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Xing H, Zou R, Tang X, Yi M, Xie Z, You S, Liu J, Zhang Q, Qin Y. Segmental femoral fracture malunion: evidence and prognostic analysis of medical intervention in the third century BC. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4930. [PMID: 38418534 PMCID: PMC10902296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
We examined the remains of an individual who was unearthed from the Tuchengzi site and was believed to be from the Warring States period in China. The remains exhibited segmental femoral fracture. We aimed to deduce the cause of fracture, medical interventions, healing process, and motion behavior after fracture healing using several techniques, including macroscopic observation, computed tomography (CT), and finite element analysis. Based on the morphology of the long bones, it appeared that the individual was male. The fractures resulted in an adduction angle of 5.47° and an anterior flexion angle of 21.34° in the proximal femur, while the femoral neck anteversion angle had been replaced by a retroversion angle of 10.74°. Additionally, the distal femur formed an abnormal anterior convex angle of 144.60°. CT revealed mature callus formation and visible trabecular bundles. The finite element analysis indicated that the maximum von Mises stress in the femur was 17.44 MPa during standing and 96.46 MPa during walking. We suggest that medical practitioners in the Warring States period possessed a good knowledge of thigh anatomy, enabling them to perform fracture reduction and fixation. Reasonable medical intervention facilitated fracture healing and load recovery. Satisfactory fracture healing ensured that the individual could engage in normal standing and walking activities after rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Xing
- The Orthopaedic Medical Center, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Jilin University, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ageing Active Strategy and Bionic Health in Northeast Asia of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Ruiqi Zou
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiongfeng Tang
- The Orthopaedic Medical Center, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Jilin University, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ageing Active Strategy and Bionic Health in Northeast Asia of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Min Yi
- The Orthopaedic Medical Center, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Jilin University, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ageing Active Strategy and Bionic Health in Northeast Asia of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuoting Xie
- The Orthopaedic Medical Center, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Jilin University, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ageing Active Strategy and Bionic Health in Northeast Asia of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Sen You
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Radiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Quanchao Zhang
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Yanguo Qin
- The Orthopaedic Medical Center, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
- Jilin University, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ageing Active Strategy and Bionic Health in Northeast Asia of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.
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Valenzuela-Fuenzalida JJ, Navarro KLK, Urbina P, Trujillo-Riveros M, Nova-Baeza P, Orellana-Donoso M, Rodriguez-Luengo M, Beccerra Farfan A, Sanchis-Gimeno JA. Prevalence of the Bifid Mandibular Condyle and Its Relationship with Pathologies of the Temporomandibular Joint: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3282. [PMID: 37892103 PMCID: PMC10606711 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of anatomical variants in the bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) and report its association with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology. METHODS We searched the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS databases from their inception up to September 2023. Two authors independently performed the search, study selection, and data extraction, and they also assessed the methodological quality with an assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA). Finally, the pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. RESULTS A total of 50 studies met the eligibility criteria. Twenty studies, with a total of 88,625 subjects, were included in the meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of the bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) variant was 1% (95% CI = 1% to 2%). CONCLUSIONS The correlation between the BMC and TMJ pathologies has a relatively low prevalence in studies that present a considerable number of subjects. From a clinical point of view, a direct association cannot be made between the presence of the BMC and TMJ pathologies or symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Valenzuela-Fuenzalida
- Department of Morphology and Function, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 8370040, Chile;
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (P.U.); (M.T.-R.); (P.N.-B.); (M.O.-D.); (M.R.-L.)
| | - Kora-lle Keller Navarro
- Department of Morphology and Function, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 8370040, Chile;
| | - Pia Urbina
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (P.U.); (M.T.-R.); (P.N.-B.); (M.O.-D.); (M.R.-L.)
| | - Martin Trujillo-Riveros
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (P.U.); (M.T.-R.); (P.N.-B.); (M.O.-D.); (M.R.-L.)
| | - Pablo Nova-Baeza
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (P.U.); (M.T.-R.); (P.N.-B.); (M.O.-D.); (M.R.-L.)
| | - Mathias Orellana-Donoso
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (P.U.); (M.T.-R.); (P.N.-B.); (M.O.-D.); (M.R.-L.)
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile
| | - Macarena Rodriguez-Luengo
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (P.U.); (M.T.-R.); (P.N.-B.); (M.O.-D.); (M.R.-L.)
| | - Alvaro Beccerra Farfan
- Departamento de Ciencias Química y Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile;
| | - Juan A. Sanchis-Gimeno
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa;
- GIAVAL Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain
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Trifid Mandibular Condyle: Case Report and Current Review of the Literature. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12070976. [PMID: 35888066 PMCID: PMC9317996 DOI: 10.3390/life12070976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trifid mandibular condyle (TMC) is a rare anatomical variation characterized by the duplication of the mandibular condyle. The aim of this study is to report a new case of a 26-year-old female patient with a left TMC and to review the current existing literature on TMC, the relevant cases, etiology, symptoms and different treatment modalities. The database engines PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of science, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cochrane and CINAHL were searched for TMC cases from inception until April of 2022. Only 13 previous cases of TMC were found. Although it is a rare anatomical entity, TMC is increasingly being detected due to more advanced imaging techniques, especially computed tomography (CT), cone beam CT (CBCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) emerging in the field of dentistry. The etiology and pathogenesis of TMC and its relationship with TMD are still unclear. Further studies and follow-up may help to better understand this anatomic variant and possible interactions with local pathologies.
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