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Jacob G, Lim YP, Brito CA, Parker DA. Lateral extra-articular tenodesis does not enhance ACL graft healing, however, does reduce graft tunnel widening. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024. [PMID: 38860740 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study hypothesized that the addition of lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LEAT) in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) had a significant effect on ACL graft healing. METHODS A total of 80 patients were divided into two cohorts matched for gender, age, body mass index, time from surgery to post-operative MRI and graft diameter. Forty patients underwent ACL reconstruction alone, while 40 underwent ACLR in addition to LEAT. Patients underwent a magnetic resonance imaging scan at 12 months post-surgery; tunnel apertures were measured using multiplanar reformation, graft healing was assessed using signal-to-noise quotient (SNQ) in three regions of interest and finally graft maturity and integration were classified using the Howell and Ge scale, respectively. In addition, clinical evaluation and patient-reported outcome measures were collected. RESULTS The mean femoral tunnel widening at 12 months post-surgery was 39.8 ± 14.0% in the ACLR + LEAT group and 55.2 ± 12.7% in the ACLR alone group (p < 0.05). The mean tibial tunnel widening was 29.3 ± 12.7% in the ACLR + LEAT group and 44.4 ± 12.1% in the ACLR group (p < 0.05). The mean adjusted graft SNQ was 9.0 ± 14.9 in the ACLR + LEAT group and 9.5 ± 11.4 in the ACLR group (n.s.). CONCLUSION At 1 year post-operatively, we noted significantly less femoral and tibial tunnel widening in the ACLR + LEAT group. LEAT did not result in a statistically significant effect on graft healing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Jacob
- Sydney Orthopaedic Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yoong Ping Lim
- Sydney Orthopaedic Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - David A Parker
- Sydney Orthopaedic Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Yu C, Chen R, Chen J, Wang T, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wu T, Yu T. Enhancing tendon-bone integration and healing with advanced multi-layer nanofiber-reinforced 3D scaffolds for acellular tendon complexes. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101099. [PMID: 38840797 PMCID: PMC11152696 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Advancements in tissue engineering are crucial for successfully healing tendon-bone connections, especially in situations like anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) restoration. This study presents a new and innovative three-dimensional scaffold, reinforced with nanofibers, that is specifically intended for acellular tendon complexes. The scaffold consists of a distinct layered arrangement comprising an acellular tendon core, a middle layer of polyurethane/type I collagen (PU/Col I) yarn, and an outside layer of poly (L-lactic acid)/bioactive glass (PLLA/BG) nanofiber membrane. Every layer is designed to fulfill specific yet harmonious purposes. The acellular tendon core is a solid structural base and a favorable environment for tendon cell functions, resulting in considerable tensile strength. The central PU/Col I yarn layer is vital in promoting the tendinogenic differentiation of stem cells derived from tendons and increasing the expression of critical tendinogenic factors. The external PLLA/BG nanofiber membrane fosters the process of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiating into bone cells and enhances the expression of markers associated with bone formation. Our scaffold's biocompatibility and multi-functional design were confirmed through extensive in vivo evaluations, such as histological staining and biomechanical analyses. These assessments combined showed notable enhancements in ACL repair and healing. This study emphasizes the promise of multi-layered nanofiber scaffolds in orthopedic tissue engineering and also introduces new possibilities for the creation of improved materials for regenerating the tendon-bone interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical and Health Textile Materials, College of Textile & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing, 102208, China
| | - Jinli Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Tianrui Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical and Health Textile Materials, College of Textile & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Xiaopei Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical and Health Textile Materials, College of Textile & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266001, China
| | - Tong Wu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical and Health Textile Materials, College of Textile & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Tengbo Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
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Bronstein RD. Editorial Commentary: Promising Short-Term Results of Adolescent Transphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Quadriceps Tendon Autograft Warrant Long-Term Follow-Up Study. Arthroscopy 2024; 40:1599-1601. [PMID: 38219124 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2023.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Several graft choices have been described for surgeons performing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft has been referred to as the gold standard with which other grafts are compared. Hamstring autograft has been widely used when a soft-tissue graft is desired, such as when physes are open with significant growth remaining, but with greater revision rate than bone-patella tendon-bone in young athletes. Allograft tissue is discouraged in younger patients due to increased re-rupture rate. More recently, quadriceps autograft has been described as another soft tissue graft. Quadriceps tendon grafts do show promise as a soft-tissue graft alternative with a potential drawback of decreased knee extension strength, although longer-term follow-up studies are necessary to evaluate its use in the pediatric population.
