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Cadeddu R, Braccagni G, Branca C, van Luik ER, Pittenger C, Thomsen MS, Bortolato M. Activation of M 4 muscarinic receptors in the striatum reduces tic-like behaviours in two distinct murine models of Tourette syndrome. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:3064-3081. [PMID: 38689378 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Current pharmacotherapies for Tourette syndrome (TS) are often unsatisfactory and poorly tolerated, underscoring the need for novel treatments. Insufficient striatal acetylcholine has been suggested to contribute to tic ontogeny. Thus, we tested whether activating M1 and/or M4 receptors-the two most abundant muscarinic receptors in the striatum-reduced tic-related behaviours in mouse models of TS. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Studies were conducted using CIN-d and D1CT-7 mice, two TS models characterized by early-life depletion of striatal cholinergic interneurons and cortical neuropotentiation, respectively. First, we tested the effects of systemic and intrastriatal xanomeline, a selective M1/M4 receptor agonist, on tic-like and other TS-related responses. Then, we examined whether xanomeline effects were reduced by either M1 or M4 antagonists or mimicked by the M1/M3 agonist cevimeline or the M4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) VU0467154. Finally, we measured striatal levels of M1 and M4 receptors and assessed the impact of VU0461754 on the striatal expression of the neural marker activity c-Fos. KEY RESULTS Systemic and intrastriatal xanomeline reduced TS-related behaviours in CIN-d and D1CT-7 mice. Most effects were blocked by M4, but not M1, receptor antagonists. VU0467154, but not cevimeline, elicited xanomeline-like ameliorative effects in both models. M4, but not M1, receptors were down-regulated in the striatum of CIN-d mice. Additionally, VU0467154 reduced striatal c-Fos levels in these animals. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Activation of striatal M4, but not M1, receptors reduced tic-like manifestations in mouse models, pointing to xanomeline and M4 PAMs as novel putative therapeutic strategies for TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cadeddu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Giulia Braccagni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Caterina Branca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Easton R van Luik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Child Study Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Brain and Mind Health, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Lian J, Deng C. The dosage-dependent effects of cevimeline in preventing olanzapine-induced metabolic side-effects in female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 191:172878. [PMID: 32112786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Olanzapine has been used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other mental disorders. However, it is associated with serious weight gain and other metabolic side-effects. The antagonistic affinity of olanzapine to muscarinic M3 receptors has been evidenced as one of the main contributors for its weight gain and other metabolic side-effects. Therefore, this study investigated whether the co-treatment of cevimeline (a M3 receptor agonist) could prevent the metabolic side-effects associated with olanzapine medication. Female Sprague Dawley rats were treated orally with olanzapine (2 mg/kg, t.i.d.) and/or cevimeline at 3 dosages (3, 6, 9 mg/kg, t.i.d.), or vehicle for two weeks. Weight gain and food/water intake were measured throughout the drug treatment period. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and open field tests were conducted. Olanzapine-treated rats demonstrated significantly elevated body weight gain, food intake, feeding efficiency, total white fat mass, liver mass, and plasma triglyceride levels, which could be partly reversed by the co-treatment with cevimeline in a dosage-dependent manner. In general, the body weight gain can only be reversed by the co-treatment of 9 mg/kg cevimeline. The cevimeline co-treatment decreased plasma triglyceride and glucose levels compared with olanzapine only treatment. The results suggested a dosage-dependent effect of cevimeline in ameliorating olanzapine-induced weight gain and metabolic side-effects, which supports further clinical trials using cevimeline to control weight gain and metabolic side-effects caused by antipsychotic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Lian
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia.
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Rich LJ, Bolookat ER, Seshadri M. Dynamic photoacoustic imaging of neurovascular coupling in salivary glands. J Oral Biosci 2019; 61:236-241. [PMID: 31491491 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to apply photoacoustic imaging (PAI), a relatively new imaging method, to non-invasively map neurovascular dynamics in salivary glands. Dynamic PAI with co-registered ultrasound (US) was performed in mice to monitor salivary gland hemodynamics in response to exogenous muscarinic receptor stimulation (pilocarpine) and blockade (atropine). Pilocarpine increased salivary gland oxygen saturation (%sO2) within minutes after administration, which was abrogated by atropine. A significant correlation was observed between change in %sO2 measured by PAI and saliva secretion. PAI is a novel imaging method that can be used for functional assessment of neurovascular dynamics in salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J Rich
- Department of Oral Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Eftekhar Rajab Bolookat
- Department of Oral Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Department of Radiology-Medical Physics Program, University at Buffalo - Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Mukund Seshadri
- Department of Oral Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Department of Radiology-Medical Physics Program, University at Buffalo - Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Department of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Hitomi S, Ujihara I, Sago-Ito M, Nodai T, Shikayama T, Inenaga K, Ono K. Hyposalivation due to chemotherapy exacerbates oral ulcerative mucositis and delays its healing. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 105:20-26. [PMID: 31238198 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cancer therapy including chemotherapy causes gland atrophy, resulting in low salivary secretion in cancer patients. Since saliva plays an important role in oral health, the dysfunction may exacerbate oral ulcerative mucositis (OUM), which is another side effect. Here, we investigated the effect of hyposalivation on OUM using sialoadenectomized rats and examined the effects of anticancer drugs on the salivary glands. DESIGN As models for hyposalivation, the bilateral submandibular and sublingual glands except (2EXT) or together with (3EXT) the parotid glands were extracted. At 16 days after the procedure, OUM was experimentally developed by topical acetic acid treatment on the labial fornix region of the inferior incisors, and the severity and bacterial loading level were evaluated. The salivary gland weights and histology were analyzed after administration of the representative anticancer drugs 5-fluorouracil or cisplatin. RESULTS The severity of OUM was greater in both the 3EXT and 2EXT rats and delayed the healing process compared with that in sham rats without salivary gland extraction. The healing process in the 3EXT rats was longer than that in the 2EXT rats. The number of colony-forming units in the ulcerative region from the 3EXT rats was 10-fold greater than that in the sham rats. Both 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin reduced glands weights and damaged the salivary glands. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that chemotherapy-induced hyposalivation exacerbates OUM and delays healing, most likely due to loss of salivary clearance and antimicrobial functions. This study illustrates the significance of oral health care for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzuro Hitomi
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan.
