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Grizzi F, Di Caro G, Laghi L, Hermonat P, Mazzola P, Nguyen DD, Radhi S, Figueroa JA, Cobos E, Annoni G, Chiriva-Internati M. Mast cells and the liver aging process. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2013; 10:9. [PMID: 23496863 PMCID: PMC3599827 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has now ascertained that the clinical manifestations of liver disease in the elderly population reflect both the cumulative effects of longevity on the liver and the generalized senescence of the organism ability to adjust to metabolic, infectious, and immunologic insults. Although liver tests are not significantly affected by age, the presentation of liver diseases such as viral hepatitis may be subtler in the elderly population than that of younger patients. Human immunosenescence is a situation in which the immune system, particularly T lymphocyte function, deteriorates with age, while innate immunity is negligibly affected and in some cases almost up-regulated. We here briefly review the relationships between the liver aging process and mast cells, the key effectors in a more complex range of innate immune responses than originally though.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Caro
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Laghi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul Hermonat
- Department of Internal medicine and Gene Therapy Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Paolo Mazzola
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, and Geriatric Clinic, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Diane D Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Saba Radhi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jose A Figueroa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Everardo Cobos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,The Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Giorgio Annoni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, and Geriatric Clinic, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,The Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Phthalate-Induced Liver Protection against Deleterious Effects of the Th1 Response: A Potentially Serious Health Hazard. PPAR Res 2011; 2007:49671. [PMID: 18566640 PMCID: PMC2246061 DOI: 10.1155/2007/49671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) induces pulmonary immunopathology mediated by classical Th1 type of acquired immunity with hepatic involvement in up to 80% of disseminated cases. Since PPAR agonists cause immune responses characterized by a decrease in the secretion of Th1 cytokines, we investigated the impact of activating these receptors on hepatic pathology associated with a well-characterized model of Th1-type pulmonary response. Male Fischer 344 rats were either maintained on a drug-free diet (groups I and II), or a diet containing diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), a compound transformed in vivo to metabolites known to activate PPARs, for 21 days (groups III and IV). Subsequently, animals were primed with Mycobacterium bovis purified protein derivative (PPD) in a Complete Freund's Adjuvant. Fifteen days later, animals in groups II and IV were challenged with Sepharose 4B beads covalently coupled with PPD, while animals in groups I and III received blank Sepharose beads. Animals with Th1 response (group II) showed a marked structural disruption in the hepatic lobule. Remarkably, these alterations were conspicuously absent in animals which received DEHP (group IV), despite noticeable accumulation of T cells in the periportal triads. Immunostaining and confocal microscopy revealed hepatic accumulation of IFNgamma+ Th1 and IL-4+ Th2 cells in animals from groups II and IV, respectively. Our data suggest a PPARalpha-mediated suppression of the development of a Th1 immune response in the liver, resulting in hepatoprotective effect. However, potentially negative consequences of PPAR activation, such as decreased ability of the immune system to fight infection and interference with the efficacy of vaccines designed to evoke Th1 immune responses, remain to be investigated.
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The Functions of PPARs in Aging and Longevity. PPAR Res 2011; 2007:39654. [PMID: 18317516 PMCID: PMC2254525 DOI: 10.1155/2007/39654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are key regulators in various age-associated pathophysiological processes related to energy metabolism and oxidative stress. A progressive rise of oxidative stress and related inflammatory reaction appears the hallmarks of the aging process and many age-related diseases. PPARs are important redox-sensitive
transcription factors and their dyregulated activations seem to be major culprits for these
pathological processes. Drugs targeting PPARs activity are already in widespread clinical use;
however, based on these concepts, this review highlights the understanding of the role of
PPARs in aging and indicates the necessary particular attention for the potential therapeutic
uses of current PPAR agonists in age-associated diseases.
