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Ferretti A, Gatto M, Velardi M, Di Nardo G, Foiadelli T, Terrin G, Cecili M, Raucci U, Valeriani M, Parisi P. Migraine, Allergy, and Histamine: Is There a Link? J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103566. [PMID: 37240671 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between migraines and allergies is controversial. Though they are epidemiologically linked, the underlying pathophysiological connection between them remains unclear. Migraines and allergic disorders have various underlying genetic and biological causes. As per the literature, these conditions are epidemiologically linked, and some common pathophysiological pathways have been hypothesized. The histaminergic system may be the clue to understanding the correlation among these diseases. As a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system with a vasodilatory effect, histamine has a well-documented influence on the allergic response and could be involved in the pathophysiology of migraines. Histamine may influence hypothalamic activity, which may play a major role in migraines or may simply influence their severity. In both cases, antihistamine drugs could prove useful. This review examines whether the histaminergic system, particularly H3 and H4 receptors, may provide a mechanistic link between the pathophysiology of migraines and allergic disorders, two common and debilitating conditions. Identifying their connection could help identify novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ferretti
- Pediatrics Unit, Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Gatto
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Systems Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Velardi
- General and Emergency Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Nardo
- Pediatrics Unit, Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Terrin
- Department of Mother and Child, Gynecological and Urological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Cecili
- Pediatrics Unit, Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Raucci
- General and Emergency Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Valeriani
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- Pediatrics Unit, Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
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Biringer RG. Migraine signaling pathways: amino acid metabolites that regulate migraine and predispose migraineurs to headache. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2269-2296. [PMID: 35482233 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a common, debilitating disorder for which attacks typically result in a throbbing, pulsating headache. Although much is known about migraine, its complexity renders understanding the complete etiology currently out of reach. However, two important facts are clear, the brain and the metabolism of the migraineur differ from that of the non-migraineur. This review centers on the altered amino acid metabolism in migraineurs and how it helps define the pathology of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gregory Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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Ma X, Segura MA, Zarzycka B, Vischer HF, Leurs R. Analysis of Missense Variants in the Human Histamine Receptor Family Reveals Increased Constitutive Activity of E410 6.30×30K Variant in the Histamine H 1 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073702. [PMID: 33918180 PMCID: PMC8038156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Exome Aggregation Consortium has collected the protein-encoding DNA sequences of almost 61,000 unrelated humans. Analysis of this dataset for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) proteins (available at GPCRdb) revealed a total of 463 naturally occurring genetic missense variations in the histamine receptor family. In this research, we have analyzed the distribution of these missense variations in the four histamine receptor subtypes concerning structural segments and sites important for GPCR function. Four missense variants R1273.52×52H, R13934.57×57H, R4096.29×29H, and E4106.30×30K, were selected for the histamine H1 receptor (H1R) that were hypothesized to affect receptor activity by interfering with the interaction pattern of the highly conserved D(E)RY motif, the so-called ionic lock. The E4106.30×30K missense variant displays higher constitutive activity in G protein signaling as compared to wild-type H1R, whereas the opposite was observed for R1273.52×52H, R13934.57×57H, and R4096.29×29H. The E4106.30×30K missense variant displays a higher affinity for the endogenous agonist histamine than wild-type H1R, whereas antagonist affinity was not affected. These data support the hypothesis that the E4106.30×30K mutation shifts the equilibrium towards active conformations. The study of these selected missense variants gives additional insight into the structural basis of H1R activation and, moreover, highlights that missense variants can result in pharmacologically different behavior as compared to wild-type receptors and should consequently be considered in the drug discovery process.
