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Effects of Post-translational Modifications on Membrane Localization and Signaling of Prostanoid GPCR-G Protein Complexes and the Role of Hypoxia. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:509-526. [PMID: 31485700 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a pivotal role in the adaptive responses to cellular stresses such as hypoxia. In addition to influencing cellular gene expression profiles, hypoxic microenvironments can perturb membrane protein localization, altering GPCR effector scaffolding and altering downstream signaling. Studies using proteomics approaches have revealed significant regulation of GPCR and G proteins by their state of post-translational modification. The aim of this review is to examine the effects of post-translational modifications on membrane localization and signaling of GPCR-G protein complexes, with an emphasis on vascular prostanoid receptors, and to highlight what is known about the effect of cellular hypoxia on these mechanisms. Understanding post-translational modifications of protein targets will help to define GPCR targets in treatment of disease, and to inform research into mechanisms of hypoxic cellular responses.
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Tachow A, Thoungseabyoun W, Phuapittayalert L, Petcharat K, Sakagami H, Kondo H, Hipkaeo W. Co-localization of endogenous Arf6 and its activator EFA6D in the granular convoluted tubule cells of mouse submandibular glands under normal conditions and when stimulated by isoproterenol, noradrenaline and carbachol. Arch Oral Biol 2017. [PMID: 28645101 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study proposed to investigate the localization at light and electron microscopic levels of Arf6 and its activator EFA6D in the mouse submandibular gland (SMG) under normal conditions and when stimulated by adrenergic or cholinergic agonists. MATERIALS AND METHODS SMGs of male adult mice were utilized for immunoblotting and immuno-light and -electron microscopic analyses. Isoproterenol and noradrenalin were used as adrenergics, while carbachol was used for the cholinergic stimulant. SMGs were examined at 15, 30, 60 and 120min after intraperitoneal injection of these agents. RESULTS Immunoreactivities for both Arf6 and its activator EFA6D were similarly intense in the basolateral domain of GCTs, but no significant immunoreactivities were seen in the apical domain of GCT cells or any domain of acinar cells under normal conditions. In immuno-electron microscopy, the immunoreactive materials were mainly deposited on the basolateral plasma membranes and subjacent cytoplasm. Shortly after injection of isoproterenol and noradrenaline, but not carbachol, the immunoreactivities for both molecules were additionally seen on the apical plasmalemma of most, if not all, GCT cells, but not acinar cells. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that the direct involvement of Arf6/EFA6D in regulatory exocytosis at the apical plasma membrane of acinar and GCT cells is apparently to be smaller, if present, than that of endocytosis at the basolateral membranes of GCT cells under normal conditions. This also suggests that the two molecules function additionally at the apical membrane of GCT cells for modulation of saliva secretion under β-adrenoceptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apussara Tachow
- Nanomorphology-Based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wipawee Thoungseabyoun
- Nanomorphology-Based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Kanoktip Petcharat
- Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medical Science, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisatake Kondo
- Nanomorphology-Based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Organ Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Nanomorphology-Based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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Thoungseabyoun W, Tachow A, Pakkarato S, Rawangwong A, Krongyut S, Sakaew W, Kondo H, Hipkaeo W. Immunohistochemical localization of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in the submandibular gland of mice under normal conditions and when stimulated by isoproterenol or carbachol. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 81:160-166. [PMID: 28549258 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We wished to investigate the subcellular localization of CB1, a receptor for the endocannabinoids in mouse submandibular glands (SMGs) under normal conditions and when stimulated by adrenergic or cholinergic agonists. MATERIALS AND METHODS SMGs of both male and female adult mice were utilized for immunoblotting and immuno-light and -electron microscopic analyses. Isoproterenol and carbachol were used as adrenergic and cholinergic stimulants, respectively. SMGs were examined at 15, 30, 60 and 120min after intraperitoneal injection of these agents. RESULTS Selective localization of intense immunoreactivity for CB1 in the granular convoluted ductal cells was confirmed by immunoblotting and the antigen absorption test. In SMGs of control male mice, CB1-immunoreactivity was evident on the basolateral plasma membranes, including the basal infoldings, but was absent on the apical membranes in the ductal cells. Localization and intensity of CB1-immunoreactivity were essentially the same in SMGs of female mice. The immunoreactivity was transiently localized in the apical plasmalemma of some acinar and granular ductal cells of male SMGs shortly after stimulation by isoproterenol, but not by carbachol. CONCLUSION The present finding suggests that CB1 functions primarily in the basolateral membranes of the granular convoluted ductal cells of SMGs under normal conditions, and that the CB1 can function additionally in the apical membrane of acinar and granular ductal cells for modulation of the saliva secretory condition via adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipawee Thoungseabyoun
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Apussara Tachow
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sawetree Pakkarato
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Atsara Rawangwong
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Suthankamon Krongyut
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Sakaew
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Hisatake Kondo
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Organ Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Nanomorphology-based Apply Research Group & Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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Zinn VZ, Khatri A, Mednieks MI, Hand AR. Localization of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator signaling complexes in human salivary gland striated duct cells. Eur J Oral Sci 2015; 123:140-8. [PMID: 25903037 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-regulated Cl(-) channel, crucial for epithelial cell regulation of salt and water transport. Previous studies showed that ezrin, an actin binding and A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP), facilitates association of PKA with CFTR. We used immunohistochemistry and immunogold transmission electron microscopy to localize CFTR, ezrin, and PKA type II regulatory (RII) and catalytic (C) subunits in striated duct cells of human parotid and submandibular glands. Immunohistochemistry localized the four proteins mainly to the apical membrane and the apical cytoplasm of striated duct cells. In acinar cells, ezrin localized to the luminal membrane, and PKA RII subunits were present in secretory granules, as previously described. Immunogold labeling showed that CFTR and PKA RII and C subunits were localized to the luminal membrane and associated with apical granules and vesicles of striated duct cells. Ezrin was present along the luminal membrane, on microvilli and along the junctional complexes between cells. Double labeling showed specific protein associations with apical granules and vesicles and along the luminal membrane. Ezrin, CFTR, and PKA RII and C subunits are co-localized in striated duct cells, suggesting the presence of signaling complexes that serve to regulate CFTR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vina Z Zinn
- University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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