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Yaşar M, Bal C, Aksoy M, Güngörmüş M, Orhan K. In vitro caries-preventive effect of a mineralization-promoting peptide combined with fluoride gel on sound primary teeth. Int J Paediatr Dent 2024; 34:256-266. [PMID: 37837213 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mineralization-promoting peptide-3 (MPP3) is a new biomimetic remineralization agent. AIM To assess the remineralization efficiency of MPP3, either alone or in combination with fluoride gel. DESIGN The samples were divided into four groups: control, 1.23% fluoride gel, 10% MPP3 gel, and 1.23% fluoride gel + 10% MPP3. Following the application of remineralization agents (4 min), the samples remained in a pH-cycling model (37°C, 4 weeks). Microhardness, microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis were conducted. RM-ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used for statistical analysis, and a significance level of p < .05 was employed. RESULTS Mineralization-promoting peptide 3 and fluoride gel + MPP3 increased the microhardness of the enamel compared with initial values in each group (p < .05). Mineralization-promoting peptide 3 successfully maintained the mineral density of enamel, although the cariogenic pH-cycling and PLM results indicated that the lesion depth (μm) was significantly lower in the fluoride gel + MPP3 group (27.0336 ± 12.53650) than in the control group (37.3907 ± 12.76002, p < .05). CONCLUSION The combined use of MPP3 with fluoride gel enhanced the caries-protective and mineralization-promoting effects of fluoride. Mineralization-promoting peptide 3 may be a potential agent that can be employed to improve the physical properties of enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Yaşar
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Gulhane Dental Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cenkhan Bal
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Gulhane Dental Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Aksoy
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Gulhane Dental Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Güngörmüş
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
- MERLAB Application and Research Center, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kaan Orhan
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
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Hu D, Tian T, Ren Q, Han S, Li Z, Deng Y, Lu Z, Zhang L. Novel biomimetic peptide-loaded chitosan nanoparticles improve dentin bonding via promoting dentin remineralization and inhibiting endogenous matrix metalloproteinases. Dent Mater 2024; 40:160-172. [PMID: 37951748 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to synthesize novel chitosan nanoparticles loaded with an amelogenin-derived peptide QP5 (TMC-QP5/NPs), investigate their remineralization capability and inhibitory effects on endogenous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and evaluate the dentin bonding properties of remineralized dentin regulated by TMC-QP5/NPs. METHODS TMC-QP5/NPs were prepared by ionic crosslinking method and characterized by dynamic light scattering method, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, atomic force microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The encapsulation and loading efficiency of TMC-QP5/NPs and the release of QP5 were examined. To evaluate the remineralization capability of TMC-QP5/NPs, the mechanical properties, and the changes in structure and composition of differently conditioned dentin were characterized. The MMPs inhibitory effects of TMC-QP5/NPs were explored by MMP Activity Assay and in-situ zymography. The dentin bonding performance was detected by interfacial microleakage and microshear bond strength (μSBS). RESULTS TMC-QP5/NPs were successfully synthesized, with uniform size, good stability and biosafety. The encapsulation and loading efficiency of TMC-QP5/NPs was respectively 69.63 ± 2.22% and 13.21 ± 0.73%, with a sustained release of QP5. TMC-QP5/NPs could induce mineral deposits on demineralized collagen fibers and partial occlusion of dentin tubules, and recover the surface microhardness of dentin, showing better remineralization effects than QP5. Besides, TMC-QP5/NPs significantly inhibited the endogenous MMPs activity. The remineralized dentin induced by TMC-QP5/NPs exhibited less interfacial microleakage and higher μSBS, greatly improved dentin bonding. SIGNIFICANCE This novel peptide-loaded chitosan nanoparticles improved resin-dentin bonding by promoting dentin remineralization and inactivating MMPs, suggesting a promising strategy for optimizing dentin adhesive restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sili Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhongcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yudi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ziqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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3
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Hu D, Ren Q, Li Z, Han S, Ding L, Lu Z, Zhang L. Unveiling the mechanism of an amelogenin-derived peptide in promoting enamel biomimetic remineralization. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127322. [PMID: 37848117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Amelogenin and its derived peptides have exhibited excellent efficacy in promoting enamel biomimetic remineralization. However, little is known about their specific action mechanisms. Herein, by combining experiments and computer simulation, the mechanism of an amelogenin-derived peptide QP5 in regulating enamel biomimetic remineralization is unveiled for the first time. In experiments, peptide QP5 was separated into (QPX)5 and C-tail domains, the interactions of peptide-minerals in nucleation solution and the regulation of peptide on enamel biomimetic remineralization were explored. QP5 exhibited an unordered conformation when mineral ions existed, and it could adsorb on minerals through its two domains, thereby inhibiting spontaneous nucleation. The remineralized enamel regulated by C-tail showed better mechanical properties and formed more biomimetic crystals than that of (QPX)5, indicating the C-tail domain of QP5 played an important role in forming enamel-like crystals. The simulation results showed that the conformation of QP5 changed greatly, mainly exhibiting β-bend, β-turn, and coil structures, and it eventually adsorbed on enamel through negatively charged residues of the C-tail domain, then captured Ca2+ from solution to promote enamel remineralization. This study improved the evaluation methods of the mechanism of biomimetic peptides, and laid a theoretical basis for the amelioration and clinical transformation of peptide QP5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhongcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sili Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Longjiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ziqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Biomedical applications of solid-binding peptides and proteins. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100580. [PMID: 36846310 PMCID: PMC9950531 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, solid-binding peptides (SBPs) have found multiple applications in materials science. In non-covalent surface modification strategies, solid-binding peptides are a simple and versatile tool for the immobilization of biomolecules on a vast variety of solid surfaces. Especially in physiological environments, SBPs can increase the biocompatibility of hybrid materials and offer tunable properties for the display of biomolecules with minimal impact on their functionality. All these features make SBPs attractive for the manufacturing of bioinspired materials in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In particular, biomedical applications such as drug delivery, biosensing, and regenerative therapies have benefited from the introduction of SBPs. Here, we review recent literature on the use of solid-binding peptides and solid-binding proteins in biomedical applications. We focus on applications where modulating the interactions between solid materials and biomolecules is crucial. In this review, we describe solid-binding peptides and proteins, providing background on sequence design and binding mechanism. We then discuss their application on materials relevant for biomedicine (calcium phosphates, silicates, ice crystals, metals, plastics, and graphene). Although the limited characterization of SBPs still represents a challenge for their design and widespread application, our review shows that SBP-mediated bioconjugation can be easily introduced into complex designs and on nanomaterials with very different surface chemistries.
