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Yuksel Y, Kose O, Torun E, Ergun T, Yardibi F, Sarikcioglu L. Estimating the adequacy of the free quadriceps tendon autograft length using anthropometric measures in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2022; 142:2001-2010. [PMID: 34613419 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-021-04197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This prospective study aimed to predict the adequacy of free quadriceps tendon (QT) autograft length using simple anthropometric measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and eighty-four consecutive patients who underwent knee high-resolution MRI were enrolled in this study. The QT and native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) length were measured using the oblique sagittal section. The adequate free QT length was calculated using the native ACL length and 30 mm for femoral and tibial tunnels in each patient. A QT shorter than the calculated length was considered inadequate. Age, sex, height, weight, body mass index, thigh circumference, and activity score were used to predict the adequacy of QT length with regression analysis. RESULTS There were 92 men and 92 women with a mean age of 34.1 ± 8.0 years (range 18-45). The mean QT and ACL lengths were 69.0 ± 8.8 mm (range 48.1-90.3 mm) and 35.6 ± 2.5 mm (range 29.2-42.6 mm), respectively. The QT and the ACL lengths were longer in men (p < 0.001 for both). Twenty-three men and 39 women (total: 62, 33.7%) had inadequate QT length for a free QT autograft, and 6 patients (3 males, 3 females, 3.3%) had inadequate QT length with the bone block technique. There was a weak positive correlation between QT length and height (p < 0.001), weight (p < 0.001), and activity score (p = 0.007). Height was the only independent variable that predicted the QT length adequacy (r2 = 0.051, p = 0.009) but ROC analysis showed that height did not have an ability to detect a subject with an inadequate QT length (AUC: 0.384, 95% CI 0.300-0.468). CONCLUSIONS Free QT autografts may be inadequate in one-third of the patients, while a QT autograft with a bone block is almost always sufficient. Inadequate free QT autograft is more common in women. Although QT length correlated with height, it cannot be used as an accurate diagnostic tool to identify patients with an inadequate QT autograft. Preoperative measurement of the ACL and QT lengths by MRI might be beneficial to decide whether QT is usable, especially when harvesting without a bone block. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, diagnostic, prospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Yuksel
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Kose
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Varlık mah., Kazım Karabekir Cd., Muratpasa, Antalya, 07100, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Torun
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Tarkan Ergun
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yardibi
- Department of Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Levent Sarikcioglu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Dimitriou D, Cheng R, Yang Y, Helmy N, Tsai TY. Influence of the Anteromedial Portal and Transtibial Drilling Technique on Femoral Tunnel Lengths in ACL Reconstruction: Results Using an MRI-Based Model. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221096417. [PMID: 35651481 PMCID: PMC9149612 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221096417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, graft placement
through the anteromedial (AM) portal technique requires more horizontal
drilling of the femoral tunnel as compared with the transtibial (TT)
technique, which may lead to a shorter femoral tunnel and affect
graft-to-bone healing. The effect of coronal and sagittal femoral tunnel
obliquity angle on femoral tunnel length has not been investigated. Purpose: To compare the length of the femoral tunnels created with the TT technique
versus the AM portal technique at different coronal and sagittal obliquity
angles using the native femoral ACL center as the starting point of the
femoral tunnel. The authors also assessed sex-based differences in tunnel
lengths. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging scans of 95 knees with an ACL rupture (55 men, 40
women; mean age, 26 years [range, 16-45 years]) were used to create
3-dimensional models of the femur. The femoral tunnel was simulated on each
model using the TT and AM portal techniques; for the latter, several coronal
and sagittal obliquity angles were simulated (coronal, 30°, 45°, and 60°;
sagittal, 45° and 60°), representing the 10:00, 10:30, and 11:00 clockface
positions for the right knee. The length of the femoral tunnel was compared
between the techniques and between male and female patients. Results: The mean ± SD femoral tunnel length with the TT technique was 40.0 ± 6.8 mm.
A significantly shorter tunnel was created with the AM portal technique at
30° coronal/45° sagittal (35.5 ± 3.8 mm), whereas a longer tunnel was
created at 60° coronal/60° sagittal (53.3 ± 5.3 mm; P <
.05 for both). The femoral tunnel created with the AM portal technique at
45° coronal/45° sagittal (40.7 ± 4.8 mm) created a similar tunnel length as
the TT technique. For all techniques, the femoral tunnel was significantly
shorter in female patients than male patients. Conclusion: The coronal and sagittal obliquity angles of the femoral tunnel in ACL
reconstruction can significantly affect its length. The femoral tunnel
created with the AM portal technique at 45° coronal/45° sagittal was similar
to that created with the TT technique. Clinical Relevance: Surgeons should be aware of the femoral tunnel shortening with lower coronal
obliquity angles, especially in female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Dimitriou
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Bürgerspital Solothurn, Solothurn, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rongshan Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants and Clinical Translation R&D Center of 3D Printing Technology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants and Clinical Translation R&D Center of 3D Printing Technology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Naeder Helmy
- Department of Orthopedics, Bürgerspital Solothurn, Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - Tsung-Yuan Tsai