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Yuan W, Qi W, Hu T, Zhang J, An MY, Zhao G, Wang XP, Li C, Liu Y. Outcomes of RigidFix Cross Pin Fixation in Femoral and Tibial Tunnel for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop Surg 2024; 16:337-345. [PMID: 38088239 PMCID: PMC10834228 DOI: 10.1111/os.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is no clear consensus so far on which fixation method is most favorable for the tibial tunnel in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the outcome of RigidFix cross pins fixation in the tibial tunnel and to explore the advantages of RigidFix applied both in the femoral and tibial tunnel with hamstring tendon graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS This retrospective study included 53 patients (male/female, 45/8) who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autologous hamstring tendons between January 2013 and December 2017 at our institute. The participants in group A (n = 36) received anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with RigidFix cross pins fixation in both femoral and tibial tunnels, while those in group B (n = 17) with RigidFix cross pins fixation in the femoral tunnel and Interference screw fixation in the tibial tunnel. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, International Knee Documentation Committee subjective knee form 2000 (IKDC2000) score, Lysholm knee scoring scale, Tegner activity score and the side-to-side difference were compared at 2 and 5 years postoperatively. The graft diameter, number of strands in graft and the average diameter of each strand were also compared between the two groups. The categorical parameters were analyzed by chi-square test and the continuous variables conforming to a normal distribution were analyzed by Student's t-test. RESULTS At 2 years postoperation, the VAS score (1.61 ± 0.55), side-to-side difference (1.50 ± 0.58) in group A were significantly lower than that in group B, and the IKDC2000 score (88.81 ± 3.88), Tegner activity score (6.14 ± 0.60) in group A were significantly higher than that in group B. At 5 years postoperation, the VAS score (1.64 ± 0.68), side-to-side difference (1.73 ± 0.63) in group A were significantly lower than that in group B, and the IKDC2000 score (89.09 ± 3.85), Tegner activity score (6.58 ± 0.94) in group A were slso significantly higher than that in group B. There was statistical difference in the change of the side-to-side difference between the two groups (group A vs. B, 0.22 ± 0.08 vs. 0.34 ± 0.11, p < 0.001). There were also statistical differences in the graft diameter (group A vs. B, 7.83 ± 0.74 vs. 7.41 ± 0.51, p = 0,038), number of strands in graft (5.67 ± 0.72 vs. 4.00 ± 0.00, p < 0.001) and the average diameter of each strand (1.41 ± 0.22 vs. 1.85 ± 0.13, p < 0.001) between the two groups. CONCLUSION RigidFix cross pins fixation in the tibial tunnel for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction can achieve better 5-year results when compared with the interference screw, and the hamstring tendon can be folded into a thicker graft when RigidFix cross pins were applied in both femoral and tibial tunnels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | | | - Gang Zhao
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Coppola C, Krost S, Runer A, Raas C, Glodny B, Mayr R. PEEK Interference Screws Show Significant Tunnel Enlargement After ACL Reconstruction and is Comparable to Adjustable-Length Loop Cortical Button Fixation. Indian J Orthop 2024; 58:40-47. [PMID: 38161404 PMCID: PMC10754774 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-023-01029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Background It is unclear whether the use of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) interference screws for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction leads to postoperative tunnel enlargement. Femoral tunnel enlargement was further compared with adjustable-length loop cortical fixation. Methods Eighteen patients with ACL reconstruction using hamstring grafts were retrospectively divided into two groups. Eleven patients were treated with the ACL reconstruction technique using a PEEK interference screw for femoral graft fixation. Seven patients received adjustable-length loop cortical buttons for femoral fixation. Tibial ACL graft fixation was performed using PEEK interference screws. Tunnel volume changes were assessed using computed tomography (CT) scans performed after surgery (100%) and after 1 year. The maximal tunnel diameter was measured. Results The group with femoral screw fixation showed a mean tunnel volume change of 108.15 ± 13.7% on the tibial side and 124.07 ± 25.38% on the femoral side. The group with femoral button fixation showed a tunnel volume change of 111.12 ± 12.72% on the tibial side and 130.96 ± 21.71% on the femoral side. The differences in femoral tunnel volume changes were not significant (P = 0.562). Femoral tunnels with PEEK screw fixation showed significantly larger diameter after 12 months in comparison with button fixation (13.02 ± 1.43 mm vs. 10.46 ± 1.29 mm, P < 0.001). Conclusions PEEK interference screws were associated with significant tibial and femoral tunnel enlargement. Femoral tunnel enlargement was comparable between PEEK interference screws and button fixation. Final femoral tunnel diameter was significantly larger with PEEK screw fixation in comparison to button fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Coppola