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Attik N, Garric X, Bethry A, Subra G, Chevalier C, Bouzouma B, Verdié P, Grosgogeat B, Gritsch K. Amelogenin-Derived Peptide (ADP-5) Hydrogel for Periodontal Regeneration: An In Vitro Study on Periodontal Cells Cytocompatibility, Remineralization and Inflammatory Profile. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020053. [PMID: 36826852 PMCID: PMC9966511 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A relevant alternative to enamel matrix derivatives from animal origin could be the use of synthetic amelogenin-derived peptides. This study aimed to assess the effect of a synthetic amelogenin-derived peptide (ADP-5), alone or included in an experimental gellan-xanthan hydrogel, on periodontal cell behavior (gingival fibroblasts, periodontal ligament cells, osteoblasts and cementoblasts). The effect of ADP-5 (50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) on cell metabolic activity was examined using Alamar blue assay, and cell morphology was assessed by confocal imaging. An experimental gellan-xanthan hydrogel was then designed as carrier for ADP-5 and compared to the commercial gel Emdogain®. Alizarin Red was used to determine the periodontal ligament and cementoblasts cell mineralization. The inflammatory profile of these two cells was also quantified using ELISA (vascular endothelial growth factor A, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 11) mediators. ADP-5 enhanced cell proliferation and remineralization; the 100 µg/mL concentration was more efficient than 50 and 200 µg/mL. The ADP-5 experimental hydrogel exhibited equivalent good biological behavior compared to Emdogain® in terms of cell colonization, mineralization, and inflammatory profile. These findings revealed relevant insights regarding the ADP-5 biological behavior. From a clinical perspective, these outcomes could instigate the development of novel functionalized scaffold for periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Attik
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Xavier Garric
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Departement of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, 30900 Nîmes, France
| | - Audrey Bethry
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Subra
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Charlène Chevalier
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Brahim Bouzouma
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pascal Verdié
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Brigitte Grosgogeat
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- Service d’Odontologie (UF Recherche Clinique), Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Kerstin Gritsch
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- Service d’Odontologie (UF Parodontologie), Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
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Liu Z, Lu J, Chen X, Xiu P, Zhang Y, Lv X, Jiang X, Wang K, Zhang L. A novel amelogenesis-inspired hydrogel composite for the remineralization of enamel non-cavitated lesions. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:10150-10161. [PMID: 36472307 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01711c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Enamel non-cavitated lesions (NCLs) are subsurface enamel porosity from carious demineralization. The developed enamel cannot repair itself once NCLs occurs. The regeneration of mineral crystals in a biomimetic environment is an effective way to repair enamel subsurface defects. Previously, an amelogenin-derived peptide named QP5 was proven to repair demineralized enamel. In this work, inspired by amelogenesis, a novel biomimetic hydrogel composite containing the QP5 peptide and bioactive glass (BG) was designed, in which QP5 could promote enamel remineralization by guiding the calcium and phosphorus ions provided by BG. Also, BG could adjust the mineralization micro-environment to alkalinity, simulating the pH regulation of ameloblasts during enamel maturity. The BQ hydrogel composite showed biosafety and possessed capacity for enamel binding, ion release and pH buffering. Enamel NCLs treated with the BQ hydrogel composite showed a higher reduction in lesion depth and mineral loss both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, compared to the hydrogels containing only BG or QP5, groups treated with the BQ hydrogel composite attained more surface microhardness recovery and color recovery, exhibiting resistance to erosion and abrasion of the remineralization layer. We envision that the BQ hydrogel composite can provide a biomimetic micro-environment to favor enamel remineralization, thus reducing the lesion depth and increasing the mineral content as a promising biomimetic material for enamel NCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China
| | - Junzhuo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangshu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinmo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China
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Xu J, Shi H, Luo J, Yao H, Wang P, Li Z, Wei J. Advanced materials for enamel remineralization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:985881. [PMID: 36177189 PMCID: PMC9513249 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.985881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries, a chronic and irreversible disease caused by caries-causing bacteria, has been listed as one of the three major human diseases to be prevented and treated. Therefore, it is critical to effectively stop the development of enamel caries. Remineralization treatment can control the progression of caries by inhibiting and reversing enamel demineralization at an early stage. In this process, functional materials guide the deposition of minerals on the damaged enamel, and the structure and hardness of the enamel are then restored. These remineralization materials have great potential for clinical application. In this review, advanced materials for enamel remineralization were briefly summarized, furthermore, an outlook on the perspective of remineralization materials were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Xu
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Shi
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Haiyan Yao
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihua Li, ; Junchao Wei,
| | - Junchao Wei
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihua Li, ; Junchao Wei,
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Yan J, Yang H, Luo T, Hua F, He H. Application of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Agents in the Prevention and Treatment of Enamel Demineralization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:853436. [PMID: 35646855 PMCID: PMC9136455 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.853436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel demineralization, as a type of frequently-occurring dental problem that affects both the health and aesthetics of patients, is a concern for both dental professionals and patients. The main chemical composition of the enamel, hydroxyapatite, is easy to be dissolved under acid attack, resulting in the occurrence of enamel demineralization. Among agents for the preventing or treatment of enamel demineralization, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) has gradually become a focus of research. Based on the nonclassical crystallization theory, ACP can induce the formation of enamel-like hydroxyapatite and thereby achieve enamel remineralization. However, ACP has poor stability and tends to turn into hydroxyapatite in an aqueous solution resulting in the loss of remineralization ability. Therefore, ACP needs to be stabilized in an amorphous state before application. Herein, ACP stabilizers, including amelogenin and its analogs, casein phosphopeptides, polymers like chitosan derivatives, carboxymethylated PAMAM and polyelectrolytes, together with their mechanisms for stabilizing ACP are briefly reviewed. Scientific evidence supporting the remineralization ability of these ACP agents are introduced. Limitations of existing research and further prospects of ACP agents for clinical translation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongye Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Luo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Hua