| | - Izumi Ujihara
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Misa Sago-Ito
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan; Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Nodai
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan; Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Takemi Shikayama
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan; Division of Periodontology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Kiyotoshi Inenaga
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
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Varghese JJ, Schmale IL, Hansen ME, Newlands SD, Benoit DSW, Ovitt CE. Murine Salivary Functional Assessment via Pilocarpine Stimulation Following Fractionated Radiation. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29781993 DOI: 10.3791/57522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyposalivation is commonly observed in the autoimmune reaction of Sjögren's syndrome or following radiation injury to the major salivary glands. In these cases, questions remain regarding disease pathogenesis and effective interventions. An optimized technique that allows functional assessment of the salivary glands is invaluable for investigating exocrine gland biology, dysfunction, and therapeutics. Here, we present a step by step approach to performing pilocarpine stimulated saliva secretion, including tracheostomy and the dissection of the three major murine salivary glands. We also detail the appropriate murine head and neck anatomy accessed during these techniques. This approach is scalable, allowing for multiple mice to be processed simultaneously, thus improving the efficiency of the work flow. We aim to improve the reproducibility of these methods, each of which has further applications within the field. In addition to saliva collection, we discuss metrics for quantifying and normalizing functional capacity of these tissues. Representative data are included from submandibular glands with depressed salivary gland function 2 weeks following fractionated radiation (4 doses of 6.85 Gy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomy J Varghese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester;
| | - Isaac L Schmale
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester Medical Center
| | | | - Shawn D Newlands
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester Medical Center
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Acauan MD, Figueiredo MAZ, Cherubini K, Gomes APN, Salum FG. Radiotherapy-induced salivary dysfunction: Structural changes, pathogenetic mechanisms and therapies. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1802-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Acauan MD, Gomes APN, Braga-Filho A, de Figueiredo MAZ, Cherubini K, Salum FG. Effect of low-level laser therapy on irradiated parotid glands--study in mice. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:108002. [PMID: 26502234 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.10.108002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on radiotherapy-induced morphological changes and caspase-3 immunodetection in parotids of mice. Forty-one Swiss mice were divided into control, radiotherapy, 2- and 4-J laser groups. The experimental groups were exposed to ionizing radiation in a single session of 10 Gy. In the laser groups, a GaAlAs laser (830 nm, 100 mW, 0.028 cm2, 3.57 W/cm2) was used on the region corresponding to the parotid glands, with 2-J energy (20 s, 71 J/cm2) or 4 J (40 s, 135 J/cm2) per point. LLLT was performed immediately before and 24 h after radiotherapy. One point was applied in each parotid gland. The animals were euthanized 48 h or 7 days after radiotherapy and parotid glands were dissected for morphological analysis and immunodetection of caspase-3. There was no significant difference between groups in the immunodetection of caspase-3, but the laser groups had a lower percentage compared to the radiotherapy group. LLLT promoted the preservation of acinar structure, reduced the occurrence of vacuolation, and stimulated parotid gland vascularization. Of the two LLLT protocols, the one using 4 J of energy showed better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Dossena Acauan
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Oral Medicine Division, São Lucas Hospital, Avenue Ipiranga, 6690, Room 231, CEP: 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Neutziling Gomes
- Federal University of Pelotas-UFPEL, Oral Pathology Division, Rua Gonçalves Chaves 457, CEP: 96015-560, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Aroldo Braga-Filho
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Radiotherapy Division, São Lucas Hospital, Brazil
| | - Maria Antonia Zancanaro de Figueiredo
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Oral Medicine Division, São Lucas Hospital, Avenue Ipiranga, 6690, Room 231, CEP: 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen Cherubini
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Oral Medicine Division, São Lucas Hospital, Avenue Ipiranga, 6690, Room 231, CEP: 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gonçalves Salum
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Oral Medicine Division, São Lucas Hospital, Avenue Ipiranga, 6690, Room 231, CEP: 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
One of the major side effects of medications prescribed to elderly patients is the qualitative and quantitative alteration of saliva (salivary hypofunction). Saliva plays a pivotal role in the homeostasis of the oral cavity because of its protective and functional properties, including facilitating speech, swallowing, enhancing taste, buffering and neutralizing intrinsic and extrinsic acid, remineralizing teeth, maintaining the oral mucosal health, preventing overgrowth of noxious microorganisms, and xerostomia. With salivary hypofunction, a plethora of complications arise, resulting in decreased quality of life. The anticholinergic effects of medications can be overcome, and the oral cavity can be restored to normalcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabi L Singh
- Dry Mouth Clinic, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, 1 Kneeland Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine, Craniofacial Pain, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, 1 Kneeland Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Athena Papas
- Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine, Craniofacial Pain, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, 1 Kneeland Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Nakamura-Kiyama M, Ono K, Masuda W, Hitomi S, Matsuo K, Usui M, Nakashima K, Yokota M, Inenaga K. Changes of salivary functions in experimental periodontitis model rats. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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