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Kucher AN. Association of Polymorphic Variants of Key Histamine Metabolism Genes and Histamine Receptor Genes with Multifactorial Diseases. RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279541907010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Lin QF, Chen ZC, Fu XG, Yang J, Cao LY, Yao LT, Xin YT, Huang GB. Migraine Susceptibility Genes in Han Chinese of Fujian Province. J Clin Neurol 2017; 13:71-76. [PMID: 28079315 PMCID: PMC5242144 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2017.13.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs4379368, rs10504861, rs10915437, rs12134493 and rs13208321) were recently identified in a Western population with migraine. These migraine-associated SNPs have not been evaluated in a Han Chinese population. This study investigated the associations of specific SNPs with migraine in a Han population. Methods This was a case-control study of Han Chinese residing in Fujian Province. Polymerase chain reaction—restriction-fragment-length polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing were used to characterize the relationships of SNPs in a control group of 200 subjects and in a migraine group of 201 patients. Results The frequencies of the five SNPs did not differ between patients with migraine and healthy non migraine controls. However, subgroup analysis indicated certain SNPs were more strongly associated with migraine with aura or migraine without aura than with controls. The CT genotype of rs4379368 was more common in migraine patients with aura (75%) than in migraine patients without aura (47.9%) and controls (48.5%) (p<0.05), and the TT genotype of rs10504861 was more common in migraine patients with aura than in controls (8.3% vs. 0.5%) (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the CC genotype of rs12134493 was less common in migraine patients without aura than in controls (80.6% vs. 88%) (p<0.05). Conclusions Our findings suggest that the rs4379368 and rs10504861 SNPs are markers for susceptibility to migraine with aura and that rs12134493 is a marker for the risk of migraine without aura in this Han population. Future studies should further explore if these associations vary by ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fang Lin
- Department of Internal Neurology, Ningde Municipal Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Ningde, Fujian, China
| | - Zi Chun Chen
- Clinical Pharmacy, Ningde Municipal Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Ningde, Fujian, China
| | - Xian Guo Fu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ningde Municipal Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Ningde, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ningde Municipal Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Ningde, Fujian, China
| | - Luo Yuan Cao
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ningde Municipal Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Ningde, Fujian, China
| | - Long Teng Yao
- Department of Internal Neurology, Ningde Municipal Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Ningde, Fujian, China
| | - Yong Tong Xin
- Department of Internal Neurology, Ningde Municipal Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Ningde, Fujian, China
| | - Gen Bin Huang
- Department of Internal Neurology, Ningde Municipal Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Ningde, Fujian, China.
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Kondratieva N, Azimova J, Skorobogatykh K, Sergeev A, Naumova E, Kokaeva Z, Anuchina A, Rudko O, Tabeeva G, Klimov E. Biomarkers of migraine: Part 1 – Genetic markers. J Neurol Sci 2016; 369:63-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Associations of Polymorphisms in HRH2, HRH3, DAO, and HNMT Genes with Risk of Chronic Heart Failure. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1208476. [PMID: 26989676 PMCID: PMC4773518 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1208476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological functions of cardiac histamine level and related histamine receptors during the development of chronic heart failure (CHF) were intensively investigated previously. However, the relevance of polymorphisms in histamine-related genes, such as HRH2, HRH3, DAO, and HNMT, with CHF remains largely neglected. This study herein aims to analyze the clinical associations of polymorphisms in those genes with CHF risk. A total of 333 unrelated Chinese Han CHF patients and 354 ethnicity-matched healthy controls were recruited and 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped. We found that the HRH3 rs3787429 polymorphism was associated with CHF risk (p < 0.001). The T allele of rs3787429 exhibited protective effect against CHF under the dominant (ORs = 0.455; 95% CIs = 0.322–0.642) and additive models (ORs = 0.662; 95% CIs = 0.523–0.838), while, for SNPs in HRH2, DAO, and HNMT, no significant associations were observed in the present study. These findings for the first time screen out one SNP (rs3787429) of HRH3 gene that was significantly associated with CHF in Chinese Han population, which may be a novel biomarker for personal prevention and treatment of CHF and provides novel highlights for investigating the contribution of this disease.