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Evidence-Based Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Fang Hua, ; Hong He,
| | - Hong He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Hua, ; Hong He,
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Lu J, Liu Z, Wang K, Gu M, Peng X, Zhang Y, Chen X, Chen Y, Zhang L. Odontogenesis by Endocytosis of Peptide Embedding Bioactive Glass Composite. J Dent Res 2022; 101:1055-1063. [PMID: 35394372 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221085186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited therapeutic options are available for treating deep caries. Those materials with potential of a dual effect to remineralize hard tissue and regenerate defective dentin tissues could be used as a new strategy for deep caries treatment. However, the application of the single component remains a challenge mainly because they lack calcium and phosphorus, are easily degraded, and are difficult to retain in the intricate body fluid environment. Considering the abundant source of calcium and phosphorus as well as the delivery performance of mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG), an amelogenin-derived peptide (QP5), which has a significant role in hard tissue remineralization, was loaded to fabricate a novel composite. After the synthesis of highly ordered MBG using a sol-gel method, the QP5 peptide was loaded increasingly by its extensive porous structure and enhanced electrostatic absorption. When used in an acidic environment, the MBG/QP5 composite presented pH-responsiveness, releasing therapeutic ions and functional peptides in a sequential cascade, and eventually adjusted the pH to a neutral state. The composite was internalized by dental pulp cells through a clathrin-mediated pathway and influenced by cell membrane lipid raft regulation. It could be also transported through the macro-pinocytotic pathway. Compared to the single treatment of peptide QP5 in 48 h, the composite facilitated a higher level of retention of the intracellular peptides. The composite further promoted migration and odontogenesis of dental pulp cells, including the improved activity of alkaline phosphatase, increased formation of mineralized nodules, and upregulated expression of mineralization-related genes compared to using MBG or QP5 alone. The composite further induced the dentin-like layer in a rat pulp capping model. The results suggested that this intelligent material with pH-responsiveness provides a promising alternative treatment method for biomimetic restoration of deep caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Z Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - K Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - M Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Tang S, Dong Z, Ke X, Luo J, Li J. Advances in biomineralization-inspired materials for hard tissue repair. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:42. [PMID: 34876550 PMCID: PMC8651686 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is the process by which organisms form mineralized tissues with hierarchical structures and excellent properties, including the bones and teeth in vertebrates. The underlying mechanisms and pathways of biomineralization provide inspiration for designing and constructing materials to repair hard tissues. In particular, the formation processes of minerals can be partly replicated by utilizing bioinspired artificial materials to mimic the functions of biomolecules or stabilize intermediate mineral phases involved in biomineralization. Here, we review recent advances in biomineralization-inspired materials developed for hard tissue repair. Biomineralization-inspired materials are categorized into different types based on their specific applications, which include bone repair, dentin remineralization, and enamel remineralization. Finally, the advantages and limitations of these materials are summarized, and several perspectives on future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Tang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhiyun Dong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiang Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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11
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Meshki R, Basir L, Rahbar N, Kazempour M. Comparison of the effect of fluoride gel and two toothpastes with different materials on remineralization of initial carious lesions in primary teeth. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:3309-3313. [PMID: 34760749 PMCID: PMC8565127 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1046_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Various types of toothpastes are claimed to be able to improve initial enamel caries. This study compared the effect of fluoride gel and two toothpastes on remineralization of initial caries lesions in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty-four sound extracted primary canine were immersed in demineralizing solution at 37°C for 96 h to produce artificial caries in vitro. Enamel pieces (3 × 3 × 5 mm) were prepared from each tooth and mounted in self cure acrylic blocks. The specimens were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 16) based on treatment agent (fluoride gel, Chitodent toothpaste, ReminPro toothpaste, no treatment as control) and underwent a pH cycling model for 10 days. Vickers microhardness (VH) was measured before and after treatment. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance and paired t-test by SPSS 18 (P < 0.05). Results: No significant difference was found in VH between groups at baseline (fluoride group: 265.9 ± 44.8, Chitodent group: 282.6 ± 34.6, ReminPro group: 266.5 ± 26.6, control: 272.7 ± 32.5; P = 0.516). Microhardness significantly increased after exposure to ReminPro toothpaste (VH change: 24.1%, P < 0.001) and fluoride gel (VH change: 10.9%, P = 0.046), but no significant changes were observed in Chitodent (VH change: 2.8%, P = 0.635) and control (VH change: - 2.2%, P = 0.181) groups. Conclusion: ReminPro toothpaste might be effective in remineralizing initial carious lesions of primary teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Meshki
- Department of Pedodontics, Dental School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Basir
- Department of Pedodontics, Dental School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nadereh Rahbar
- Department of Nanotechnology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Kazempour
- Department of Pedodontics, Dental School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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12
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Peng X, Han S, Wang K, Ding L, Liu Z, Zhang L. The Amelogenin-Derived Peptide TVH-19 Promotes Dentinal Tubule Occlusion and Mineralization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2473. [PMID: 34372076 PMCID: PMC8347252 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the amelogenin-derived peptide, TVH-19, which has been confirmed to promote mineralization, was evaluated to derive its potential to induce dentinal tubule occlusion. The binding capability of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled TVH-19 to the demineralized dentin surface was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Additionally, the sealing function of the peptide was studied through the remineralization of demineralized dentin in vitro. The adsorption results showed that TVH-19 could bind to the hydroxyapatite and demineralized dentin surfaces, especially to periodontal dentin. Scanning electron microscopy analysis further revealed that TVH-19 created mineral precipitates. The plugging rate in the TVH-19 group was higher than that in the PBS group. Moreover, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results indicated that the calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio of the new minerals induced by TVH-19 was close to that of the hydroxyapatite. Attenuated total internal reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometry and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the hydroxyapatite crystals formed via remineralization elongated the axial growth and closely resembled the natural dentin components. These findings indicate that TVH-19 can effectively promote dentin sealing by binding to the periodontal dentin, promoting mineral deposition, and reducing the space between the dentin tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.P.); (S.H.); (K.W.); (L.D.); (Z.L.)