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine and Clinical Translation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants and Clinical Translation R&D Center of 3D Printing Technology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Tran EP, Dingel AB, Terhune EB, Segovia NA, Vuong B, Ganley TJ, Fabricant PD, Green DW, Stavinoha TJ, Shea KG. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Length in Pediatric Populations: An MRI Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 9:23259671211002286. [PMID: 35146026 PMCID: PMC8822022 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211002286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As regards anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR), graft diameter has been identified as a major predictor of failure in skeletally mature patients; however, this topic has not been well-studied in the higher risk pediatric population. Hamstring tendon autograft configuration can be adjusted to increase graft diameter, but tendon length must be adequate for ACLR. Historical parameters of expected tendon length have been variable, and no study has quantified pediatric ACL morphology with other osseous parameters. Purpose: To develop magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–derived predictors of native ACL graft length in pediatric patients so as to enhance preoperative planning for graft preparation in this skeletally immature patient population. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: MRI scans of 110 patients were included (64 girls, 46 boys; median age, 10 years; range, 1-13 years). Patients with musculoskeletal diseases or prior knee injuries were excluded. The following measurements were taken on MRI: ACL length; sagittal and coronal ACL inclination; intercondylar notch width and inclination; and femoral condyle depth and width. Associations between these measurements and patient sex and age were investigated. Univariate linear regression and multivariable regression models were created for each radiographic ACL measure to compare R2. Results: Female ACL length was most strongly associated with the depth of the lateral femoral condyle as viewed in the sagittal plane (R2 = 0.65; P < .001). Other statistically significant covariates of interest included distal femoral condylar width, age, and coronal notch width (P < .05). For males, the ACL length was most strongly associated with the distal femoral condyle width as viewed in the coronal plane (R2 = 0.70; P < .001). Other statistically significant covariates of interest for male ACL lengths were lateral femoral condyle depth, age, and coronal notch width (P < .05). Conclusion: In pediatric populations, femoral condylar depth/width and patient age may be valuable in assessing ACL size and determining appropriate graft dimensions and configuration for ACLRs. The use of this information to optimize graft diameter may lower the rates of ACL graft failure in this high-risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Tran
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Aleksei B Dingel
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | - Brian Vuong
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Theodore J Ganley
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kevin G Shea
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Kim C, Baker D, Albers B, Kaar SG. An Anatomically Placed Tibial Tunnel does not Completely Surround a Simulated PCL Reconstruction Graft in the Proximal Tibia. J Knee Surg 2022; 36:725-730. [PMID: 34979581 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1741430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is hypothesized that anatomic tunnel placement will create tunnels with violation of the posterior cortex and subsequently an oblique aperture that is not circumferentially surrounded by bone. In this article, we aimed to characterize posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tibial tunnel using a three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) model. METHODS Ten normal knee CTs with the patella, femur, and fibula removed were used. Simulated 11 mm PCL tibial tunnels were created at 55, 50, 45, and 40 degrees. The morphology of the posterior proximal tibial exit was examined with 3D modeling software. The length of tunnel not circumferentially covered (cortex violation) was measured to where the tibial tunnel became circumferential. The surface area and volume of the cylinder both in contact with the tibial bone and that not in contact with the tibia were determined. The percentages of the stick-out length surface area and volume not in contact with bone were calculated. RESULTS The mean stick-out length of uncovered graft at 55, 50, 45, and 40 degrees were 26.3, 20.5, 17.3, and 12.7 mm, respectively. The mean volume of exposed graft at 55, 50, 45, and 40 degrees were 840.8, 596.2, 425.6, and 302.9 mm3, respectively. The mean percent of volume of exposed graft at 55, 50, 45, and 40 degrees were 32, 29, 25, and 24%, respectively. The mean surface of exposed graft at 55, 50, 45, and 40 degrees were 372.2, 280.4, 208.8, and 153.3 mm2, respectively. The mean percent of surface area of exposed graft at 55, 50, 45, and 40 degrees were 40, 39, 34, and 34%, respectively. CONCLUSION Anatomic tibial tunnel creation using standard transtibial PCL reconstruction techniques consistently risks posterior tibial cortex violation and creation of an oblique aperture posteriorly. This risk is decreased with decreasing the angle of the tibial tunnel, though the posterior cortex is still compromised with angles as low as 40 degrees. With posterior cortex violation, a surgeon should be aware that a graft within the tunnel or socket posteriorly may not be fully in contact with bone. This is especially relevant with inlay and socket techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dustin Baker
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian Albers
- SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Scott G Kaar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
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The Graft Insertion Length in the Femoral Tunnel During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Suspensory Fixation and Tibialis Anterior Allograft Does Not Affect Surgical Outcomes but Is Negatively Correlated With Tunnel Widening. Arthroscopy 2021; 37:2903-2914.e1. [PMID: 33887417 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2021.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the surgical outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using a low-dose irradiated tibialis anterior allograft with a fixed-loop cortical suspension device for the femur based on the graft insertion length (GIL) in the femoral tunnel. METHODS Between January 2010 and January 2018, the medical records of consecutive patients who underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with a tibialis anterior allograft fixed with the EndoButton CL for the femur and who had at least 2 years of follow-up were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were classified into 3 groups based on the GIL in the femoral tunnel (group 1, GIL < 15 mm; group 2, GIL of 15-20 mm; and group 3, GIL > 20 mm), and their functional scores, knee laxity, and radiographic parameters were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 91 patients were analyzed. There were no statistically significant differences in the functional scores and knee laxity between the 3 groups at 2 years postoperatively. However, significant differences were observed in tunnel widening at 1 year postoperatively in the femur (P = .045 for absolute value and P = .004 for relative value) and the tibia (P = .014 for absolute value and P = .012 for relative value), revealing that both the femoral and tibial tunnels widened as the GIL decreased. Additional linear regression analyses were performed to identify whether the GIL independently affects tunnel widening. Consequently, the femoral tunnel depth, tunnel diameter, and GIL were found to independently influence femoral tunnel widening (P = .008, P = .019, and P < .001, respectively), whereas the tunnel diameter and GIL affected tibial tunnel widening (P < .001 and P = .004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The GIL in the femoral tunnel during ACL reconstruction using a tibialis anterior allograft with a fixed-loop cortical suspension device for the femur has no significant association with the postoperative functional outcomes and knee laxity, but it has a negative correlation with tunnel widening in the femur and the tibia. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective cohort study.
