries in this group is low. The present study aimed to compare known risk factors for dental caries development in children with Down syndrome and a matched population (siblings). In both populations, the number of acidogenic microorganisms, such as mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida species, and the paraffin-stimulated pH, flow rate and IgA concentration in whole saliva were evaluated and compared. METHOD Saliva was collected, and the caries index was evaluated in 45 sibling pairs aged between 6 and 18 years old. The salivary IgA concentration was determined by immunoturbidimetry. Salivary mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida species were quantified on mitis salivarius agar containing bacitracin and 20% sucrose, rogosa agar supplemented with glacial acetic acid and sabouraud agar supplemented with chloramphenicol, respectively. RESULTS Down syndrome children had a higher caries-free rate (p<0.05) and lower salivary mutans streptococci counts (p<0.03) compared to their siblings. Similar numbers of lactobacilli and Candida species were found in both groups. Salivary flow rates were 36% lower in Down syndrome children compared to their siblings (p<0.05). The salivary pH did not differ between Down syndrome children and controls. The Down syndrome children had an IgA secretion rate 29% lower than that of their siblings, but this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the lower number of mutans streptococci in the saliva may be one of the factors contributing to the lower caries rate observed in Down syndrome children, despite evidence of hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Areias
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Porto University, Porto, Portugal
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Baca P, Castillo AM, Liébana MJ, Castillo F, Martín-Platero A, Liébana J. Horizontal transmission of Streptococcus mutans in schoolchildren. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2012; 17:e495-500. [PMID: 22143733 PMCID: PMC3476088 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.17592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetive: The aim of this study was to analyze possible horizontal transmission patterns of S. mutans among 6-7-yr-old schoolchildren from the same class, identifying genotypes and their diversity and relationship with caries disease status.
Study Design: Caries indexes and saliva mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts were recorded in 42 schoolchildren. Mutans streptococci colonies were identified by means of biochemical tests and all S. mutans strains were genotyped by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. A child was considered free of S. mutans when it could not be isolated in 3 samples at 1-week intervals.
Results: S. mutans was isolated in 30 schoolchildren: 20 having one genotype and 10 two genotypes. Higher mutans streptococci and caries index values were found in those with two genotypes. Five genotypes were isolated in more than 1 schoolchild and one of these was isolated in 3 schoolchildren. Our results suggest that horizontal transmission may take place.
Conclusion: Schoolchildren aged 6-7 yrs may be the source of mutual transmission of S. mutans.
Key words:Streptococcus mutans, Horizontal transmission, AP-PCR, genotyping
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Baca
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Granada, Spain.
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Dental caries experience in relation to salivary findings and molecular identification of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in subjects with Down syndrome. Odontology 2011; 99:162-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-011-0010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Davidovich E, Aframian DJ, Shapira J, Peretz B. A comparison of the sialochemistry, oral pH, and oral health status of Down syndrome children to healthy children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2010; 20:235-41. [PMID: 20536584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263x.2010.01045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology of low caries incidence in Down syndrome (DS) children is not entirely clear. Aim. To compare sialochemistry and oral mucosal pH between Down syndrome children with caries (DS-Ca) and caries free (DS-CaF), and healthy children with caries (C-Ca) and caries free (C-CaF). DESIGN The study group comprised 70 children with DS (mean age 4.41 +/- 1.9 years); 32 healthy children (mean age 9.22 +/- 2.7 years) served as control. Groups were further subdivided according to caries status: DS-Ca, DS-CaF, C-Ca and C-CaF. Sialochemistry analysis included calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl). Mucosal pH, plaque and gingival indices (PI and GI), and caries status were recorded. RESULTS DMFT/dmft were significantly lower in the DS group. Cl and Ca levels were significantly higher in the DS-Ca compared to the C-Ca and the C-CaF children. Na and K were significantly higher in DS-Ca group compared to DS-CaF group. PI and GI were significantly higher in DS-C children compared to DS-CaF children. CONCLUSIONS DS may manifest itself in the salivary glands. Consequently, different electrolyte salivary environment may form, leading to lower caries rates among DS children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esti Davidovich
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Hebrew University, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Doméjean S, Zhan L, DenBesten PK, Stamper J, Boyce WT, Featherstone JD. Horizontal transmission of mutans streptococci in children. J Dent Res 2010; 89:51-5. [PMID: 19918090 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509353400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has not been established whether transmission of mutans streptococci occurs between unrelated children older than 4 years of age. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible transmission of mutans streptococci genotypes from child to child in kindergarten. We studied 96 children (ages 5-6 yrs) in three San Francisco Bay Area public schools. Mutans streptococci colonies from each child were isolated from selective culture on Mitis Salivarius Sucrose Bacitracin agar. We used arbitrary primed polymerase chain reactions to determine the mutans streptococci genotypes. Two children (not siblings) in each of the three schools (6%) shared an identical amplitype of S. mutans, unique to each pair. The 19 S. sobrinus amplitypes were found in 12 children, and all were unique to each child. The presence of matching genotypes of S. mutans demonstrates horizontal transmission of this species between unrelated children aged 5-6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Doméjean
- Faculté d'Odontologie, EA3847, CHU, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Genotypes of Streptococcus mutans in saliva versus dental plaque. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:751-4. [PMID: 18374899 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether genotypes of Streptococcus mutans strain can be detected as effectively in saliva samples as in plaque samples from buccal surfaces and occlusal surface fissures of permanent first molars. DESIGN The study included 20 school children aged 6-7 years who were positive for mutans streptococci. Samples of stimulated saliva and of dental plaque on buccal surfaces and occlusal surface fissures of permanent first molars were collected. Samples were cultivated in MSB agar. Up to nine isolates compatible with mutans streptococci were obtained and identified by means of biochemical tests. All isolates identified as S. mutans were genotyped by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A total of 28 genotypes of S. mutans were isolated: 23 in saliva samples, 23 in buccal surface plaque samples, and 16 in plaque samples from occlusal surface fissures. CONCLUSIONS Although, saliva sampling did not reveal all genotypes isolated, it was equally as effective as plaque sampling from the buccal surfaces of permanent first molars, and more effective than plaque sampling from fissures on their occlusal surfaces.
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