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13
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Peng X, Han S, Wang K, Ding L, Liu Z, Zhang L. Evaluating the potential of an amelogenin-derived peptide in tertiary dentin formation. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab004. [PMID: 33738118 PMCID: PMC7955718 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several novel biomaterials have been developed for dental pulp capping by inducing tertiary dentin formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of QP5, an amelogenin-based peptide, on the mineralization of dental pulp cells (DPCs) in vitro and in vivo. The cell viability of human DPCs (hDPCs) after treatment with QP5 was determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Migration of hDPCs was assessed using scratch assays, and the pro-mineralization effect was determined using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, alizarin red staining and the expression of mineralization-related genes and proteins. The results showed that QP5 had little effect on the cell viability, and significantly enhanced the migration capability of hDPCs. QP5 promoted the formation of mineralized nodules, and upregulated the activity of ALP, the expression of mRNA and proteins of mineralization-related genes. A pulp capping model in rats was generated to investigate the biological effect of QP5. The results of micro-computed tomography and haematoxylin and eosin staining indicated that the formation of tertiary dentin in QP5-capping groups was more prominent than that in the negative control group. These results indicated the potential of QP5 as a pulp therapy agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sili Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longjiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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14
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Niu JY, Yin IX, Wu WKK, Li QL, Mei ML, Chu CH. Antimicrobial peptides for the prevention and treatment of dental caries: A concise review. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 122:105022. [PMID: 33418434 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.105022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive review of the use of antimicrobial peptides for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. The study included publications in the English language that addressed the use of antimicrobial peptides in the prevention and treatment of caries. These publications were also searchable on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, the Collection of Anti-Microbial Peptides and the Antimicrobial Peptide Database. A total of 3,436 publications were identified, and 67 publications were included. Eight publications reported seven natural human antimicrobial peptides as bactericidal to Streptococcus mutans. Fifty-nine publications reported 43 synthetic antimicrobial peptides developed to mimic natural antimicrobial peptides, fusing peptides with functional sequences and implementing new designs. The 43 synthetic antimicrobial peptides were effective against Streptococcus mutans, and nine peptides specifically targeted Streptococcus mutans. Ten antimicrobial peptides had an affinity for hydroxyapatite to prevent bacterial adhesion. Six antimicrobial peptides were also antifungal. Four antimicrobial peptides promoted remineralisation or prevented the demineralisation of teeth by binding calcium to hydroxyapatite. In conclusion, this study identified 67 works in the literature that reported seven natural and 43 synthetic antimicrobial peptides for the prevention and treatment of caries. Most of the antimicrobial peptides were bactericidal, and some prevented bacterial adhesion. A few antimicrobial peptides displayed remineralising properties with hydroxyapatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Yun Niu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Iris Xiaoxue Yin
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Quan-Li Li
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - May Lei Mei
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Han S, Peng X, Ding L, Lu J, Liu Z, Wang K, Zhang L. TVH-19, a synthetic peptide, induces mineralization of dental pulp cells in vitro and formation of tertiary dentin in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:837-842. [PMID: 33168184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional peptides derived from the active domains of odontogenesis-related proteins have been reported to promote dental hard tissue regeneration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an artificially synthesized peptide, TVH-19, on odontoblast differentiation and tertiary dentin formation in indirect pulp capping (IPC) using in vitro and in vivo experiments. TVH-19 did not exhibit any effect on the proliferation of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) but significantly promoted cell migration, compared with the control (p < 0.05). TVH-19-treated hDPCs showed significantly higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and stronger alizarin red staining (ARS) reactivity than the control group (p < 0.05). TVH-19 also upregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of odontogenic genes. After generating IPC in rats, the samples of teeth were studied using micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT), hematoxylin & eosin (HE) staining, and immunohistochemical staining to investigate the functions of TVH-19. The in vivo results showed that TVH-19 induced the formation of tertiary dentin, and reduced inflammation and apoptosis, as evident from the downregulated expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and cleaved-Caspase-3 (CL-CASP3). Overall, the results of our study suggest that TVH-19 induces differentiation of hDPCs, promotes tertiary dentin formation, relieves inflammation, and reduces apoptosis, indicating the potential applications of TVH-19 in IPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sili Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Renmin South Road no. 14, 3rd Section, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Renmin South Road no. 14, 3rd Section, Chengdu, China
| | - Longjiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Renmin South Road no. 14, 3rd Section, Chengdu, China
| | - Junzhuo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Renmin South Road no. 14, 3rd Section, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Renmin South Road no. 14, 3rd Section, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Renmin South Road no. 14, 3rd Section, Chengdu, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Renmin South Road no. 14, 3rd Section, Chengdu, China.