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Therapeutic Implications of PPARgamma in Human Osteosarcoma. PPAR Res 2010; 2010:956427. [PMID: 20182546 PMCID: PMC2825651 DOI: 10.1155/2010/956427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common nonhematologic malignancy of bone in children and adults. Although dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, such as Rb, p53, and the genes critical to cell cycle control, genetic stability, and apoptosis have been identified in OS, consensus genetic changes that lead to OS development are poorly understood. Disruption of the osteogenic differentiation pathway may be at least in part responsible for OS tumorigenesis. Current OS management involves chemotherapy and surgery. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists and/or retinoids can inhibit OS proliferation and induce apoptosis and may inhibit OS growth by promoting osteoblastic terminal differentiation. Thus, safe and effective PPAR agonists and/or retinoid derivatives can be then used as adjuvant therapeutic drugs for OS therapy. Furthermore, these agents have the potential to be used as chemopreventive agents for the OS patients who undergo the resection of the primary bone tumors in order to prevent local recurrence and/or distal pulmonary metastasis.
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Molecular mechanism of PPAR in the regulation of age-related inflammation. Ageing Res Rev 2008; 7:126-36. [PMID: 18313368 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from many recent studies has linked uncontrolled inflammatory processes to aging and aging-related diseases. Decreased a nuclear receptor subfamily of transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) activity is closely associated with increased levels of inflammatory mediators during the aging process. The anti-inflammatory action of PPARs is substantiated by both in vitro and in vivo studies that signify the importance of PPARs as major players in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. In this review, we highlight the molecular mechanisms and roles of PPARalpha, gamma in regulation of age-related inflammation. By understanding these current findings of PPARs, we open up the possibility of developing new therapeutic agents that modulate these nuclear receptors to control various inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, vascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer.
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Mi J, Garcia-Arcos I, Alvarez R, Cristobal S. Age-related subproteomic analysis of mouse liver and kidney peroxisomes. Proteome Sci 2007; 5:19. [PMID: 18042274 PMCID: PMC2231346 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite major recent advances in the understanding of peroxisomal functions and how peroxisomes arise, only scant information is available regarding this organelle in cellular aging. The aim of this study was to characterize the changes in the protein expression profile of aged versus young liver and kidney peroxisome-enriched fractions from mouse and to suggest possible mechanisms underlying peroxisomal aging. Peroxisome-enriched fractions from 10 weeks, 18 months and 24 months C57bl/6J mice were analyzed by quantitative proteomics. RESULTS Peroxisomal proteins were enriched by differential and density gradient centrifugation and proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), quantified and identified by mass spectrometry (MS). In total, sixty-five proteins were identified in both tissues. Among them, 14 proteins were differentially expressed in liver and 21 proteins in kidney. The eight proteins differentially expressed in both tissues were involved in beta-oxidation, alpha-oxidation, isoprenoid biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and stress response. Quantitative proteomics, clustering methods, and prediction of transcription factors, all indicated that there is a decline in protein expression at 18 months and a recovery at 24 months. CONCLUSION These results indicate that some peroxisomal proteins show a tissue-specific functional response to aging. This response is probably dependent on their differential regeneration capacity. The differentially expressed proteins could lead several cellular effects: such as alteration of fatty acid metabolism that could alert membrane protein functions, increase of the oxidative stress and contribute to decline in bile salt synthesis. The ability to detect age-related variations in the peroxisomal proteome can help in the search for reliable and valid aging biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Mi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Itsaso Garcia-Arcos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ruben Alvarez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susana Cristobal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
In addition to changes in cellular pathways, loss of differentiation is a notable feature of osteosarcoma. We hypothesized that blocks to normal differentiation may be a common feature of osteosarcoma, and may be one of many critical events that occur during oncogenesis in osteosarcoma. Furthermore, therapies that restore normal programs of differentiation may be attractive new treatment strategies for chemo-therapy and/or chemoprevention. We exposed an osteosarcoma cell line to two highly osteogenic bone morphogenetic proteins and noted increased tumor volume and no evidence of osteoinduction in vivo. We then used expression profile analysis to identify downstream targets of the osteogenic bone morphogenetic proteins, revealing up-regulation of the inhibitor of differentiation genes 1, 2, and 3, and the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma. We then evaluated the use of nuclear receptor agonists, including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, to circumvent the apparent block to bone morphogenetic protein-induced differentiation in osteosarcoma cell lines. The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma/retinoid X receptor agonists induced terminal differentiation in all four osteosarcoma cell lines and were synergistic when combined. In osteosarcoma cells, there are inherent blocks to normal bone morphogenetic protein-induced differentiation; however, they do not prevent nuclear receptor agonists from inducing terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex C Haydon
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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