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Yamasaki S, Hashimoto Y, Han C, Nishino K, Hidaka N, Nakamura H. Patients with a quadriceps tendon shorter than 60 mm require a patellar bone plug autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2021; 29:1927-1935. [PMID: 32909058 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-020-06261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the length and thickness of the quadriceps tendon (QT) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) to predict the required QT length for individual ACL reconstruction. METHODS Thirty patients (9 females, 21 males; mean age 24.5 years; mean height 169.3 cm) who underwent ACL reconstruction using the QT with a bone plug autograft were enrolled. The length and thickness of the QT on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were compared with those measured under direct visualization. The ACL length was measured on preoperative MRI and three-dimensional computed tomography after ACL reconstruction. The QT length on MRI was compared with the required graft length, and the factors related to an adequate QT length were assessed. RESULTS The mean QT length on MRI was 60.8 ± 1.3 mm and was significantly positively correlated with the QT length under direct visualization (P < 0.01). On MRI, the mean ACL length was 30.8 ± 1.2 mm and the mean QT thickness was 6.3 ± 0.2 mm. Although the mean QT was 0.1 mm longer than the mean required graft length, the QT on MRI was shorter than the required graft length in 37% of patients (11/30). Adequate QT length was related to a QT length of more than 60 mm, but not to age, sex, height, or ACL length. CONCLUSION Although preoperative MRI predicted the required QT length for ACL reconstruction, 37% of patients lacked an adequate QT length, and a QT shorter than 60 mm required the addition of patellar bone. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamasaki
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22, Miyakojima-hondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka, 534-0021, Japan. .,Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Changhun Han
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nishino
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriaki Hidaka
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22, Miyakojima-hondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka, 534-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Biomechanical comparison of different tendon suturing techniques for three-stranded all-inside anterior cruciate ligament grafts. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2019; 105:1101-1106. [PMID: 31351934 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In all-inside anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, it is usually difficult to obtain sufficient autologous semitendinosus tendon length for quadruple stranded graft in Asians, females, and those with short stature. The purpose of this study was to compare biomechanical properties of three different types of suture preparations for tripled graft and determine which method could achieve sufficient strength for ACL through in vitro study. The hypothesis of this study was that suturing with a rip-stop (RS) stitch for tripled-strand graft would lead to stronger mechanical properties than suturing with buried-knot four sutures. METHODS Twenty-four bovine digital extensor tendons harvested from forelimbs were prepared for tripled-strand graft in three different ways: (1) buried-knot four sutures, (2) two RS sutures, and (3) four RS sutures. These grafts were directly connected to cylindrical metal rods of a tensile testing machine. All specimens underwent cyclic loading followed by a load-to-failure test. Preparation time, elongation, stiffness, and ultimate failure load were compared. RESULTS For biomechanical comparison, the group with buried-knot four sutures was excluded because six (75%) specimens failed during the cycle load test. The group with four RS sutures showed lower total elongation (two RS sutures: 8.42±5.28mm; four RS sutures: 3.86±0.83mm, p=0.030), higher stiffness (two RS sutures: 247.28±53.39N/mm; four RS sutures: 329.27±55.56N/mm, p<0.001), and higher ultimate failure load (two RS sutures: 567.74±60.50N; four RS sutures: 736.46±32.50N, p=0.009). The most common failure mechanism of triple stranded graft was tendon split across sutures. CONCLUSION The method with four RS sutures showed sufficient strength for triple stranded graft for all-inside ACL reconstruction without increasing preparation time. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III, controlled laboratory study.
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Richardson MW, Tsouris ND, Hassan CR, Elbayar JH, Qin YX, Komatsu DE, Rizzi AV, Paci JM. A Biomechanical Comparison of Alternative Graft Preparations for All-Inside Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2019; 35:1547-1554. [PMID: 30987907 PMCID: PMC6854388 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To biomechanically compare alternative graft constructs for all-inside anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in the event that the semitendinosus harvested is too narrow or too short to make a graft larger than 8 mm. METHODS Bovine extensor tendons were used to make 6 different 9-mm-diameter grafts: traditional 4-strand, anastomosis 4-strand, 6-strand, 3-strand, button-fixation 4-strand, and loop-and-tack 4-strand grafts. The grafts were then subjected to cyclic biomechanical testing followed by failure loading. Force at 3 and 5 mm of displacement and ultimate force were recorded for all grafts. RESULTS Compared with the traditional 4-strand graft, the only graft that showed significant biomechanical differences during the cyclic phase of testing was the button-fixation 4-strand graft, which was characterized by lower force at 3 mm of displacement (74 ± 34 N vs 122 ± 13 N, P = .004) and 5 mm of displacement (122 ± 35 N vs 172 ± 3 N, P = .006). During failure loading, ultimate force was significantly lower for both the 6-strand graft (491 ± 186 N, P = .041) and button-fixation 4-strand graft (326 ± 27 N, P < .001) than for the traditional 4-strand graft (778 ± 176 N). All other grafts were equivalent for the parameters tested. CONCLUSIONS The anastomosis 4-strand, 3-strand, and loop-and-tack 4-strand grafts do not biomechanically differ in cyclic loading and ultimate force from traditional 4-strand grafts. This study supports the use of anastomosis 4-strand, 3-strand, or loop-and-tack 4-strand grafts in the event that a traditional all-inside 4-strand graft cannot be prepared from a harvested semitendinosus tendon in ACL reconstruction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study tests and describes alternatives to the traditional 4-strand semitendinosus autograft for all-inside ACL reconstruction in the event that the harvested tendon is not adequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan W Richardson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A..