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16
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Wang Y, Hu D, Cui J, Zeng Y, Gan X, Chen Z, Ren Q, Zhang L. Unraveling the mechanism for an amelogenin-derived peptide regulated hydroxyapatite mineralization via specific functional domain identification. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10373-10383. [PMID: 33112349 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00949k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Amelogenin and its various derived peptides play important roles in promoting biomimetic mineralization of enamel. Previously, an amelogenin-derived peptide named QP5 was proved to be able to repair demineralized enamel. The objective here was to interpret the mechanism of QP5 by elucidating the specific function of each domain for further sequence and efficacy improvement. Peptide QP5 was separated into domains (QPX)5 and C-tail. (QPX)3 was also synthesized to investigate how QPX repeats affect the mineralization process. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that two (QPX) repeats adopted a β-sheet structure, while C-tail exhibited a disordered structure. (QPX)5 showed more absorption in confocal laser scanning microscopy observation and a higher K value in Langmuir adsorption isotherms compared to C-tail, while (QPX)3 with better hydropathy had greater adsorption capability than (QPX)5. Meanwhile, calcium consumption kinetics, transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction indicated that (QPX)5, C-tail and (QPX)3 had similar inhibitory effects on the spontaneous calcium consumption and the morphology of their nucleation products were alike, while QP5 had a greater inhibitory effect than them and induced elongated plate-like crystals. X-Ray diffraction further showed that both C-tail and (QPX)3 had greater potential in improving the apatite crystal orientation degree. In conclusion, (QPX)5 was the major adsorption region, both (QPX)5 and C-tail inhibited the nucleation, and C-tail contributed more to improve the HAP orientation degree, so QP5 could exert a significant remineralization effect. By reducing two repeats, (QPX)3 showed higher hydropathicity than (QPX)5 and achieved higher binding affinity, and it was more potential in improving the HAP orientation degree with lower economic cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Die Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yuhao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyan Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhongxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, China. and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Hamba H, Nakamura K, Nikaido T, Tagami J, Muramatsu T. Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions using toothpaste containing tricalcium phosphate and fluoride: an in vitro µCT analysis. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:292. [PMID: 33109184 PMCID: PMC7590595 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to compare the efficacies of experimental toothpastes containing functionalized tricalcium phosphate (fTCP) with and without fluoride for in vitro enamel remineralization under pH-cycling conditions. Methods To create artificial white spot lesions, 36 bovine enamel specimens were immersed in a demineralization solution for 10 days. During pH-cycling for 12 days, the specimens were divided into four groups based on the experimental toothpaste type used: (a) fTCP-free, fluoride-free (fTCP − F −); (b) fTCP-containing, fluoride-free (fTCP + F −); (c) fTCP-free, fluoride-containing (fTCP − F +); and (d) fTCP-containing, fluoride-containing (fTCP + F +). Micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (μCT) scans of all specimens were obtained before demineralization, after demineralization, and after pH-cycling. The mineral density and mineral loss (ΔZ) in the enamel subsurface lesions were measured and the percentage of remineralization (%R) was calculated from ΔZ after demineralization and pH-cycling. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test was used for statistical analysis of the %R values. The treated enamel surface was investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results The fTCP − F − group presented with the lowest amount of mineral gain after pH-cycling. In contrast, the fTCP + F + group showed the highest degree of remineralization within all lesion parts. The %R was highest in the fTCP + F + group (38.2 ± 7.8, all P < 0.01). SEM revealed the presence of small crystals on the enamel rods in the fTCP + F − and fTCP + F + groups. Conclusions The experimental toothpaste containing fTCP and fluoride increased remineralization of the artificial enamel subsurface lesions during pH-cycling. Furthermore, fTCP and fluoride appear to act independently on the remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions, although they coexisted in one toothpaste type. Trial registration: This is not a human subject research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Hamba
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Cariology and Pulp Biology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan. .,Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Keiki Nakamura
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Cariology and Pulp Biology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Toru Nikaido
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Functional Science and Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Junji Tagami
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Muramatsu
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Cariology and Pulp Biology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
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18
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Tulumbaci F, Gungormus M. In vitro remineralization of primary teeth with a mineralization-promoting peptide containing dental varnish. J Appl Oral Sci 2020; 28:e20200259. [PMID: 32901695 PMCID: PMC7480669 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2020-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineralization-promoting peptides are attractive candidates for new remineralization systems. In previous studies, peptides have been applied as aqueous solutions, which is not a clinically relevant form. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the efficiency of a mineralization-promoting peptide, applied in varnish, on remineralizing artificial caries on primary teeth. METHODOLOGY 55 primary molars were collected. Specimens were immersed in a demineralizing solution for 7 days and then, divided into 7 groups: Baseline: No-remineralization, Placebo: Blank colophony, F: Colophony 5% fluoride, P: Colophony 10% peptide, P+F: Colophony 5% fluoride and 10% peptide, Embrace: Embrace™ varnish, Durashield: Durashield™ varnish. A mixture of 35% w/v colophony varnishes were prepared in ethanol and applied accordingly. Specimens were immersed in a remineralization solution for 4 weeks and it was evaluated using PLM and SEM. Lesion depth reduction was examined by one-way ANOVA. RESULTS There was no significant difference in mean lesion depths between baseline (147.04 ± 10.18 μm) and placebo groups (139.73 ± 14.92 μm), between F (120.95 ± 12.23 μm) and Durashield (113.47 ± 14.36 μm) groups and between P (81.79 ± 23.15 μm) and Embrace (90.26 ± 17.72 μm) groups. Lesion depth for the P+F group (66.95±10.59 μm) was significantly higher compared to all other groups. All groups contained samples with subsurface demineralized regions. Number of subsurface demineralized regions were higher in fluoride-containing groups. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the mineralization-promoting peptide (MPP3) is effective in this in vitro study and the peptide shows benefits over fluoride as it yields less subsurface demineralized regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Tulumbaci
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, School of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gungormus
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, School of Dentistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
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Ding L, Han S, Peng X, Wang K, Zheng S, Li H, Niu Y, Li W, Zhang L. Tuftelin-derived peptide facilitates remineralization of initial enamel caries in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:3261-3269. [PMID: 32524721 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
