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Effect of Aging on Homeostasis in the Soft Tissue of the Periodontium: A Narrative Review. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11010058. [PMID: 33477537 PMCID: PMC7831085 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive decline or loss of physiological functions, leading to increased susceptibility to disease or death. Several aging hallmarks, including genomic instability, cellular senescence, and mitochondrial dysfunction, have been suggested, which often lead to the numerous aging disorders. The periodontium, a complex structure surrounding and supporting the teeth, is composed of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. Supportive and protective roles of the periodontium are very critical to sustain life, but the periodontium undergoes morphological and physiological changes with age. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of molecular and cellular physiological changes in the periodontium, by focusing on soft tissues including gingiva and periodontal ligament.
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The effect of lipoxin A4 on E. coli LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:957-969. [PMID: 32506323 PMCID: PMC7878239 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of lipoxin-type A4 (LXA4) on bacterial-induced osteoclastogenesis. Material and methods Human periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) in coculture with osteoclast precursors (RAW264.7 cells) were exposed to bacterial stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation. After 24 h, cells were treated to 100 ng/ml of LXA4 and 50 ng/ml of forymul peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX) receptor antagonist (Boc-2). After 5 days, osteoclastic resorptive activity was assessed on calcium phosphate (CaP) synthetic bone substitute. Additionally, osteoclastic differentiation was evaluated using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, TRAP enzymatic activity assay, and on the expression of osteoclast-specific genes. Results We found that stimulation of in the osteoclasts with LPS-stimulated PDLCs induced a significant increase in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive cells, higher resorptive activity, and enhanced expression of specific genes. Meanwhile, LXA4-treatment exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity, and was able to reverse these inflammatory effects. Conclusions We conclude that (1) PDLCs are a potential target for treating bacterial-induced bone resorption in patients with periodontal disease, and (2) LXA4 is a suitable candidate for such therapy. Clinical relevance The results prove that lipoxins have a protective role in bacterial-induced periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone resorption, which can be translated into a clinical beneficial alterative treatment.
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Liu K, Han B, Hou J, Meng H. Preliminary investigation on the molecular mechanisms underlying the correlation between
VDR‐FokI
genotype and periodontitis. J Periodontol 2020; 91:403-412. [PMID: 31859389 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaining Liu
- Department of Periodontology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Beijing P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
| | - Bing Han
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Beijing P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
| | - Jianxia Hou
- Department of Periodontology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Beijing P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
| | - Huanxin Meng
- Department of Periodontology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Beijing P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
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Moonen CGJ, Alders ST, Bontkes HJ, Schoenmaker T, Nicu EA, Loos BG, de Vries TJ. Survival, Retention, and Selective Proliferation of Lymphocytes Is Mediated by Gingival Fibroblasts. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1725. [PMID: 30140265 PMCID: PMC6094995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium, is characterized by osteoclast-mediated alveolar bone destruction. Gingival fibroblasts (GFs) present in the bone-lining mucosa have the capacity to activate the formation of osteoclasts, but little is known about which local immune cells (co-)mediate this process. The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular interactions of GFs with immune cells, including the contribution of GFs to osteoclast formation and their possible role in the proliferation of these immune cells. In addition, we investigated the expression of adhesion molecules and the inflammatory cytokines that are evoked by this interaction. GFs were cocultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), CD14+ monocytes or peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) for 7, 14, and 21 days. After 21 days, comparable numbers of multinucleated cells (osteoclasts) were found in gingival fibroblast (GF)-PBMC and GF-monocyte cocultures. No osteoclasts were formed in GF-PBL cocultures, indicating that the PBLs present in GF-PBMC cocultures do not contribute to osteoclastogenesis. Persisting mononuclear cells were interacting with osteoclasts in GF-PBMC cocultures. Remarkably, a predominance of CD3+ T cells was immunohistochemically detected in GF cocultures with PBLs and PBMCs for 21 days that frequently interacted with osteoclasts. Significantly more T, B (CD19+), and NK (CD56+CD3-) cells were identified with multicolor flow cytometry in both GF-PBMC and GF-PBL cocultures compared to monocultures without GFs at all time points. GFs retained PBLs independently of the presence of monocytes or osteoclasts over time, showing a stable population of T, B, and NK cells between 7 and 21 days. T helper and cytotoxic T cell subsets remained stable over time in GF cocultures, while the number of Th17 cells fluctuated. Lymphocyte retention is likely mediated by lymphocyte-function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) expression, which was significantly higher in GF-PBL cultures compared to GF-monocyte cultures. When assessing inflammatory cytokine expression, high tumor necrosis alpha expression was only observed in the GF-PBMC cultures, indicating that this tripartite presence of GFs, monocytes, and lymphocytes is required for such an induction. Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-labeling showed that only the CD3+ cells proliferated in presence of GFs. This study demonstrates a novel role for GFs in the survival, retention, and selective proliferation of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G J Moonen
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sven T Alders