| | - Nicholas D Tsouris
- School of Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A
| | - Chaudry R Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A
| | - Justen H Elbayar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A
| | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A
| | - David E Komatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A
| | - Angelo V Rizzi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A
| | - James M Paci
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A
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A Biomechanical Comparison of Six Suture Configurations for Soft Tissue-Based Graft Traction and Fixation. Arthroscopy 2019; 35:1163-1169. [PMID: 30871909 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare 6 different graft fixation techniques to determine the preparation speed, fixation security, biomechanical strength, and resultant tissue trauma. METHODS Six different techniques (10 samples each): #2 OrthoCord Krackow stitch, #2 FiberWire Krackow stitch, SpeedTrap, WhipKnot, Loop-in-loop stitch were created in the distal 3 cm of 9 cm bovine flexor tendons. The proximal 3 cm tendon segment was clamped in a testing machine and the distal suture ends secured by pneumatic grips. 3 preload cycles (10N-100N) and 50N static load was followed by 500 cycles (50N-200N) and then loaded to failure. Graft preparation times, 100 and 500 cycle displacement, maximum failure load, stiffness, and failure mode were recorded. RESULTS Representative graft preparation times were: OrthoCord Krackow (247s), FiberWire Krackow (401s), FiberLoop (177s), SpeedTrap (42s), WhipKnot (39s), Loop-in-loop (45s). No WhipKnots survived cyclic loading. 100 cycle displacements were: OrthoCord Krackow (11.5 ± 3.9 mm), FiberWire Krackow (8.9 ± 1.2 mm), FiberLoop (14.2 ± 6.1 mm), SpeedTrap (8.8 ± 2.5 mm), Loop-in-loop (10.4 ± 2.9 mm). FiberLoop displaced significantly more than all others (P = .016). Maximum failure loads were: OrthoCord Krackow (364 ± 24N), FiberWire Krackow (375 ± 45N), FiberLoop (413 ± 95N), SpeedTrap (437 ± 65N), WhipKnot (153 ± 42N), Loop-in-loop (329 ± 112N). The most common failure mode was suture breaking. FiberWire containing constructs (Krackow and FiberLoop) shredded or cut through ("cheese wiring") prior to failure in a majority. CONCLUSIONS SpeedTrap, WhipKnot and Loop-in-loop were quickest to create (under 1 minute). The Krackow, SpeedTrap, WhipKnot, and Loop-in-Loop did not damage the tendon during cyclic loading. SpeedTrap and Krackow had the least displacement. FiberLoop displaced more than all other groups (P = .016). No WhipKnot completed cyclic loading. The SpeedTrap (437N) and FiberLoop (413N) had the highest ultimate strength. CLINICAL RELEVANCE While the SpeedTrap and FiberLoop are the strongest techniques, the FiberLoop shreds the tendon, displaced the most, and took longer to create. Based on these results, the SpeedTrap demonstrates the best overall performance.
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Lee DW, Shim JC, Yang SJ, Cho SI, Kim JG. Functional Effects of Single Semitendinosus Tendon Harvesting in Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Comparison of Single versus Dual Hamstring Harvesting. Clin Orthop Surg 2019; 11:60-72. [PMID: 30838109 PMCID: PMC6389538 DOI: 10.4055/cios.2019.11.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to determine the effects of single semitendinosus tendon (ST) harvesting for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction by comparing outcomes of single ST and semitendinosus-gracilis tendon (ST-G) harvesting. Methods ACL reconstruction with ST-G harvesting (D group, n = 60) or single ST harvesting (S group, n = 60) were included according to inclusion criteria. Subjective assessments included subjective International Knee Documentation Committee score, Lysholm score, and Tegner activity scale score. Objective assessments included isokinetic strength and functional tests. These tests were completed at 36 months of follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and second-look arthroscopy findings were evaluated. In the S group, regeneration properties were assessed by serial ultrasonography (US). Results The S group showed significantly less deep flexor strength deficit than the D group (p < 0.001). Deep flexor power deficits showed significant correlation with the shift of musculotendinous junction of the ST. There was significant difference in the cocontraction test between the groups (p = 0.012), and the S group tended to show better results in other functional tests at the last follow-up. There were no significant differences in graft tension and synovial coverage on second-look arthroscopy between the groups. In the S group, the regeneration rates assessed by US at the joint line and distal insertion were 81.7% and 80%, respectively at 6 months of follow-up. Conclusions The S group showed significantly less deficit in deep flexor strength and tended to show better clinical results at the last follow-up than the D group. In the S group, more than 80% showed good regeneration at the 6-month follow-up. Hence, single ST harvesting is effective in minimizing flexor weakness and functional deficits and shows great potential for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhong Won Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Chan Shim
- Department of Radiology, Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Jin Yang
- Sports Medical Center, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Ik Cho
- Sports Medical Center, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Goo Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Hong CC, Lee WT, Murphy DP, Tan KJ. Anatomic Basis for Minimally Invasive Flexor Hallucis Longus Transfer in Chronic Achilles Tendon Rupture. J Foot Ankle Surg 2019; 57:938-941. [PMID: 29891130 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present cadaveric study was designed to measure the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon length and obtain anatomic data regarding the graft-to-tunnel length ratio in an interference screw fixation model for the FHL short-harvest single-incision technique to the calcaneus. Ten fresh-frozen paired cadaveric specimens were used for the FHL short-harvest technique. The length of the osseous tunnel in the calcaneus was measured. At harvesting of the FHL tendon, the length of the tendon that traverses the osseous tunnel was measured with the ankle in neutral and maximal plantarflexion from the tip of the osseous tunnel to the transected end of the tendon within the bone tunnel. The mean length of the osseous tunnel was 42.7 ± 2.3 (range 38 to 46) mm. With the ankle in neutral position, the mean length of the FHL tendon traversing the bone tunnel was 31 ± 1.7 (range 29 to 34) mm. This mean length increased to 38.8 ± 1.6 (range 36 to 41) mm with the ankle placed in maximal plantarflexion. The ratio of the mean length of the tendon graft to the mean length of the osseous tunnel with the ankle in neutral was 0.727 ± 0.046 (range 0.667 to 0.81), and the ratio was 0.91 ± 0.042 (range 0.864 to 0.976) when the ankle was maximally plantarflexed. To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time that the short-harvest technique provides >70% (ratio 0.727) of the FHL tendon graft in the osseous tunnel at all times, even when then ankle is in neutral, resulting in sufficient tendon length for FHL tendon transfer to the calcaneus for chronic Achilles tendon rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Chiet Hong