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandra Krost
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armin Runer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Raas
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Glodny
- Department of Radiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raul Mayr
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Sengoku T, Nakase J, Mizuno Y, Kanayama T, Ishida Y, Yanatori Y, Arima Y. Limited preoperative knee extension in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a hamstring tendon affects improvement of postoperative knee extensor strength. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023; 31:5621-5628. [PMID: 37857706 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-023-07620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the factors affecting knee extensor strength 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using autograft hamstring tendon. METHODS 144 patients who could undergo regular follow-up after ACL reconstruction were divided into 2 groups: those with greater than 90% (Group A: n = 95) and less than 85% (Group B: n = 49) isokinetic knee contraction at 60°/s 6 months post-ACL reconstruction. Basic information, injury status, limited preoperative knee extension, and knee extensor strength at 3 and 6 months postoperatively were compared between the groups. Multivariate logistic analysis was performed and included variables that showed statistically significant differences between the groups in the univariate analysis. In addition, the cut-off value for the limb symmetry index (LSI) at 3 months postoperatively needed to exceed an LSI of 90% at 6 months postoperatively was calculated using the receiver operating characteristics curve. RESULTS Age, preoperative waiting period, limited preoperative knee extension, and knee extensor strength at 3 months postoperatively were significantly different between the two groups. The multivariate logistic analysis showed that all the variables affected the improvement in knee extensor strength at 6 months postoperatively. Limited preoperative knee extension was the most significant factor (odds ratio: 15.1, 95% confidence interval: 2.57-118.56, p < 0.01). The LSI cut-off value at 3 months postoperatively was 72.0%. CONCLUSION Key factors in achieving the necessary knee extensor strength criteria for return to sports at 6 months post-ACL reconstruction include addressing limited preoperative knee extension and achieving an LSI ≥ 72% in knee extensor strength at 3 months postoperatively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sengoku
- Section of Rehabilitation, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Junsuke Nakase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Yushin Mizuno
- Section of Rehabilitation, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kanayama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yanatori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yu Arima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
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Lee SS, Kwon KB, Lee J, Ryu DJ, Jang S, Wang JH. Single Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament With Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Yields Similar Clinical and Radiographic Results at Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up Versus Double Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. Arthroscopy 2023; 39:2502-2512. [PMID: 37207917 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the clinical, radiographic, and second-look arthroscopic outcomes between double-bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (DB group) and combined single-bundle (SB) ACL and anterolateral ligament (ALL) reconstruction (SB + ALL group) by a prospective randomized controlled trial. METHODS From May 2019 to June 2020, 84 patients were enrolled in this study. Among them, 10 were lost to follow-up. Thirty-six and 38 patients were successfully allocated to the DB (mean follow up 27.3 ± 4.2 months) and SB + ALL groups (27.2 ± 4.5 months), respectively. The preoperative and postoperative Lachman test, pivot shift test, anterior translation on stress radiographs, KT-2000 arthrometer, Lysholm