With the gradual discovery of functional domains in natural proteins, several biologically inspired peptides have been designed for use as biomaterials for hard tissue regeneration and repair. In this study, we designed a tuftelin-derived peptide (TDP) and tested its effects on hydroxyapatite crystallization and remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions in vitro. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we found that TDP contained 36.1% β-sheets and β-turns, which could be influenced by calcium ions. We verified the ability of TDP to crystallize hydroxyapatite using transmission electron microscopy and its ability to bind to the enamel surface and hydroxyapatite using confocal laser scanning microscopy and Langmuir adsorption isotherms (K = 881.56, N = 1.41 × 10-5 ). Artificial enamel lesions were generated on human enamel blocks and subjected to a 12-day pH cycling model and were treated with 25 μM TDP, 1 g/L sodium fluoride (NaF), or deionized water. We analyzed the results of remineralization by surface microhardness testing, polarized light microscopy, and transverse microradiography. The TDP group showed significantly higher surface microhardness recovery (49.21 ± 1.66%), shallower lesions (34.89 ± 4.05 μm), and less mineral loss (871.33 ± 81.49 vol%·μm) after pH cycling than the deionized water group (p < .05). There were no significant differences between the TDP and NaF groups. Our experiment indicated that TDP could regulate hydroxyapatite crystallization and promote remineralization of enamel caries in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sili Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sainan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhang G, Lu M, Liu R, Tian Y, Vu VH, Li Y, Liu B, Kushmaro A, Li Y, Sun Q. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and Virulence by Lactobacillus plantarum K41 Isolated From Traditional Sichuan Pickles. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:774. [PMID: 32425911 PMCID: PMC7203412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among cariogenic microbes, Streptococcus mutans is considered a major etiological pathogen of dental caries. Lactobacilli strains have been promoted as possible probiotic agents against S. mutans, although the inhibitory effect of Lactobacilli on caries has not yet been properly addressed. The objective of this study was to screen Lactobacillus strains found in traditional Sichuan pickles and to evaluate their antagonistic properties against S. mutans in vitro and in vivo. In the current study, we analyzed 54 Lactobacillus strains isolated from pickles and found that strain L. plantarum K41 showed the highest inhibitory effect on S. mutans growth as well as on the formation of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and biofilm in vitro. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) revealed the reduction of both EPS and of the network-like structure in S. mutans biofilm when these bacteria were co-cultured with strain L. plantarum K41. Furthermore, when rats were treated with strain L. plantarum K41, there was a significant reduction in the incidence and severity of dental caries. Due to K41's origin in a high salinity environment, it showed a high tolerance to acids and salts. This may give this strain an advantage in harsh oral conditions. Results showed that L. plantarum K41 isolated from traditional Sichuan pickles effectively inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation and thus possesses a potential inhibitory effect on dental caries in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojian Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodonics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources & Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources & Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Viet Ha Vu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodonics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources & Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources & Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ariel Kushmaro
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodonics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Sun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources & Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Ding L, Han S, Wang K, Zheng S, Zheng W, Peng X, Niu Y, Li W, Zhang L. Remineralization of enamel caries by an amelogenin-derived peptide and fluoride in vitro. Regen Biomater 2020; 7:283-292. [PMID: 32523730 PMCID: PMC7266664 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most common oral diseases in the world. This study was tantamount to investigate the combinatory effects of an amelogenin-derived peptide (called QP5) and fluoride on the remineralization of artificial enamel caries. The peptide QP5 was synthesized and characterized, and the binding capability of the peptide on hydroxyapatite (HA) and demineralized tooth enamel surface was analysed. Then, the mineralization function of the peptide and fluoride was studied through the spontaneous mineralization testing and remineralization on enamel caries in vitro. First, the novel peptide QP5 could bind on the hydroxyapatite and demineralized tooth enamel surfaces. Second, QP5 can transitorily stabilize the formation of amorphous calcium phosphate and direct the transformation into hydroxyapatite crystals alone and in combination with fluoride. In addition, compared to blocks treated by peptide QP5 alone or fluoride, the sample blocks showed significantly higher surface microhardness, lower mineral loss and shallower lesion depth after treatment with a combination of QP5 and fluoride at high or low concentrations. The peptide QP5 could control the crystallization of hydroxyapatite, and combinatory application of peptide QP5 and fluoride had a potential synergistic effect on the remineralization of enamel caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sili Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sainan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zheng W, Ding L, Wang Y, Han S, Zheng S, Guo Q, Li W, Zhou X, Zhang L. The effects of 8DSS peptide on remineralization in a rat model of enamel caries evaluated by two nondestructive techniques. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2019; 17:2280800019827798. [PMID: 30808229 DOI: 10.1177/2280800019827798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, dental caries is one of the most common oral health problems, affecting most individuals. It has been found that, by remineralizing enamel at an early stage in the formation of enamel caries, teeth can be effectively protected from dental caries. In this work, a peptide with eight repetitive sequences of aspartate-serine-serine (8DSS) is applied as the bio-mineralizer in an in-vivo rat enamel caries model. Nondestructive quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D) imaging and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) are used to evaluate the remineralization of enamel carious lesions by measuring the total fluorescence radiance loss of the molar area (Δ QTotal), acquired using QLF-D imaging, and the mineral density and residual molar enamel volume, acquired using micro-CT. Correlations are explored between Δ QTotal and mineral density (strong correlation, r = 0.8000, p < 0.001) and Δ QTotal and residual molar enamel volume (moderate correlation, r = 0.6375, p < 0.001). Our results demonstrate that 8DSS is a promising in-vivo remineralization agent that exhibits comparable effects to NaF ( p < 0.05), which has been verified using the classical Keyes method. Moreover, the nondestructive QLF-D and micro-CT methods can be combined to quantify the remineralization of enamel carious lesions three-dimensionally in vivo, making them broadly applicable in quantifying hard tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longjiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sili Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sainan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Chitosan hydrogel containing amelogenin-derived peptide: Inhibition of cariogenic bacteria and promotion of remineralization of initial caries lesions. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 100:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang X, Wang Y, Wang K, Ren Q, Li H, Zheng S, Niu Y, Zhou X, Li W, Zhang L. Bifunctional anticaries peptides with antibacterial and remineralizing effects. Oral Dis 2018; 25:488-496. [PMID: 30291730 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou China
| | - Yufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Haoran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Sainan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Yumei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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26
