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Dedivitis RA, de Matos LL, de Castro MAF, de Castro AAF, Giaxa RR, Tempski PZ. Medical students' and residents' views on euthanasia. BMC Med Ethics 2023; 24:109. [PMID: 38066498 PMCID: PMC10704653 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-023-00986-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doctors are increasingly faced with end-of-life decisions. Little is known about how medical students approach euthanasia. The objective of this study was to evaluate, among medical students and residents, the view on euthanasia and its variants; correlate such a view with empathy and religiosity/spiritualism; and with the stages of medical training in Brazil. METHODS This is an exploratory cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire to be filled out on a voluntary basis among medical students and residents, consisting of: socio-demographic data, an empathy questionnaire and questions with elaborate clinical cases that typify situations of the variants of euthanasia. RESULTS From 1550 invitations, 273 volunteer participants responded (17.6%). The percentages of strong agreement/agreement on the concepts were: passive euthanasia (72.9%); active euthanasia (22.3%), orthothanasia (90.1%), dysthanasia (18.7%), assisted suicide (33%) and sedation (82.8%). Passive euthanasia, active euthanasia, dysthanasia and assisted suicide showed greater refusal with increasing length of medical training. Religious belief and degree of empathy did not significantly influence the opinion about the concepts. Strong agreement/agreement were: passive euthanasia (72.9%); active euthanasia (22.3%), orthothanasia (90.1%), dysthanasia (18.7%), assisted suicide (33%) and sedation (82.8%). CONCLUSIONS Passive euthanasia, active euthanasia, dysthanasia and assisted suicide showed greater refusal with increasing length of medical training. The external validation of our findings relies on the distinct legal, cultural, and religious frameworks found across various countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Aparecido Dedivitis
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Luongo de Matos
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo ICESP, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Augusto Ferrari de Castro
- Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, Brazil.
- Centro de Desenvolvimento de Ensino Médico - CEDEM, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Renata Rocha Giaxa
- Program of Postgraduation in Medical Sciences, UNIFOR and University of São Paulo School of medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento de Ensino Médico - CEDEM, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Zen Tempski
- Professor Health Education University of São Paulo School of medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento de Ensino Médico - CEDEM, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Thurn T, Anneser J. Assisted Suicide: A Future Task for Physicians? A Survey of 271 German Medical Students. J Palliat Med 2021; 24:1051-1055. [PMID: 33685251 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2020.0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In February 2020, the German Federal Constitutional Court revoked a law that had made assisted suicide (AS) a potentially punishable offense. As a result, appropriate legal regulations for AS, including physician-assisted suicide (PAS), must be made. The medical curriculum should be adapted correspondingly. Objective: To explore medical students' knowledge of the legal situation, attitudes toward PAS and wishes regarding PAS education. Design: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Setting: A questionnaire was distributed to all fourth-year students (n = 331) at a German medical school. Results: Students had a predominantly favorable attitude toward PAS. A majority considered AS to be a task that should be assigned to doctors (71%) and were willing to perform PAS (68%). Education on PAS was explicitly desired. Most participants had only limited knowledge of the legal situation. Conclusions: Medical students are largely in favor of PAS. A structured and interdisciplinary approach to PAS education is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Thurn
- Palliative Care Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Anneser
- Palliative Care Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Nie L, Smith-Han K, Iosua E, Walker S. New Zealand medical students' views of euthanasia/assisted dying across different year levels. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:125. [PMID: 33622329 PMCID: PMC7901115 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies report a majority of the general public support euthanasia/assisted dying (EAD), while a majority of doctors are opposed. In considering policy decisions about EAD, some may discount the views of doctors because they take them to be based on personal values or tradition, rather than reasons that the general public might share. One way to explore this notion is to examine whether medical students' views change during their medical education. The objective of this study was to learn how New Zealand medical students view EAD and whether students at different year levels have different views. METHODS An on-line survey of undergraduate medical students was conducted asking whether they supported a law change to allow EAD. Quantitative data was analysed using unadjusted and multiple logistic regression. Thematic analysis was conducted with the qualitative data. RESULTS A total of 326 students replied to the survey. The overall response rate was 28%. 65% of 2nd year students were supportive of EAD, compared to 39% in 5th year. The odds of 5th year students supporting a law change compared to 2nd year was 0.30 (95% CI: 0.15-0.60). The predominant themes found in the qualitative results indicate that medical students support or oppose EAD for reasons similar to those found in the wider debate, and that their views are influenced by a range of factors. However, several at all year levels cited an aspect of medical school as having influenced their views. This was mentioned by participants who were supportive of, opposed to, or unsure about EAD, but it was the type of influence most often mentioned by those who were opposed. CONCLUSIONS The quantitative findings show students at the end of 5th year were less likely to support EAD than students at the end of 2nd year. We suggest that this difference is most likely due to their time in medical education. This suggests that the lower support found among doctors is in part related to medical education and medical work rather than age, personality, or social context. The qualitative findings indicate that this is not related to a particular educational experience at Otago Medical School but a range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Nie