- Senior Resident, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Orthopaedic, Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Wei Ting Lee
- Associate Consultant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Orthopaedic, Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Diarmuid Paul Murphy
- Assistant Professor and Senior Consultant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Orthopaedic, Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Ken Jin Tan
- Consultant, OrthoSports-Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Mt. Elizabeth Novena Specialist Centre, Singapore
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12
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Matsumoto A, Yamaguchi M, Sasaki K, Kanto R. Prediction of graft length by body height in anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SPORT MEDICINE ARTHROSCOPY REHABILITATION AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 12:17-21. [PMID: 29963373 PMCID: PMC6022356 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmart.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Meiwa Hospital, 4-31 Agenaruo-cho, 663-8186 Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Motoi Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Meiwa Hospital, 4-31 Agenaruo-cho, 663-8186 Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ken Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Anshin Hospital, 1-4-12 Minatojima-minamimachi Chuo-ku, 650-0047 Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ryo Kanto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, 663-8501 Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, Japan
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13
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Peres LR, Teixeira MS, Scalizi Júnior C, Akl Filho W. Radiological evaluation of the femoral tunnel positioning in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Rev Bras Ortop 2018; 53:397-403. [PMID: 30027069 PMCID: PMC6051960 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the inclination and the length of the femoral tunnel in patients submitted to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL) surgery by transtibial and anatomical techniques. METHODS This is an analytical observational study in patients with ACL injury that underwent arthroscopic reconstruction through transtibial and anatomical surgical techniques. In the immediate postoperative period, computed tomography (CT) and anteroposterior (AP) view digital radiographs (X-rays) were performed to evaluate the inclination and length of the femoral tunnel. RESULTS Forty-two patients were analyzed: 27 underwent anatomical reconstruction and 15, transtibial reconstruction. The inclination angle and tunnel length by the transtibial technique are always greater than by the anatomical technique. The mean inclination angles were 59.75° (53.9-66.1°) in the X-rays and 54.17° (43.5-62.3°) in CT for the transtibial technique, and 42.91° (29.3-57.4°) in the X-rays and 39.10° (23.8-50.6°) in CT for the anatomical technique. Regarding the length of the femoral tunnel, the transtibial technique promotes longer tunnels: mean 55.7 mm (40.0-70.2 mm) in the transtibial and 35.5 mm (24.5-47 mm) in the anatomical technique. No statistically significant correlation was observed between the length and the inclination of the tunnel, regardless of the technique used. Thus, these variables can be considered as independent. CONCLUSION The anatomical reconstruction technique presented shorter femoral tunnels and lower angle of inclination than the transtibial technique. The CT showed smaller inclination angle than the X-rays, regardless of the surgical technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matheus Silva Teixeira
- Grupo do Joelho, Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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14
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Peres LR, Teixeira MS, Júnior CS, Filho WA. Avaliação radiológica do posicionamento do túnel femoral na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior. Rev Bras Ortop 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbo.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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15
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Shea KG, Cannamela PC, Fabricant PD, Terhune EB, Polousky JD, Milewski MD, Anderson AF, Ganley TJ. All-Epiphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Femoral Tunnel Drilling: Avoiding Injury to the Physis, Lateral Collateral Ligament, Anterolateral Ligament, and Popliteus-A 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography Study. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:1570-1578. [PMID: 29395557 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relation of the at-risk structures (distal femoral physis, lateral collateral ligament, anterolateral ligament, popliteus, and articular cartilage) during all-epiphyseal femoral tunnel drilling. A second purpose was 2-fold: (1) to develop recommendations for tunnel placement and orientation that anatomically reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) while minimizing the risk of injury to these at-risk structures, and (2) to allow for maximal tunnel length to increase the amount of graft in the socket to facilitate healing. METHODS Three-dimensional models of 6 skeletally immature knees (aged 7-11 years) were reconstructed from computed tomography and used to simulate all-epiphyseal femoral tunnels. Tunnels began within the ACL footprint and were directed laterally or anterolaterally, with the goal of avoiding injury to at-risk structures. The spatial relation between the ideal tunnel and these structures was evaluated. Full-length tunnels and partial length condyle sockets were simulated in the models using the same trajectories. RESULTS An anterolateral tunnel could be placed to avoid direct injury to lateral structures. The safe zone on the anterolateral aspect of the femur was larger than that of a tunnel with a direct lateral trajectory (median 127 mm2 vs 83 mm2, P = .028). Anterolateral tunnels were longer than direct lateral tunnels (median 30 mm vs 24 mm, P = .041). Safe angles for anterolateral tunnels were 34° to 40° from the posterior condylar axis; direct lateral tunnels were drilled 4° to 9° from the posterior condylar axis. Sockets could be placed without direct injury to structures at risk with either orientation. CONCLUSIONS An all-epiphyseal ACL femoral tunnel can be placed without causing direct injury to at-risk structures. A tunnel angled anterolaterally from the ACL origin is longer and has a larger safe zone compared with the direct lateral tunnel. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The largest safe zone for femoral all-epiphyseal ACL drilling was (1) anterior to the lateral collateral ligament origin, (2) distal to the femoral physis, and (3) proximal to the popliteus tendon origin. A direct lateral tunnel may also be used, but has a smaller safe zone. Sockets or partial length tunnels may have a lower risk of injury to at-risk structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Shea
- Department of Orthopedics, St. Luke's Health System, Boise, Idaho, U.S.A
| | - Peter C Cannamela
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A..