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Freitas MCCDA, Nunes LV, Comar LP, Rios D, Magalhães AC, Honório HM, Wang L. In vitro effect of a resin infiltrant on different artificial caries-like enamel lesions. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 95:118-124. [PMID: 30099240 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A resin infiltrant was employed for the treatment of active white spot lesions due to its ability to penetrate into the enamel pores and prevent the progression of the lesion. However, limited information is available about its mechanical effect on different artificial enamel lesions as well as on its resistance to further demineralization. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of the Icon® infiltrant on different artificial caries-like enamel lesions and its resistance to new acid challenges. DESIGN Artificial lesions were produced in bovine enamel using three different protocols (demineralization/remineralization cycling, DE-RE; 8% methylcellulose gel, MC; and methyl ethyl diphosphonate solution, MHDP; n = 13). The specimens were treated with Icon® and subjected to a new acid challenge using DE-RE cycling. The surface and cross-sectional hardness were evaluated in sound, demineralized, treated and further demineralized enamel areas. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). RESULTS All of the demineralizing protocols produced subsurface artificial caries lesions. The infiltrant was able to partially recover the surface hardness and prevent further surface hardness loss in enamel previously demineralized using the DE-RE and MHDP protocols. In regard to cross-sectional hardness, no positive effect was found. CONCLUSIONS The effect of the infiltrant depends on the type of lesion created in vitro, and its action is limited to the lesion surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Carvalho de Almendra Freitas
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, ZIP code: 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil; DeVry FACID, DeVry Education Group, Avenida Rio Poti, 2381, ZIP code: 64999-999, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Larissa Vasconcellos Nunes
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, ZIP code: 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia Picchi Comar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, ZIP code: 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Rios
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Collective Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, ZIP code: 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Magalhães
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, ZIP code: 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Heitor Marques Honório
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Collective Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, ZIP code: 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Linda Wang
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, ZIP code: 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
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Yucesoy DT, Fong H, Gresswell C, Saadat S, Chung WO, Dogan S, Sarikaya M. Early Caries in an In Vivo Model: Structural and Nanomechanical Characterization. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1452-1459. [PMID: 30067915 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518789898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of rat models in cariology research has made substantial contributions to decipher mechanisms of caries formation and to develop preventive treatments. The existing rat models still have potential for improvement toward establishing a more accurate standard caries protocol to utilize in testing and/or developing new dental technologies. The current caries-scoring methods rely on optical microscopy-based techniques, which necessitates formation of highly advanced lesions. Moreover, models that facilitate the implementation of cariogenic bacteria by shifting the balance of oral flora through desalivation and/or antibiotic treatment create a nonnatural environment. Furthermore, there is a paucity of detailed structural and mechanical characterization on the resulting carious lesions. The purpose of this study was to develop a rat model that induces formation of mild carious lesions and to provide comprehensive structural and mechanical characterization. With this aim in mind, an in vivo model promoting progression of mild lesions was established with specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats. Cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, was implemented into the oral flora without the use of antibiotics or desalivation surgery. During caries formation, progression of the infection was monitored by quantifying the relative abundance of S. mutans in oral flora with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. A significant increase in colonization efficacy of S. mutans was detected during cariogenic challenge ( P < 0.01). The resulting carious lesions were analyzed by conventional light optical and scanning electron microscopy. A detailed structural and morphological characterization on fissure caries with different degrees of severity was provided. The changes in the morphology and demineralization state of the sound and carious tissues were quantified by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and local mechanical properties were acquired with nanoindentation. The principles laid out in this work can be utilized in cariology research and developed into a standard protocol for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Yucesoy
- 1 GEMSEC, Genetically Engineered Materials Science and Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H Fong
- 1 GEMSEC, Genetically Engineered Materials Science and Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Gresswell
- 1 GEMSEC, Genetically Engineered Materials Science and Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Saadat
- 1 GEMSEC, Genetically Engineered Materials Science and Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,2 Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W O Chung
- 2 Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Dogan
- 3 Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Sarikaya
- 1 GEMSEC, Genetically Engineered Materials Science and Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,2 Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,4 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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28
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Dogan S, Fong H, Yucesoy DT, Cousin T, Gresswell C, Dag S, Huang G, Sarikaya M. Biomimetic Tooth Repair: Amelogenin-Derived Peptide Enables in Vitro Remineralization of Human Enamel. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:1788-1796. [PMID: 33445335 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
White spot lesions (WSL) and incipient caries on enamel surfaces are the earliest clinical outcomes for demineralization and caries. If left untreated, the caries can progress and may cause complex restorative procedures or even tooth extraction which destroys soft and hard tissue architecture as a consequence of connective tissue and bone loss. Current clinical practices are insufficient in treating dental caries. A long-standing practical challenge associated with demineralization related to dental diseases is incorporating a functional mineral microlayer which is fully integrated into the molecular structure of the tooth in repairing damaged enamel. This study demonstrates that small peptide domains derived from native protein amelogenin can be utilized to construct a mineral layer on damaged human enamel in vitro. Six groups were prepared to carry out remineralization on artificially created lesions on enamel: (1) no treatment, (2) Ca2+ and PO43- only, (3) 1100 ppm fluoride (F), (4) 20 000 ppm F, (5) 1100 ppm F and peptide, and (6) peptide alone. While the 1100 ppm F sample (indicative of common F content of toothpaste for homecare) did not deliver F to the thinly deposited mineral layer, high F test sample (indicative of clinical varnish treatment) formed mainly CaF2 nanoparticles on the surface. Fluoride, however, was deposited in the presence of the peptide, which also formed a thin mineral layer which was partially crystallized as fluorapatite. Among the test groups, only the peptide-alone sample resulted in remineralization of fairly thick (10 μm) dense mineralized layer containing HAp mineral, resembling the structure of the healthy enamel. The newly formed mineralized layer exhibited integration with the underlying enamel as evident by cross-sectional imaging. The peptide-guided remineralization approach sets the foundation for future development of biomimetic products and treatments for dental health care.