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Lin QF, Fu XG, Yao LT, Yang J, Cao LY, Xin YT, Hou JX, Ye LF, Huang GB. Association of genetic loci for migraine susceptibility in the she people of China. J Headache Pain 2015; 16:553. [PMID: 26231841 PMCID: PMC4522003 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-015-0553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of the genotype and allele frequencies of the polymorphisms rs4379368, rs10504861, rs10915437, rs12134493 and rs13208321 in She people of China with migraine headache susceptibility. The five alleles were previously identified as being associated with migraine in a Western population, but it was not known if this association would hold in a She population. rs4379368 is in the succinic HMG coenzyme A transferase (C7orf10) gene; rs10504861 is near the matrix metallopeptidase 16 (MMP16) gene; rs10915437 is near the adherens junctions associated protein 1 (AJAP1) gene; rs12134493 is upstream of the tetraspanin 2 (TSPAN2) gene; and rs13208321 is within the four and a half LIM domains protein 5 (FHL5) gene. Methods This was a case-controlled study conducted in She people of Fujian province in China. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct sequencing were performed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the association of the different genotypes of each SNP with migraine. Results The rs4379368 T allele was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and was more common than the C allele in subjects with migraine (58.7 %; P = 0.049), possibly suggesting a selection bias for T allele in this population. In support of this, the CT and TT genotypes were more frequent in the migraine compared with the control groups (54.0 % and 31.7 % vs. 48.0 % and 28.7 %, respectively; P = 0.019). These genotypes were also more common in females with migraines than females without migraines (53.8 % and 30.9 % vs. 46.7 % and 27.6 %; P = 0.026). Univariate and multivariate analyses found the CC genotype of rs4379368 and AA or AG genotype of rs13208321 were associated with a reduced risk of migraine (P values ≤0.039). Conclusions Our findings suggest that rs4379368 and rs13208321 are potential genetic markers for migraine in this She population. The findings of this study and others indicate important differences between ethnic populations in regard to genetic markers of migraine susceptibility. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s10194-015-0553-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Fang Lin
- Department of Internal Neurology, Ningde Municipal Hospital, Affilliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Jiaocheng District, Ningde City, Fujian, 352100, China,
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Flores-Clemente C, Osorio-Espinoza A, Escamilla-Sánchez J, Leurs R, Arias JM, Arias-Montaño JA. A single-point mutation (Ala280Val) in the third intracellular loop alters the signalling properties of the human histamine H₃ receptor stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:127-35. [PMID: 23713487 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE An alanine to valine exchange at amino acid position 280 (A280V) in the third intracellular loop of the human histamine H₃ receptor was first identified in a patient suffering from Shy-Drager syndrome and later reported as a risk factor for migraine. Here, we have compared the pharmacological and signalling properties of wild-type (hH₃ R(WT)) and A280V mutant (hH₃ R(A280V)) receptors stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The hH₃ R(A280V) cDNA was created by overlapping extension PCR amplification. Receptor expression and affinity were assessed by radioligand (N-α-[methyl-³H]-histamine) binding to cell membranes, and receptor function by the inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation and stimulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in intact cells, as well as stimulation of [³⁵S]-GTPγS binding to cell membranes. KEY RESULTS Both receptors were expressed at similar levels with no significant differences in their affinities for H₃ receptor ligands. Upon activation the hH₃ RWT was significantly more efficacious to inhibit forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation and to stimulate [³⁵S]-GTPγS binding, with no difference in pEC50 estimates. The hH₃ RWT was also more efficacious to stimulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but this difference was not significant. The inverse agonist ciproxifan was more efficacious at hH3 RWT to reduce [³⁵S]-GTPγS binding but, for both receptors, failed to enhance forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The A280V mutation reduces the signalling efficacy of the human H₃ receptor. This effect may be relevant to the pathophysiology of disorders associated with the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Flores-Clemente
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del IPN, México
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Histamine has been studied in both health and disease since the initial description a century ago. With its vasodilative effect, it was suggested early on to be involved in the pathophysiology of migraine. Over the past 25 years, much has been learned about histamine as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. The role of this neurotransmitter system in migraine has not been previously reviewed. OBJECTIVE Discuss a potential role of the brain histaminergic system in migraine. METHODS Unstructured literature search with a no specific hypothesis-driven approach. RESULTS There is substantial evidence that systemically given histamine may elicit, maintain, and aggravate headache. The mechanisms for this are not known, and histamines do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, circulating histamine may influence hypothalamic activity via the circumventricular organs that lack BBB. In the rat, prolonged activation of meningeal nociceptors induced by dural mast cell degranulation has been observed. Subcutaneous injections of N-alpha-methyl histamine, a catabolite of histamine with high affinity to the histamine H3 receptor, probably have some migraine preventive effect. A negative feedback on histamine release from mast cells in proximity to C-fiber endings has been a postulated mechanism. Most antihistamines have shown to be ineffective as acute medication for migraine. Two centrally acting potent H1 receptor antagonists (cinnarizine and cyproheptadine) have been reported to be efficacious in preventing migraine. However, the proof for this