| | - Peter D Fabricant
- Department of Orthopedics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | | | - John D Polousky
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Children's Health Andrews Institute, Plano, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Matthew D Milewski
- Elite Sports Medicine Division, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Farmington, Connecticut, U.S.A
| | | | - Theodore J Ganley
- Division of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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16
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Haber DB, Brook EM, Whitlock K, Matzkin EG. Predicting Quadrupled Graft Length and Diameter Using Single-Strand Tendon Dimensions in All-Inside Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:243-250. [PMID: 29100776 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether single-strand semitendinosus autograft or allograft dimensions can reliably predict quadrupled graft diameter and length. METHODS Intraoperative semitendinosus graft measurements were recorded for consecutive all-inside anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions from 2013 to 2016 and retrospectively reviewed. Intraoperative single-strand tendon length and width and the corresponding quadrupled graft length and diameter were recorded. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the linear association between single-strand width and quadrupled diameter, as well as between single-strand length and quadrupled length. Linear regression models were used to predict quadrupled values. To test the accuracy of the predicted quadrupled values, dimensions from an additional series of 30 all-inside ACL reconstructions were reviewed. RESULTS Seventy-three ACL reconstruction procedures were reviewed. We excluded 12 grafts because gracilis and semitendinosus constructs were used. Thus 61 semitendinosus quadrupled grafts (30 autografts and 31 allografts) were included. Single-strand width was associated with quadrupled diameter (P = .012), and single-strand length was associated with quadrupled graft length (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Quadrupled hamstring graft length and diameter may be accurately predicted based on length and width of the semitendinosus tendon used for all-inside, single-bundle ACL reconstruction. The ability to predict quadrupled graft dimensions can guide the surgeon in intraoperative decision making and ensure the desired ACL graft dimensions are achieved, thereby minimizing the risk of ACL reconstruction failure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Haber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Emily M Brook
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Kaitlyn Whitlock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth G Matzkin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A..
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17
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Fritsch B, Figueroa F, Semay B. Graft Preparation Technique to Optimize Hamstring Graft Diameter for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc Tech 2017; 6:e2169-e2175. [PMID: 29349014 PMCID: PMC5765566 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hamstring autografts are frequently used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The inherent variability in graft diameter has been stated as a disadvantage in its use because the presence of smaller graft diameters has been correlated with increased risk of re-rupture. Several techniques have been described to address this concern. Modifications of the basic Graftlink technique allows for increased control over final graft diameter using a standard harvest of the semitendinosus tendon with or without the gracilis tendon, and results in a graft of adequate length and diameter in all patients with rigid cortical fixation on the femur and tibia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Figueroa
- Address correspondence to Francisco Figueroa, M.D., Sydney Orthopaedic Research Institute, Level 1, The Gallery 445 Victoria Avenue, Chatswood 2067, New South Wales, Australia.Sydney Orthopaedic Research Institute, Level 1The Gallery 445 Victoria AvenueChatswoodNew South Wales2067Australia
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18
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Gill TJ. CORR Insights ®: Hamstring Autograft versus Patellar Tendon Autograft for ACL Reconstruction: Is There a Difference in Graft Failure Rate? A Meta-analysis of 47,613 Patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2017; 475:2469-2471. [PMID: 28444581 PMCID: PMC5599388 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-017-5345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Gill
- New England Baptist Hospital, St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Roxbury Crossing, MA USA ,Steward Healthcare Network, 40 Allied Drive, Dedham, MA 02026 USA
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19
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Barbosa NC, Guerra-Pinto F, Cabeleira C, Beja da Costa P. Hamstring Graft Biological Preparation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc Tech 2017; 6:e245-e248. [PMID: 28409108 PMCID: PMC5382550 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) success depends on biologic integration of the graft in the bone tunnel. Sutures wrapping the tendon in the bone tunnel may affect tendon-bone healing in shorter bone tunnels. To achieve better graft integration, we propose a variation of the graft link suture technique wherein the graft is linked chain-like to the femoral and tibial TightRope (Arthrex), which increases the tendon-bone contact area by eliminating sutures from the noose of the graft and thus may allow better graft integration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pedro Beja da Costa
- Address correspondence to Pedro Beja da Costa, M.D., Instituição G.I.G.A.–Grupo Integrado de Gestão de Acidentes, Av. 5 de Outubro, 293 B, 1600-035 Lisbon, Portugal.Instituição G.I.G.A.–Grupo Integrado de Gestão de AcidentesAv. 5 de Outubro, 293 B1600-035 LisbonPortugal
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20
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Kim SE, Jones SC, Lewis DD, Banks SA, Conrad BP, Tremolada G, Abbasi AZ, Coggeshall JD, Pozzi A. In-vivo three-dimensional knee kinematics during daily activities in dogs. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1603-10. [PMID: 25982776 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The canine knee is morphologically similar to the human knee and thus dogs have been used in experimental models to study human knee pathology. To date, there is limited data of normal canine 3D knee kinematics during daily activities. The objective of this study was to characterize 3D in-vivo femorotibial kinematics in normal dogs during commonly performed daily activities. Using single-plane fluoroscopy, six normal dogs were imaged performing walk, trot, sit, and stair ascent activities. CT-generated bone models were used for kinematic measurement using a 3D-to-2D model registration technique. Increasing knee flexion angle was typically associated with increasing tibial internal rotation, abduction and anterior translation during all four activities. The precise relationship between flexion angle and these movements varied both within and between activities. Significant differences in axial rotation and coronal angulation were found at the same flexion angle during different phases of the walk and trot. This was also found with anterior tibial translation during the trot only. Normal canine knees accommodate motion in all planes; precise kinematics within this envelope of motion are activity dependent. This data establishes the characteristics of normal 3D femorotibial joint kinematics in dogs that can be used as a comparison for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley E Kim