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Liu Y, Ding C, He L, Yang X, Gou Y, Xu X, Liu Y, Zhao C, Li J, Li J. Bioinspired heptapeptides as functionalized mineralization inducers with enhanced hydroxyapatite affinity. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:1984-1994. [PMID: 32254364 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb03067c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The regeneration of mineral crystals under physiological conditions is an efficient way to repair defects in hard tissues. To achieve robust mineralization on surfaces such as the tooth enamel, an inducer requires strong affinity with the substrates and should be able to induce mineralization. Thus far, most studies used a single molecule containing two components to realize the above functions separately, which might be troublesome to synthesize and purify. In this work, inspired by the statherin in the salivary acquired pellicle, we designed a simple peptide sequence, Asp-Asp-Asp-Glu-Glu-Lys-Cys (peptide-7), to accomplish the dual tasks of adsorption and mineralization on enamel surfaces. We speculate the calcium binding ability of the negatively charged carboxylic acid groups in the peptide itself contributes to the dual functions of peptide-7. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated its excellent repair effect on enamel as compared to fluoride. More importantly, due to the strong affinity between peptides and hydroxyapatite, a compact mineralized crystal layer and a strong adhesion between the regenerated minerals and the bottom substrates were observed, similar to the effect induced by fluoride. This work sheds light on the interaction mechanism between peptide-7 and minerals. In addition, since it is safer than fluoride, peptide-7 may have potential applications in the repair of other hard tissues and the functionalization of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Dept. of Cariology and Endodonics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China.
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Ren Q, Li Z, Ding L, Wang X, Niu Y, Qin X, Zhou X, Zhang L. Anti-biofilm and remineralization effects of chitosan hydrogel containing amelogenin-derived peptide on initial caries lesions. Regen Biomater 2018; 5:69-76. [PMID: 29644088 PMCID: PMC5887459 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rby005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have designed a more clinically powerful anti-caries treatment by applying the amelogenin-derived peptide QP5 to the antibacterial carrier material chitosan in a hydrogel (CS-QP5 hydrogel), and characterized its effects on the inhibition of a cariogenic biofilm and the promotion of the remineralization of the initial caries lesions. The results indicated that the CS-QP5 hydrogel sustainably inhibited the growth of the Streptococcus mutans biofilm, lactic acid production and the metabolic activity over a prolonged period of time. Moreover, the CS-QP5 hydrogel promoted the remineralization of early enamel lesions, which were indicated by surface micro-hardness (, polarized light microscopy and transverse microradiography. In conclusion, the CS-QP5 hydrogel shows good potential for caries control in the clinic because of its antibacterial effects as well as the remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions even in a biofilm model over a prolonged period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; and Department of Cariology and Endodonics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin Nan Lu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; and Department of Cariology and Endodonics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin Nan Lu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longjiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; and Department of Cariology and Endodonics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin Nan Lu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; and Department of Cariology and Endodonics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin Nan Lu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; and Department of Cariology and Endodonics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin Nan Lu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; and Department of Cariology and Endodonics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin Nan Lu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; and Department of Cariology and Endodonics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin Nan Lu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; and Department of Cariology and Endodonics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin Nan Lu, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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31
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Watanabe K, Sasabe T, Nakamura A, Eda K, Tanase K, Ikeda H, Ohata N, Minohara Y, Maki K, Watanabe S. Advantage of Introducing Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence in School Dental Checkups. Health (London) 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2018.108083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Yang X, Yang B, He L, Li R, Liao Y, Zhang S, Yang Y, Xu X, Zhang D, Tan H, Li J, Li J. Bioinspired Peptide-Decorated Tannic Acid for in Situ Remineralization of Tooth Enamel: In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:3553-3562. [PMID: 33445390 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Libang He
- State
Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Third Section of Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yixue Liao
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shuhui Zhang
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yinxin Yang
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Xu
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Dongyue Zhang
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Hong Tan
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jiyao Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Third Section of Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jianshu Li
- Department
of Biomedical Polymers and Artificial Organs, College of Polymer Science
and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, First Section of South Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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