- University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Ella Iosua
- University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Gutierrez-Castillo A, Gutierrez-Castillo J, Guadarrama-Conzuelo F, Jimenez-Ruiz A, Ruiz-Sandoval JL. Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: a systematic review of medical students' attitudes in the last 10 years. J Med Ethics Hist Med 2021; 13:22. [PMID: 33552455 PMCID: PMC7839145 DOI: 10.18502/jmehm.v13i22.4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at examining the approval rate of the medical students’ regarding active euthanasia, passive euthanasia, and physician-assisted-suicide over the last ten years. To do so, the arguments and variables affecting students’ choices were examined and a systematic review was conducted, using PubMed and Web of Science databases, including articles from January 2009 to December 2018. From 135 identified articles, 13 met the inclusion criteria. The highest acceptance rates for euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide were from European countries. The most common arguments supporting euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide were the followings: (i) patient’s autonomy (n = 6), (ii) relief of suffering (n = 4), and (ii) the thought that terminally-ill patients are additional burden (n = 2). The most common arguments against euthanasia were as follows: (i) religious and personal beliefs (n = 4), (ii) the “slippery slope” argument and the risk of abuse (n = 4), and (iii) the physician’s role in preserving life (n = 2). Religion (n = 7), religiosity (n = 5), and the attributes of the medical school of origin (n = 3) were the most significant variables to influence the students’ attitude. However, age, previous academic experience, family income, and place of residence had no significant impact. Medical students' opinions on euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide should be appropriately addressed and evaluated because their moral compass, under the influence of such opinions, will guide them in solving future ethical and therapeutic dilemmas in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gutierrez-Castillo
- Researcher, School of Medicine, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Nuevo León México, Mexico
| | - Javier Gutierrez-Castillo
- Researcher, School of Medicine, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Nuevo León México, Mexico
| | | | - Amado Jimenez-Ruiz
- Neurology Resident, Department of Neurology, National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jose Luis Ruiz-Sandoval
- Professor, Department of Neurology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Jalisco, México
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Poreddi V, Reddy SS N, Pashapu DR. Attitudes of Indian Medical and Nursing Students Towards Euthanasia: A Cross-Sectional Survey. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2020; 86:187-202. [DOI: 10.1177/0030222820965311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional survey was carried out among medical internees (n = 92) and nursing students (n = 228) to investigate their attitudes towards euthanasia. The data was collected by administering a Euthanasia Attitude questionnaire. The findings revealed that a majority (61%) of the participants were in support of euthanasia. Yet ethical dilemmas prevail among students about active and passive euthanasia and legalization of euthanasia. Further, age, gender, religion, education and exposure to patients who require euthanasia were significantly differed with euthanasia attitudes (p < 0.05). Therefore, it is strongly recommended that health care students should receive ethics education to prepare them in dealing with euthanasia related issues in their professional practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Poreddi
- College of Nursing, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (Institute of National Importance), Bangalore, India
| | - Nikhil Reddy SS
- Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Dharma Reddy Pashapu
- Social worker, Children & Safeguarding Social care, The Woolwich Centre, London, UK
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Abstract
End-of-life decision-making in patients with dementia is a complex topic. Belgium and the Netherlands have been at the forefront of legislative advancement and progressive societal changes concerning the perspectives toward physician-assisted death (PAD). Careful consideration of clinical and social aspects is essential during the end-of-life decision-making process in patients with dementia. Geriatric assent provides the physician, the patient and his family the opportunity to end life with dignity. Unbearable suffering, decisional competence, and awareness of memory deficits are among the clinical considerations that physicians should incorporate during the end-of-life decision-making process. However, as other societies introduce legislature granting the right of PAD, new social determinants should be considered; Mexico City is an example. Current perspectives regarding advance euthanasia directives (AED) and PAD in patients with dementia are evolving. A new perspective that hinges on the role of the family and geriatric assent should help culturally heterogeneous societies in the transition of their public health care policies regarding end-of-life choices.