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Stephen C Jones
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Daniel D Lewis
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Scott A Banks
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Bryan P Conrad
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Giovanni Tremolada
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Abdullah Z Abbasi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Jason D Coggeshall
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
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Comparison of results after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a four-strand single semitendinosus or a semitendinosus and gracilis tendon. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015; 23:3238-43. [PMID: 24841945 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-014-3076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSES To compare the clinical and functional results of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using an autologous four-strand single semitendinosus (ST) tendon or a ST and gracilis tendon. It was hypothesized that successful ACL reconstruction using a single ST tendon without the gracilis tendon could provide comparable knee stability and reduce donor site morbidity. METHODS This study evaluated 144 cases of single-bundle ACL reconstruction using an autologous hamstring tendon. The ST group included 85 cases of reconstruction using a single ST tendon, and the ST/G group included 59 cases of reconstruction using a ST tendon and a gracilis tendon. An extracortical suspension device and a suture tied around a screw post with an additional bioabsorbable screw were used to fix the femoral and tibial tunnels, respectively. Clinical evaluations involved the Lachman, pivot-shift, and one-leg hop tests; an isokinetic test; a KT-2000 arthrometer; an assessment of return to pre-injury activities; and Lysholm, Tegner activity, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scores. RESULTS No significant differences were found between the ST and ST/G groups with respect to the Lysholm, Tegner activity, and subjective IKDC scores; the Lachman, pivot-shift, and one-leg hop tests; KT-2000 arthrometer side-to-side differences; or return to pre-injury activities. However, mean peak torque deficit, as determined using the isokinetic test during flexion at 60°/s, was significantly lower in the ST group than in the ST/G group (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION This study showed good results for ACL reconstruction using a single ST tendon without deterioration of stability. This provides the evidence that ACL reconstruction using a single ST tendon without the gracilis tendon decreases donor site morbidity without compromising joint stability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Harris M, Bishop T, Bernard J. Unstable elbow dislocations: the description and cadaveric feasibility study of a new surgical technique. SICOT J 2015; 1:23. [PMID: 27163079 PMCID: PMC4849263 DOI: 10.1051/sicotj/2015023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A small proportion of simple elbow dislocations are grossly unstable and joint congruence is not maintained after reduction. In this rare situation operative treatment is indicated. We describe a new intra articular reconstruction that utilises a slip of triceps tendon to provide immediate stability to the elbow. Methods: We assessed 20 cadaveric elbows, measuring the length of triceps tendon available and required to complete the reconstruction. We then sequentially sectioned the ligamentous stabilisers of an elbow before performing the new technique. We measured the displacement and angulation possible at the elbow before and after the reconstruction. Results: All 20 elbows had sufficient triceps tendon length to complete the new technique. Prior to the reconstruction greater than 30 mm of joint distraction and 90 degrees varus or valgus angulation was possible. Following the reconstruction it was not possible to re-dislocate the elbow. Only 2 mm of joint distraction and 10 degrees of varus or valgus angulation were possible with the triceps graft fixed in position. Discussion: This novel technique elegantly avoids many of the problems associated with current methods. We have demonstrated that it is technically feasible and easy to perform with minimal equipment requirements or costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Harris
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, St Georges NHS Foundation Trust Blackshaw Road Tooting, London SW17 0QT UK
| | - Timothy Bishop
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, St Georges NHS Foundation Trust Blackshaw Road Tooting, London SW17 0QT UK
| | - Jason Bernard
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, St Georges NHS Foundation Trust Blackshaw Road Tooting, London SW17 0QT UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence that smaller hamstring graft diameter is associated with increased failure risk following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has increased the popularity of graft configurations that increase graft diameter at the expense of graft length. A key question is how much graft needs to be in contact with the femoral tunnel to ensure that healing occurs. We hypothesize that no difference in two-year patient-reported outcomes or failure risk exists based on the amount of graft in the femoral tunnel. METHODS Through the use of prospectively collected cohort data augmented with retrospective chart review, 120 of 181 consecutive patients (66.3 %) undergoing primary ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft were evaluated. Patient and surgical factors along with pre-operative and two-year postoperative knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores and whether each patient underwent revision ACL reconstruction during the two-year follow-up period were recorded. RESULTS No differences in two-year patient-reported outcome scores were noted between patients with graft length in the femoral tunnel less than 25 mm and those with graft length in the femoral tunnel of at least 25 mm. Controlling for age, sex, BMI, and femoral tunnel technique, no correlation was noted between KOOS or IKDC scores and either the length of graft in the femoral tunnel or the contact area between the graft and the tunnel. CONCLUSIONS Variation of the length of hamstring autograft in the femoral tunnel between 14 and 35 mm does not predict KOOS or IKDC scores at 2 years postoperative.