is limited, and their efficacy has been ascribed other actions than the antihistaminergic. In general, lack of specificity and side effects limit the potential use of centrally acting H1 and H2 antagonists. Brain histamine is synthesized by neurons that are restricted to the posterior basal hypothalamus, more specific to the tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN), and that project practically to the whole central nervous system. The posterior hypothalamus is a suspected locus in quo in several primary headaches. Recently, a positron emission tomography study performed in the prodromal phase of migraine attacks supported the idea of initial involvement of this area. In another recent study, the thalamic nuclei receiving trigeminal output was also shown to have direct connections with the ventral TMN. The central histaminergic system plays an important role in the complex sleep-wake cycle, promoting cortical excitability during wakening and attention, and it consolidates the wake state. The period of the day, in the evenings and during the night, when there is reduced susceptibility for migraine attacks corresponds with less central histaminergic firing. Activation of both the H3 and the H4 receptor promotes inhibitory actions on neurons. The H3 receptor causes autoinhibition of the histaminergic neurons themselves, and centrally acting H3 receptor agonist prodrugs have shown to both inhibit neurogenic inflammation in dura, to induce sleep, and to produce antinociception. There are no registered ongoing studies on H3 and H4 receptor ligands in migraine. CONCLUSION The role of the central histaminergic system in migraine is largely unexplored, but findings from preclinical research may be linked to several aspects of the disorder. The histaminergic system of the brain may play an important role, especially in the initial phase of an attack, and histamine H3 and H4 receptor ligands may potentially have migraine prophylactic properties. However, the basis for this is still circumstantial, and the evidence is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl B Alstadhaug
- Department of Neurology, Nordland Hospital Trust, Bodø, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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Polymorphisms and genetic linkage of histamine receptors. Life Sci 2013; 93:487-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Krementsov DN, Wall EH, Martin RA, Subramanian M, Noubade R, Rio RD, Mawe GM, Bond JP, Poynter ME, Blankenhorn EP, Teuscher C. Histamine H(3) receptor integrates peripheral inflammatory signals in the neurogenic control of immune responses and autoimmune disease susceptibility. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62743. [PMID: 23894272 PMCID: PMC3718788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine H3 receptor (Hrh3/H3R) is primarily expressed by neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) where it functions as a presynaptic inhibitory autoreceptor and heteroreceptor. Previously, we identified an H3R-mediated central component in susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the principal autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis (MS), related to neurogenic control of blood brain barrier permeability and peripheral T cell effector responses. Furthermore, we identified Hrh3 as a positional candidate for the EAE susceptibility locus Eae8. Here, we characterize Hrh3 polymorphisms between EAE-susceptible and resistant SJL and B10.S mice, respectively, and show that Hrh3 isoform expression in the CNS is differentially regulated by acute peripheral inflammatory stimuli in an allele-specific fashion. Next, we show that Hrh3 is not expressed in any subpopulations of the immune compartment, and that secondary lymphoid tissue is anatomically poised to be regulated by central H3R signaling. Accordingly, using transcriptome analysis, we show that, inflammatory stimuli elicit unique transcriptional profiles in the lymph nodes of H3RKO mice compared to WT mice, which is indicative of negative regulation of peripheral immune responses by central H3R signaling. These results further support a functional link between the neurogenic control of T cell responses and susceptibility to CNS autoimmune disease coincident with acute and/or chronic peripheral inflammation. Pharmacological targeting of H3R may therefore be useful in preventing the development and formation of new lesions in MS, thereby limiting disease progression.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Hematopoiesis/immunology
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Intracellular Space/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Histamine H3/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H3/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry N. Krementsov
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Emma H. Wall
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Martin
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Meenakumari Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Rajkumar Noubade
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Roxana Del Rio
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Gary M. Mawe
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey P. Bond
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Matthew E. Poynter
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P. Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cory Teuscher
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by beta-amyloid plaques accumulation and cognitive impairment. Both environmental factors and heritable predisposition have a role in AD. Histamine is a biogenic monoamine that plays a role in several physiological functions, including induction of inflammatory reactions, wound healing, and regeneration. The Histamine mediates its functions via its 4 G-protein-coupled Histamine H1 receptor (H1R) to histamine H1 receptor (H4R). The histaminergic system has a role in the treatment of brain disorders by the development of histamine receptor agonists, antagonists. The H1R and H4R are responsible for allergic inflammation. But recent studies show that histamine antagonists against H3R and regulation of H2R can be more efficient in AD therapy. In this review, we focus on the role of histamine and its receptors in the treatment of AD, and we hope that histamine could be an effective therapeutic factor in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Naddafi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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