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Wong A, Hsu AT, Tanuseputro P. Assessing attitudes towards medical assisted dying in Canadian family medicine residents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Ethics 2019; 20:103. [PMID: 31881966 PMCID: PMC6935122 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-019-0440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID) in Canada came into effect in 2016 with the passing of Bill C-14. As patient interest and requests for MAID continue to evolve in Canada, it is important to understand the attitudes of future providers and the factors that may influence their participation. Attitudes towards physician hastened death (PHD) in general and the specific provision of MAID (e.g., causing death by lethal prescription or injection) are unknown among Canadian residents. This study examined residents' attitudes towards PHD and MAID, and identified factors (e.g., demographics, clinical exposure to death and dying) that may influence their decision to participate in PHD and provide MAID. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was adapted from prior established surveys on MAID to reflect the Canadian setting. All Canadian family medicine programs were invited to participate. The survey was distributed between December 2016 and April 2017. Analysis of the results included descriptive statistics to characterize the survey participants and multivariable logistic regressions to identify factors that may influence residents' attitudes towards PHD and MAID. RESULTS Overall, 247 residents from 6 family medicine training programs in Canada participated (response rate of 27%). While residents were most willing to participate in treatment withdrawal (52%), active participation in PHD (41%) and MAID by prescription of a lethal drug (31%) and lethal injection (24%) were less acceptable. Logistic regressions identified religion as a consistent and significant factor impacting residents' willingness to participate in PHD and MAID. Residents who were not strictly practicing a religion were more likely to be willing to participate in PHD (OR = 17.38, p < 0.001) and MAID (lethal drug OR = 10.55, p < 0.01, lethal injection OR = 8.54, p < 0.05). Increased clinical exposure to death and dying crudely correlated with increased willingness to participate in PHD and MAID, but when examined in multivariable models, only a few activities (e.g., declaring death, completing a death certificate) had a statistically significant association. Other significant factors included the residents' sex and location of training. CONCLUSIONS Residents are hesitant to provide MAID themselves, with religious faith being a major factor impacting their decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Wong
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Amy T Hsu
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Tanuseputro
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Gutierrez Castillo A, Gutierrez Castillo J. Active and Passive Euthanasia: Current Opinion of Mexican Medical Students. Cureus 2018; 10:e3047. [PMID: 30263878 PMCID: PMC6156117 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The idea to accelerate the process of death in a terminally ill patient is an issue that has polarized societies since ancient times. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the opinion of medical students from Nuevo Leon, Mexico, about passive euthanasia, active euthanasia, and their personal posture on the topic. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using a three-part questionnaire, 1,319 medical students of the first three years of medical school, from three of the four medical schools in the state, were interviewed. The questionnaire included questions on demographics, religion, and the personal posture of the student on active euthanasia, passive euthanasia, and their personal posture on the topic. RESULTS Of those interviewed, 44.4% were in favor of active euthanasia, 52.1% of passive euthanasia, and 44.8% had a positive personal posture on the topic. Age and grade were not significant variables for the posture of the students, but the variable gender showed a predominantly positive posture in the male subgroup for active (p=0.001) and passive euthanasia (p=0.031). Religion and the importance of religion/spirituality in daily life were the most significant factors (p<0.005) for the interviewees to hold a negative posture in each of the three scenarios. The legal nature of the scenario (p=0.000) and respect for patient's autonomy (p=0.000) were the most important arguments that could change an original negative posture into a positive one.
