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Gumus R, Capik O, Gundogdu B, Tatar A, Altinkaynak K, Ozdemir Tozlu O, Karatas OF. Low vitamin D and high cholesterol facilitate oral carcinogenesis in 4NQO-induced rat models via regulating glycolysis. Oral Dis 2023; 29:978-989. [PMID: 34954855 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diets and nutritional habits are critical during carcinogenic processes, where a diet poor in fruits and vegetables and rich in meat and other foods of animal origin facilitates carcinogenesis. In this study, we aimed at investigating the possible involvement of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and high cholesterol (HC) together in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) through modulating glycolysis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We compared total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, LDH, and vitamin D levels of OSCC patients and control individuals. We used GEO datasets for gene set enrichment and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide induced in vivo oral carcinogenesis models to investigate contribution of VDD and HC during carcinogenesis via possible modulation of glycolysis. RESULTS We found that VDD and HC co-exist in OSCC patients, and deregulation of cholesterol and vitamin D levels results in enrichment of genes related to glycolysis. We, then, demonstrated that VDD and HC on their own and together facilitated the formation of larger tumors in 4NQO-induced in vivo cancer models, which are suppressed by glycolysis inhibition. CONCLUSION We reported collaborative contribution of HC and VDD during oral carcinogenesis, which is mainly carried out via altering energy metabolism in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasim Gumus
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ozel Capik
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Betul Gundogdu
- Department of Medical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Arzu Tatar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Konca Altinkaynak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ozdemir Tozlu
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Karatas
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Spuldaro TR, Wagner VP, Nör F, Gaio EJ, Squarize CH, Carrard VC, Rösing CK, Castilho RM. Periodontal disease affects oral cancer progression in a surrogate animal model for tobacco exposure. Int J Oncol 2022; 60:77. [PMID: 35514311 PMCID: PMC9097773 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, the link between poor oral hygiene and the increased prevalence of oral cancer has been suggested. Most recently, emerging evidence has suggested that chronic inflammatory diseases from the oral cavity (e.g., periodontal disease), to some extent, play a role in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The present study aimed to explore the direct impact of biofilm‑induced periodontitis in the carcinogenesis process using a tobacco surrogate animal model for oral cancer. A total of 42 Wistar rats were distributed into four experimental groups: Control group, periodontitis (Perio) group, 4‑nitroquinoline 1‑oxide (4‑NQO) group and 4NQO/Perio group. Periodontitis was stimulated by placing a ligature subgingivally, while oral carcinogenesis was induced by systemic administration of 4NQO in the drinking water for 20 weeks. It was observed that the Perio, 4NQO and 4NQO/Perio groups presented with significantly higher alveolar bone loss compared with that in the control group. Furthermore, all groups receiving 4NQO developed lesions on the dorsal surface of the tongue; however, the 4NQO/Perio group presented larger lesions compared with the 4NQO group. There was also a modest overall increase in the number of epithelial dysplasia and OSCC lesions in the 4NQO/Perio group. Notably, abnormal focal activation of cellular differentiation (cytokeratin 10‑positive cells) that extended near the basal cell layer of the mucosa was observed in rats receiving 4NQO alone, but was absent in rats receiving 4NQO and presenting with periodontal disease. Altogether, the presence of periodontitis combined with 4NQO administration augmented tumor size in the current rat model and tampered with the protective mechanisms of the cellular differentiation of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias R. Spuldaro
- Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90010-150, Brazil
| | - Vivian P. Wagner
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90010-150, Brazil
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Pathology, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Felipe Nör
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90010-150, Brazil
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Eduardo J. Gaio
- Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90010-150, Brazil
| | - Cristiane H. Squarize
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0944, USA
| | - Vinicius C. Carrard
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90010-150, Brazil
- Department of Oral Medicine, Otorhinolaryngology Service, Porto Alegre General Hospital, Port Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Cassiano K. Rösing
- Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90010-150, Brazil
| | - Rogerio M. Castilho
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0944, USA
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Elebyary O, Barbour A, Fine N, Tenenbaum HC, Glogauer M. The Crossroads of Periodontitis and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Immune Implications and Tumor Promoting Capacities. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 1:584705. [PMID: 35047982 PMCID: PMC8757853 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2020.584705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD) is increasingly considered to interact with and promote a number of inflammatory diseases, including cancer. In the case of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) the local inflammatory response associated with PD is capable of triggering altered cellular events that can promote cancer cell invasion and proliferation of existing primary oral carcinomas as well as supporting the seeding of metastatic tumor cells into the gingival tissue giving rise to secondary tumors. Both the immune and stromal components of the periodontium exhibit phenotypic alterations and functional differences during PD that result in a microenvironment that favors cancer progression. The inflammatory milieu in PD is ideal for cancer cell seeding, migration, proliferation and immune escape. Understanding the interactions governing this attenuated anti-tumor immune response is vital to unveil unexplored preventive or therapeutic possibilities. Here we review the many commonalities between the oral-inflammatory microenvironment in PD and oral-inflammatory responses that are associated with OSCC progression, and how these conditions can act to promote and sustain the hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Elebyary
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard C Tenenbaum
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dental Oncology, Maxillofacial and Ocular Prosthetics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Wagner VP, Spuldaro TR, Nör F, Gaio EJ, Castilho RM, Carrard VC, Rösing CK. Can propranolol act as a chemopreventive agent during oral carcinogenesis? An experimental animal study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2021; 30:315-321. [PMID: 33136608 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The multistep process of oral carcinogenesis provides a biological rationale for the use of chemoprevention in individuals at increased risk of developing oral cancer. We aimed to determine if low doses of propranolol can prevent the development of oral cancer using a tobacco-relevant and p53-associated animal model of cancer initiation. Twenty-six Wistar rats were randomly allocated into two groups, vehicle, and propranolol. All animals received 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4NQO) at 25 ppm diluted in the drinking water for 20 weeks. Animals from the propranolol group received propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) 5 days per week by gavage for 18 weeks. The clinical analysis was performed by measuring the area of the lesion and assessment of scores based on lesion appearance (papule; plaque; nodule or ulcerated). Histopathological analysis was performed to determine the presence of epithelial dysplasia or invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The average lesion area in 4NQO + vehicle and in 4NQO + propranolol groups were 0.20 and 0.28 mm2, respectively (P = 0.53). The percentage of cases clinically graded as papules, thick plaques, nodular areas, and ulcerated lesions was similar between groups (P = 0.94). Histopathological diagnosis also did not differ between groups (P = 0.65), with 54.5 and 70% of cases being diagnosed as SCC in 4NQO and in 4NQO + propranolol groups, respectively. In conclusion, daily doses propranolol at 0.1 mg/kg were not as effective as a chemopreventive therapy in an animal model of 4NQO-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian P Wagner
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo
| | - Tobias R Spuldaro
- Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Nör
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Eduardo J Gaio
- Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rogerio M Castilho
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Vinicius C Carrard
- Department of Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul
| | - Cassiano K Rösing
- Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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