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Yang DL, Cheon SH, Oh CW, Kyung HS. A comparison of the fixation strengths provided by different intraosseous tendon lengths during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical study in a porcine tibial model. Clin Orthop Surg 2014; 6:173-9. [PMID: 24900898 PMCID: PMC4040377 DOI: 10.4055/cios.2014.6.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to determine the tibial fixation strength provided by different intraosseous soft tissue graft lengths within the tibial tunnel. Methods Porcine tibial bones and digital flexor tendons were used for testing. Bone mineral densities of proximal tibial medial condyles were measured, and two-strand tendon bundles of 8 mm diameter were used. An intraosseous graft length of 2 cm was used in group 1 (n = 10), and a graft length of 4 cm was used in group 2 (n = 10). Tunnels were 4 cm in length and 8 mm in diameter. Tibial fixation was performed using a suture tied around a screw post with a washer and an additionally inserted 7 × 20 mm bioabsorbable screw. After applying preconditioning loading of 10 cycles, 1,000 cycles between 70-220 N were applied at a frequency of 1 Hz. Graft slippage and total graft movement were recorded. Ultimate tensile strength was measured by pull-out testing at an Instron crosshead speed of 1,000 mm/min. Results No significant intergroup difference was found for total graft movement after cyclic loading (slippage in group 1, 1.2 mm and group 2, 1.2 mm, respectively, p = 0.917; and total graft movement in group 1, 3.3 mm and group 2, 2.7 mm, respectively, p = 0.199). However, mean ultimate tensile strength in group 2 was significantly higher than that in group 1 (group 1, 649.9 N; group 2, 938 N; p = 0.008). Conclusions In a porcine model, ultimate tensile strength was greater for a 4 cm long intraosseous flexor tendon in the tibial tunnel. However, no intergroup difference in graft slippage or total graft movement was observed. The results show that a 2 cm intraosseous graft length in the tibial tunnel is safe and has sufficient strength (> 450 N) for adequate rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chang-Wug Oh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Kyung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Hensler D, Working ZM, Illingworth KD, Tashman S, Fu FH. Correlation between femoral tunnel length and tunnel position in ACL reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95:2029-34. [PMID: 24257661 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.l.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The position of the femoral tunnel affects the osseous geometry available for drilling during anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The length of the tunnel changes with changes in the tunnel position and may have implications for femoral fixation. METHODS Forty-seven patients with a single-bundle ACL reconstruction underwent computed tomography (CT) evaluation to generate three-dimensional (3D) CT bone models. With use of a previously described anatomic coordinate system, the center of the femoral tunnel was quantified in the posterior-anterior and proximal-distal dimensions on 3D CT. Tunnel length was defined as the distance between the centers of the intra-articular and extra-articular tunnel apertures. The reconstructed knees were dichotomized by anatomy and technique into anatomic (n = 20) and nonanatomic (n = 27) groups as well as according to whether they had undergone medial portal drilling (n = 20) or transtibial drilling (n = 27) for analysis. In addition, a review of the literature on the relationship between tunnel length and tendon-to-bone healing was performed. RESULTS Femoral tunnels drilled with nonanatomic footprints were longer (mean [and standard deviation], 43.6 ± 8.5 mm; range, 28.2 to 60.7 mm) than tunnels drilled with anatomic footprints (31.0 ± 6.3 mm; 21.2 to 42.5 mm) (p < 0.001). Tunnels drilled transtibially (44.4 ± 7.6 mm; 32.5 to 60.7 mm) were significantly longer than tunnels drilled through the medial portal (29.8 ± 5.0 mm; 21.2 to 40.3 mm) (p < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between tunnel length and posterior-anterior femoral tunnel position (r = 0.78, p < 0.05), with more anterior tunnel positioning associated with greater tunnel length. There was no correlation between posterior-distal femoral tunnel position and tunnel length (r = -0.05; p = 0.74). There was no consensus in the literature regarding adequate tunnel length for biologic fixation. CONCLUSIONS Femoral tunnels drilled with anatomic footprints had sufficient length for adequate femoral fixation. Femoral tunnels positioned anterior to the native insertion of the ACL were longer than those in anatomic position. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results of this study can help the surgeon to consider the relationship between tunnel position and subsequent tunnel length in ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hensler
- Department for Trauma Surgery, Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau 82418, Germany
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Calvert N, Grainger N, Hurworth M. Use of bovine carpal joints as a training model for cruciate ligament repair. ANZ J Surg 2013; 83:933-6. [PMID: 23855784 DOI: 10.1111/ans.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is a lack of cheap and effective training models to allow orthopaedic surgery trainees to learn the basics of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The aim of this paper was to investigate the viability of using various animal joints as models for the training of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHOD Equine stifles, bovine stifles and carpal joints, sheep stifles and porcine stifles, were sourced from a local abattoir. Each joint was assessed for the following criteria: suitable tendons for harvesting, ease of arthroscopy access, adequacy of arthroscopy view and suitable joint surfaces. Tendon harvesting, preparation, joint arthroscopy and tendon tunnelling were performed on the most suitable joint. RESULTS Equine, bovine, sheep and porcine stifles were found to be unsuitable. The bovine carpal joint was similar to a human wrist joint with two rows of carpal bones and fused metacarpal bones, but with deeper flexion - similar to a human knee joint. The distal joint space was found to provide a greater range of flexion and space than the narrower proximal joint space. The joint capsule provided sufficient integrity during saline irrigation to allow adequate visualization of joint structures. Tendons surrounding the joint were found to be of similar diameter to human hamstring tendons and easily accessible. Tendon tunnelling was successfully performed in a manner similar to human anterior cruciate ligament repair. CONCLUSION The use of bovine carpal joints is a cost-effective, safe and easily reproducible model for education on basic anterior cruciate ligament repair skills and technique prior to patient contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Calvert
- Clinical Services, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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