score, International Knee Documentation Committee score, and Tegner activity score were evaluated and compared. Graft continuity was evaluated using postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (32 and 36 patients underwent MRI in the DB and SB + ALL groups at 7.4 ± 3.2 and 7.5 ± 2.9 months after surgery, respectively), and second-look examinations (second-look examination and tibial screw removal were performed concomitantly when patients (1) had tibial screw-related irritation or (2) needed the screws removed, 28 and 23 patients underwent examinations in the DB and SB + ALL groups at 24.0 ± 6.8 and 24.9 ± 8.1 months after surgery, respectively). All measurements were compared between the groups. RESULTS Postoperative clinical outcomes significantly improved in both groups. (All variables showed P < .001) No statistically different outcomes were found between the 2 groups. Additionally, postoperative graft continuity on MRI and second-look examinations were not different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS The DB and SB + ALL groups showed similar postoperative clinical, radiographic, and second-look arthroscopic outcomes. Both groups showed excellent postoperative stability and clinical outcomes compared with the preoperative measurements. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, randomized controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Sahn Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University School of Medicine, Goyangsi, Gyeonggido, Korea
| | - Kyeu Baek Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeounghun Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Jin Ryu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seungpil Jang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bupyeong Himchan Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Joon Ho Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology and Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.
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Lee SS, Lee DH. Serial change of femoral and tibial tunnel width after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with allograft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023; 31:5057-5066. [PMID: 37698665 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-023-07543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate progressive tunnel widening and its correlation with postoperative outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using allografts. METHODS Sixty-five patients who underwent ACL reconstruction using a tibialis anterior allograft between 2015 and 2017 were enrolled. Femoral and tibial tunnel widths were measured on anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiographs immediately and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Average femoral and tibial tunnel widths in AP and lateral views were calculated at three different measurement points. Tunnel widening was calculated as the difference in tunnel width immediately and 2 years postoperatively. The correlation between tunnel widening and the postoperative results was analysed. RESULTS Tunnel width changes between immediate and 2 years postoperatively were as follows, in AP and lateral views, respectively: femur, 3.0 mm ± 1.5 mm and 2.4 mm ± 1.4 mm; and tibia, 2.8 mm ± 1.4 mm and 2.9 mm ± 1.5 mm. Femoral tunnel widths significantly increased until 1 year, but not from 1 to 2 years postoperatively. Tibial tunnel width significantly increased until 2 years postoperatively. In all tunnels, the increments in tunnel widening decreased over time. Increased knee laxity significantly correlated with greater femoral tunnel widening in AP (r = 0.346, P = 0.006) and lateral views (r = 0.261, P = 0.049). CONCLUSION Femoral tunnel widths gradually increased until 1 year postoperatively, and tibial tunnel widths increased until 2 years after ACL reconstruction with allografts. The tunnel widening rate gradually decreased over time. Femoral tunnel widening of 3.7 mm and 3.2 mm on AP and lateral views, respectively, were the cut-off values for postoperative knee laxity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Sahn Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University School of Medicine, Goyangsi, Gyeonggido, Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