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Bator EX, Philpott B, Costa AP. This moral coil: a cross-sectional survey of Canadian medical student attitudes toward medical assistance in dying. BMC Med Ethics 2017; 18:58. [PMID: 29078769 PMCID: PMC5658957 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-017-0218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In February, 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada struck down the ban on medical assistance in dying (MAiD). In June, 2016, the federal government passed Bill C-14, permitting MAiD. Current medical students will be the first physician cohort to enter a system permissive of MAiD, and may help to ensure equitable access to care. This study assessed medical student views on MAiD, factors influencing these views, and opportunities for medical education. METHODS An exploratory cross-sectional survey was developed and distributed to medical students across all years of a three-year Canadian undergraduate medical program. The investigators administered the survey to participants during academic sessions from November to December, 2015. Analysis of the results included summary descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square test of independence to identify differences between participants by year of study, logistic regression to identify factors that influence students' stances on MAiD, and Wilcoxon signed rank test to measure changes in student support for MAiD and comfort discussing MAiD. RESULTS There were 405 participants for a response rate of 87%. The majority of students (88%) supported the Supreme Court's decision, 61% would provide the means for a patient to end their life, and 38% would personally administer a lethal medication. Students who were more willing to provide the means for MAiD found medical education/clinical experience and patient autonomy to be important contributors to their stances on MAiD. Those students who were less willing to provide the means for MAiD found religious/spiritual beliefs and teachings, as well as concern about potential negative consequences, to be important contributors to their stances on MAiD. Educational training desired by participants included medicolegal (91%), communication skills (80%), technical skills (75%), and religious (49%). CONCLUSIONS Medical students generally supported and would provide the means for MAiD to patients. They also indicated a desire for directed medical education on MAiD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Xavier Bator
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Waterloo Regional Campus, McMaster University, 10B Victoria St S, Kitchener, ON, N2G 1C5, Canada.
| | - Bethany Philpott
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Waterloo Regional Campus, McMaster University, 10B Victoria St S, Kitchener, ON, N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Andrew Paul Costa
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Waterloo Regional Campus, McMaster University, 10B Victoria St S, Kitchener, ON, N2G 1C5, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID) is now legal in many jurisdictions for competent adults who have intolerable suffering and/or have a terminal illness with a short prognosis. Mental illness can be a source of suffering for these individuals, but it can also affect their capacity to make medical decisions. Clinicians, and psychiatrists in particular, need to understand how to assess patients with mental illness who are requesting MAID, to determine the impact of their mental illness on the MAID request. RECENT FINDINGS Psychiatric disorders can be a primary indication for MAID in parts of Europe, and recent published case series from Belgium and the Netherlands have generated strong responses from the psychiatric community. Patients dying of terminal illnesses who request MAID often have symptoms of depression or anxiety, but psychiatrists are rarely involved in their care. Psychiatrists may be helpful in assessing decision capacity, but documentation of capacity assessment could be improved. There is a broad need to develop educational resources to train current and future physicians about MAID. SUMMARY MAID represents an ethical and clinical challenge for psychiatrists in a variety of ways. As more jurisdictions legalize MAID, the psychiatric community will need to be prepared to meet these challenges with robust clinical standards and educational programs to ensure the highest standards of care for patients.
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