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hetty J Bontkes
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ton Schoenmaker
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elena A Nicu
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Opris Dent SRL, Sibiu, Romania
| | - Bruno G Loos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teun J de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Bağ İ, Yildirim S. Effect of avulsion storage media on periodontal ligament fibroblast differentiation. Dent Traumatol 2017; 33:458-464. [DOI: 10.1111/edt.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- İrem Bağ
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Dumlupınar University; Kütahya Turkey
| | - Sibel Yildirim
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Selçuk University; Konya Turkey
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Chen YW, Wang HC, Gao LH, Liu C, Jiang YX, Qu H, Li CY, Jiang JH. Osteoclastogenesis in Local Alveolar Bone in Early Decortication-Facilitated Orthodontic Tooth Movement. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153937. [PMID: 27096621 PMCID: PMC4838268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effects of alveolar decortication on local bone remodeling, and to explore the possible mechanism by which decortication facilitates tooth movement. Materials and Methods Forty rabbits were included in the experiment. The left mandible was subjected to decortication-facilitated orthodontics, and the right mandible underwent traditional orthodontics as a control. The animals were sacrificed on the days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14, after undergoing orthodontic procedures. Tooth movement was measured by Micro-CT, and the local periodontal tissues were investigated using H&E, Masson's trichrome and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. The mRNA levels of genes related to bone remodeling in the alveolar bone were analyzed using real-time PCR. Result On days 3, 5, 7 and 14, tooth movement was statistically accelerated by decortication (P < 0.05) and was accompanied by increased hyperemia. Despite the lack of new bone formation in both groups, more osteoclasts were noted in the decorticated group, with two peak counts (P < 0.05). The first peak count was consistent with the maximum values of ctsk and TRAP expression, and the second peak counts accompanied the maximum nfatc1 and jdp2 expression. The increased fra2 expression and the ratio of rankl/opg also accompanied the second peak counts. Conclusions Following alveolar decortication, osteoclastogenesis was initially induced to a greater degree than the new bone formation which was thought to have caused a regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP). The amount of steoclastogenesis in the decorticated alveolar bone was found to have two peaks, perhaps due to attenuated local resistance. The first peak count in osteoclasts may have been due to previously existing osteoclast precursors, whereas the second may represent the differentiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells which came from circulation as the result of hyperemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Stomatology of the First Hospital of Jiaxing, 1882 Zhonghuan South Road, Nanhu District, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Hai-Cheng Wang
- Department of Pathology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Long-Hua Gao
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lushun South Road West, Lushun Port District, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shandong University School of Stomatology, 44 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yu-Xi Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan District, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Hong Qu
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lushun South Road West, Lushun Port District, Dalian 116044, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (HQ); (CL)
| | - Cui-Ying Li
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (HQ); (CL)
| | - Jiu-Hui Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (HQ); (CL)
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Sokos D, Everts V, de Vries TJ. Role of periodontal ligament fibroblasts in osteoclastogenesis: a review. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:152-9. [PMID: 24862732 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade it has become clear that periodontal ligament fibroblasts may contribute to the in vitro differentiation of osteoclasts. We surveyed the current findings regarding their osteoclastogenesis potential. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts have the capacity to select and attract osteoclast precursors and subsequently to retract and enable migration of osteoclast precursors to the bone surface. There, fusion of precursors takes place, giving rise to osteoclasts. The RANKL-RANK-osteoprotegerin (OPG) axis is considered crucial in this process. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts produce primarily OPG, an osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory molecule. However, they may be influenced in vivo by direct or indirect interactions with bacteria or by mechanical loading. Incubation of periodontal ligament fibroblasts with bacteria or bacterial components causes an increased expression of RANKL and other osteoclastogenesis-stimulating molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and macrophage-colony stimulating factor. Similar results are observed after the application of mechanical loading to these fibroblasts. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts may be considered to play an important role in the remodelling of alveolar bone. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that periodontal ligament fibroblasts adapt to bacterial and mechanical stimuli by synthesizing higher levels of osteoclastogenesis-stimulating molecules. Therefore, they probably contribute to the enhanced osteoclast formation observed during periodontitis and to orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sokos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang Y, Yan M, Yu Y, Wu J, Yu J, Fan Z. Estrogen deficiency inhibits the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells via activation of the NF-κB pathway. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 352:551-9. [PMID: 23532562 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Various factors can affect the functions of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). However, little knowledge is available about the effects of estrogen deficiency on the differentiation of DPSCs. In this study, an estrogen-deficient rat model was constructed and multi-colony-derived DPSCs were obtained from the incisors of ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated rats. Odonto/osteogenic differentiation and the possible involvement of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in the OVX-DPSCs/Sham-DPSCs of these rats were then investigated. OVX-DPSCs presented decreased odonto/osteogenic capacity and an activated NF-κB pathway, as compared with Sham-DPSCs. When the cellular NF-κB pathway was specifically inhibited by BMS345541, the odonto/osteogenic potential in OVX-DPSCs was significantly upregulated. Thus, estrogen deficiency down-regulated the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs by activating NF-κB signaling and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway effectively rescued the decreased differentiation potential of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