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Flury A, Wild L, Waltenspül M, Zindel C, Vlachopoulos L, Imhoff FB, Fucentese SF. Tibial tunnel enlargement is affected by the tunnel diameter-screw ratio in tibial hybrid fixation for hamstring ACL reconstruction. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2023; 143:1923-1930. [PMID: 35287180 PMCID: PMC10030456 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-022-04408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is no evidence on screw diameter with regards to tunnel size in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using hybrid fixation devices. The hypothesis was that an undersized tunnel coverage by the tibial screw leads to subsequent tunnel enlargement in ACLR in hybrid fixation technique. METHODS In a retrospective case series, radiographs and clinical scores of 103 patients who underwent primary hamstring tendon ACLR with a hybrid fixation technique at the tibial site (interference screw and suspensory fixation) were obtained. Tunnel diameters in the frontal and sagittal planes were measured on radiographs 6 weeks and 12 months postoperatively. Tunnel enlargement of more than 10% between the two periods was defined as tunnel widening. Tunnel coverage ratio was calculated as the tunnel diameter covered by the screw in percentage. RESULTS Overall, tunnel widening 12 months postoperatively was 23.1 ± 17.1% and 24.2 ± 18.2% in the frontal and sagittal plane, respectively. Linear regression analysis revealed the tunnel coverage ratio to be a negative predicting risk factor for tunnel widening (p = 0.001). The ROC curve analysis provided an ideal cut-off for tunnel enlargement of > 10% at a tunnel coverage ratio of 70% (sensitivity 60%, specificity 81%, AUC 75%, p < 0.001). Patients (n = 53/103) with a tunnel coverage ratio of < 70% showed significantly higher tibial tunnel enlargement of 15% in the frontal and sagittal planes. The binary logistic regression showed a significant OR of 6.9 (p = 0.02) for tunnel widening > 10% in the frontal plane if the tunnel coverage ratio was < 70% (sagittal plane: OR 14.7, p = 0.001). Clinical scores did not correlate to tunnel widening. CONCLUSION Tibial tunnel widening was affected by the tunnel diameter coverage ratio. To minimize the likelihood of disadvantageous tunnel expansion-which is of importance in case of revision surgery-an interference screw should not undercut the tunnel diameter by more than 1 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Flury
- Orthopaedic Department, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Linda Wild
- Orthopaedic Department, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Waltenspül
- Orthopaedic Department, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Zindel
- Orthopaedic Department, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lazaros Vlachopoulos
- Orthopaedic Department, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian B Imhoff
- Orthopaedic Department, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro F Fucentese
- Orthopaedic Department, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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Anterior Screw Insertion Results in Greater Tibial Tunnel Enlargement Rates after Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction than Posterior Insertion: A Retrospective Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020390. [PMID: 36837591 PMCID: PMC9967347 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Tunnel enlargement (TE) is a widely reported phenomenon after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Given the paucity of knowledge in the literature, it remains unclear whether screw position in the tunnel affects TE. This retrospective cohort study evaluated differences in postoperative tunnel enlargement rates (TER) and clinical results between anterior and posterior tibial interference screw insertion during single-bundle ACLR using autologous hamstring grafts. Materials and Methods: A group of consecutive patients that underwent primary arthroscopic single-bundle ACLR in our hospital were screened and divided into two groups based on the position of the tibial interference screw (determined by Computer Tomography within 3 days after surgery): anterior screw position group (A) and posterior screw position group (B). The bone tunnel size was measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed 1 year after surgery. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) were used for clinical results 1 year postoperatively. Results: 87 patients were included. The TER of Group A is higher than that of Group B (43.17% vs. 33.80%, p = 0.024). Group A showed a significant increase (12.1%) in enlargement rates at the joint line level than group B (43.77% vs. 31.67%, p = 0.004). Moreover, KOOS and IKDC scores improved in both groups. There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between the two groups. Conclusions: One year after ACLR, patients with posterior screw showed significantly lower TE than patients with anterior screw. However, the position of screw did not lead to differences in clinical results over our follow-up period. Posterior screw position in the tibial tunnel maybe a better choice in terms of reducing TE. Whether the different screw positions affect the long-term TE and long-term clinical outcomes needs to be confirmed by further studies.