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Choe Y, Yu JY, Son YO, Park SM, Kim JG, Shi X, Lee JC. Continuously generated H2O2 stimulates the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1426-36. [PMID: 22173791 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) inhibits proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation in bone-like cells. Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF) are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts and are exposed to oxidative stress during periodontal inflammation. However, the cellular responses of PLF to H(2)O(2) have not been identified. In this study, we examined how H(2)O(2) affects the viability and proliferation of PLF by exposing the cells to glucose oxidase (GO) or direct addition of H(2)O(2). We also explored the effects of GO on the osteoblastic differentiation of PLF and the mechanisms involved. The viability and proliferation in PLF were increased with the addition of 10 mU/ml GO but not by volumes greater than 15 mU/ml or by H(2)O(2) itself. GO-stimulated DNA synthesis was correlated with the increase in cyclin E protein levels in the cells. Osteoblastic differentiation of PLF was also augmented by combined treatment with GO, as evidenced by the increases in alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization, collagen synthesis, and osteocalcin content in the cells. The inductions of runt-related transcription factor 2 and osterix mRNA and proteins were further increased in PLF incubated in combination with GO compared to those in untreated cells. These results demonstrate that the continuous presence of H(2)O(2) stimulates the proliferation of PLF and augments their potential to differentiate into osteoblasts through the up-regulation of bone-specific transcription factors. Collectively, we suggest that H(2)O(2) may elicit the functions of PLF in maintaining the dimensions of the periodontal ligament and in mediating a balanced metabolism in alveolar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngji Choe
- Institute of Oral Biosciences (BK21 Program) and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
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Luo LJ, Liu F, Lin ZK, Xie YF, Xu JL, Tong QC, Shu R. Genistein regulates the IL-1 beta induced activation of MAPKs in human periodontal ligament cells through G protein-coupled receptor 30. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 522:9-16. [PMID: 22521737 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are fibroblasts that play key roles in tissue integrity, periodontal inflammation and tissue regeneration in the periodontium. The periodontal tissue destruction in periodontitis is mediated by host tissue-produced inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Here, we report the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30, also known as G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 GPER) in human PDL cells and its regulation by IL-1β. IL-1β-induced GPR30 expression in human PDL cells leads to the activation of multiple signaling pathways, including MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K. In contrast, genistein, an estrogen receptor ligand, postpones the activation of MAPKs induced by IL-1β. Moreover, the inhibition of GPR30 by G15, a GPR30-specific antagonist, eliminates this delay. Thus, genistein plays a role in the regulation of MAPK activation via GPR30, and GPR30 represents a novel target regulated by steroid hormones in PDL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Luo
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiading Central Hospital, and Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong, University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Yu F, Cui Y, Zhou X, Zhang X, Han J. Osteogenic differentiation of human ligament fibroblasts induced by conditioned medium of osteoclast-like cells. Biosci Trends 2011; 5:46-51. [PMID: 21572246 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2011.v5.2.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts secrete factors that may promote mesenchymal stem cell mineralization in vitro. Fibroblasts are the most common cells in connective tissue and are involved in the process of exotic ossification in many diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether osteoclast-like cells would induce the osteogenic differentiation of fibroblasts in vitro. In the present study, osteoclast-like cells (OLCs) were generated by CD14(+) cells from human peripheral blood. Fibroblasts were primarily cultured from spinal ligaments. After treatment with conditioned medium of OLCs, the level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and mineralization of fibroblasts increased significantly. cDNA microarray analysis identified a set of differentially expressed mRNA associated with signal transduction, cell differentiation, and bone formation, and microarray analysis of microRNA expression profiles revealed a group of microRNAs, including hsa-miR-20a, hsa-miR-300, hsa-miR-185, hsa-miR-30d, hsa-miR-320a, hsamiR- 130b, hsa-miR-33a, hsa-miR-155, and hsa-miR-222, that were significantly downregulated. These microRNAs were predicted to have an inhibitory effect on genes associated with osteogenic differentiation, such as BMP2, Osteocalcin, and Runx2. The current results suggest that osteoclasts might induce the osteogenic differentiation of fibroblasts in vitro and that miRNA may play an important role in regulation of the cell-cell interaction between osteoclasts and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangcang Yu
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Ji'nan, China
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Bloemen V, Schoenmaker T, de Vries TJ, Everts V. IL-1β favors osteoclastogenesis via supporting human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1890-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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