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Liu D, Cai ZJ, Lu WH, Pan LY, Yang YT, Li YS, Xiao WF. Eccentrically widened bone tunnels after all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a computed tomography and three-dimensional model-based analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 31:2374-2385. [PMID: 36138208 PMCID: PMC10183415 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-022-07164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the extent of tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using the all-inside technique and to establish its correlation with patient-reported clinical outcomes and femoral graft bending angle (GBA). METHODS Tunnel widening was evaluated using computed tomography (CT)-based three-dimensional (3D) models, and the femoral GBA was directly measured on CT images using the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) software. Clinical follow-up was routine procedure, and patient-reported clinical outcomes mainly included International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Lysholm, and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) scores, and subjective knee stability assessment. RESULTS Fifty-two patients received standard all-inside ACLR, with a median follow-up of 6 months. Reconstructed anterior cruciate ligaments (ACLs) were scanned during the first 3 days and 6 months after surgery. On both the femoral and tibial sides, bone tunnels were most significantly enlarged at the articular aperture segment; the femoral tunnel was 9.2 ± 1.3 mm postoperatively and was significantly enlarged by 32% to a mean tunnel diameter of 12.1 ± 2.0 mm at 6 months after surgery. Moreover, the extent of tunnel enlargement gradually decreased as the measured levels approached those of the bone cortex. The femoral tunnel center was shifted into the anterior and distal direction, and the tibial tunnel center was shifted into the posterior and lateral direction. Additionally, the mean femoral GBA was 105.9° ± 8.1° at the 6-month follow-up. Tunnel enlargement and GBA were not significantly correlated with patient-reported outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Femoral and tibial tunnels were significantly greater and eccentrically shifted at the 6-month follow-up after all-side ACLR. However, the extent of tunnel widening does not markedly affect the short-term clinical outcomes. Meanwhile, the femoral GBA was not significantly correlated with femoral tunnel widening or patient-reported outcomes. Although the tunnel widening following all-inside ACLR was not associated with clinical outcomes, it potentially caused difficulties in revision ACLR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zi-Jun Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Hao Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lin-Yuan Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yun-Tao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Wen-Feng Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Arthroscopic Revision of Attenuated Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft With Enlarged Bone Tunnels Using Injectable Bone Graft Substitute. Arthrosc Tech 2022; 11:e971-e976. [PMID: 35782854 PMCID: PMC9243602 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a technically demanding procedure, and the surgeon should be prepared to address bone tunnel osteolysis, concurrent meniscal, ligamentous, or cartilage lesions, and limb malalignment. ACL revision can typically be done in one procedure, but it may need to be staged if there is poor previous tunnel positioning or excessive tunnel osteolysis. Bone grafting of the tunnels can be accomplished in several ways, including autograft, allograft, or bone substitutes. Currently, no consensus is available regarding the optimal choice of bone graft material for bone tunnel augmentation in revision ACL reconstruction. Bone graft substitute for tunnel augmentation has been showed to have good histologic, radiographic, and intraoperative integration, comparable to that of autologous bone. In this Technical Note, the technical details of arthroscopic treatment of attenuated anterior cruciate ligament graft with enlarged bone tunnels are described. The tunnels are debrided arthroscopically and filled up with PRO-DENSE injectable regenerative graft.
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Fan Z, Yan J, Zhou Z, Gao Y, Tang J, Li Y, Zhang Z, Yang M, Lv J. Delayed Versus Accelerated Weight-bearing Rehabilitation Protocol Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Rehabil Med 2022; 54:jrm00260. [PMID: 35037693 PMCID: PMC8892302 DOI: 10.2340/jrm.v53.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare accelerated and delayed weight-bearing rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction regarding clinical outcome measures of knee function (International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC), Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, Tegner Activity Scale, and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)), knee laxity, range of movement, quadriceps, and bone tunnel enlargement. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods Systematic searches of Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library databases, from inception to February 2021, for studies comparing delayed or accelerated weight-bearing rehabilitation protocol after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in adult patients. Results Nine studies met the eligibility criteria. A meta-analysis revealed a higher risk of knee laxity in the accelerated weight-bearing group. Accelerated weight-bearing may be related to higher IKDC scores, while there was no statistical difference for Lysholm, Tegner, and KOOS scores at a follow-up within 2 years. Four of 5 studies reported no statistical difference for quadriceps strength and range of movement scores, while 2 studies reported bone tunnel enlargement in the accelerated weight-bearing group. Conclusion This systematic review confirmed that accelerated weight-bearing caused more serious knee laxity and bone tunnel widening than delayed weight-bearing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. We therefore recommend that clinicians should select postoperative rehabilitation programmes with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiayin Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, P. R. China.
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