The Superficial "Swing-Down" Quadriceps Tendon Autograft Is a Viable Option for Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review

Recurrent patellar dislocation: treatments and challenges

Recurrent Patellar Dislocation (RPD) is a common knee sports injury, mainly affecting pediatric and adolescent populations, posing a significant challenge in orthopedic clinical practice. Although a variety of treatments have been reported, and many of them have shown good initial results, there is a lack of long-term follow-up results. Each treatment method has its own unique characteristics and limitations, and there is no standardized and unified treatment plan. This article provides a comprehensive review of current treatments for RPD. We believe that regardless of the surgical method used, patellar dislocation should not occur at 0°-90° of postoperative knee flexion and extension, and the range of motion should not be limited. Our ultimate goal is to restore patellar stability and improve lower limb alignment, thereby restoring knee function as much as possible. In addition, future treatment options for RPD are also discussed. In the future, there should be more in-depth research on the risk factors and pathogenesis that lead to recurrent patellar dislocation, as well as more randomized controlled trials focusing on different treatment methods. A comprehensive understanding of these is crucial for implementing preventive measures and developing targeted treatment strategies. The goal of this narrative review is to offer clinicians a deeper understanding of RPD treatment, enhance clinical decision-making skills, and encourage personalized and efficient management of RPD treatment.

Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Using Pedicled Quadriceps Tendon Autograft Yields Similar Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcomes but Less Donor-Site Morbidity Compared With Gracilis Tendon Autograft

PURPOSE

To compare clinical and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation after medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction using either a gracilis tendon (GT) or quadriceps tendon autograft (QT).

METHODS

All MPFL reconstruction performed between 2017 and 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. Only patients with isolated MPFL reconstruction, without any major patellofemoral risk factors and a minimum follow-up of 24 months, were included in the study. Patients were matched with respect to sex, age, and body mass index. All patients were evaluated clinically and using PROMs.

RESULTS

A total of 64 patients with an average follow up of 28.7 ± 7.5 months were included in this study. The mean Kujala score (GT: 84.8 ± 12.9, QT: 88.9 ± 10.1), Lysholm score (GT: 89.4 ± 10.2, QT: 88.4 ± 5.0), and visual analog scale score for pain (GT: 1.9 ± 1.8, QT: 1.1 ± 1.3) did not significantly differ between both groups. Tegner activity level was significantly greater (P = .027) in the QT group (5.5 ± 1.9) compared with the GT group (4.6 ± 1.8), but within the minimal clinically important differences. Occasional patellar instability events, but no recurrent dislocation, were reported in 12.5% in the GT group and 6.3% in the QT group (P = .39). Of all patients, 90.6% in the QT and 68.8% in the HT group exceeded the PASS for the Kujala score (P = .06). Significantly more patients (59.4%) treated with GT reported donor-site morbidity in the form of sensitivity deficit at the lower leg compared with those treated with QT (3.1%, P = .001).

CONCLUSIONS

GT and QT MPFL reconstruction have comparable PROMs and patellar redislocation rates 2 years' postoperatively. Significantly more patients treated with GT reported lower-leg sensitivity deficit compared with those treated with QT.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III, retrospective case-control study.

Editorial Commentary: Pedicled Quadriceps Tendon Autograft for Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Eradicates Risk of Saphenous Nerve Injury Seen With Gracilis Autograft. Allograft, When Available, Also Shows Excellent Outcomes

Comparing a pedicled single-limbed quadriceps tendon (QT) autograft to a matched gracilis autograft (GT) group with bone tunnel anchors for patellar instability, the QT group showed similar outcome yet markedly improved complication rates involving the saphenous nerve and no anterior knee pain. These findings are reassuring for the QT usage as an option to GT autograft. Multiple systematic reviews have clearly shown that allograft medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction has similar outcomes to autograft and is a viable option. As we have seen in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, there has been a march to include the QT into ligament reconstruction of the knee. The evidence is cumulating to support its use for medial patellofemoral complex reconstruction. As we await the verdict of Fulkerson's proposed double-bundle medial patellofemoral ligament and medial quadriceps tendon femoral ligament reconstruction, it appears that either QT autograft or GT allograft will be the go-to procedures of choice. Regardless the type of graft or type of patellar attachment, make sure the femoral side of the medial patellofemoral complex graft gets the most attention.

Combined quadriceps medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction and osteochondral fixation offers good patient-reported outcomes and low rates of recurrent instability for osteochondral defects secondary to acute patella dislocation

PURPOSE

Chondral injuries secondary to traumatic patella dislocation are common, and a subgroup of these are significant defects with fragments amenable to fixation. There is a paucity of published evidence assessing patients managed with combined acute patellofemoral stabilisation and osteochondral fixation. The purpose of this study is to report the outcomes of patients with osteochondral injuries secondary to acute traumatic patella dislocation treated with combined early fragment fixation and MPFL reconstruction using a quadriceps tendon turndown technique which has distinct advantages for this cohort, including preventing chondral overloading and non-violation of the patella bone.

METHODS

Patients who underwent combined quadriceps tendon MPFL reconstruction and osteochondral fixation were included. Patient demographics, defect characteristics, complications and reoperations were evaluated. Patients were assessed with Lysholm, Kujala, KOOS-PF scores and satisfaction scale at follow up. Pre-operative MRI was assessed for presence of radiological risk factors for patella dislocation and post-operative MRI was used to assess cartilage quality with MOCART 2.0 score.

RESULTS

A total of 19 patients (63.2% female) were included. The mean age was 17.4 ± 4.8 years and patients were followed up at a mean 15.8 ± 5.1 months post-surgery. The mean defect size was 2.4 cm2 ± 1.3 cm2, with the most common defect location being the patella (13/19; 68.4%) followed by the lateral femoral condyle (5/19; 26.3%). At final follow up, the overall mean Lysholm, Kujala, and KOOS-PF scores were 84.9 ± 11.1, 89.7 ± 5.8 and 80.6 ± 13.6, respectively. Seventeen patients (89.5%) were satisfied with their outcome. The mean MOCART 2.0 score at final follow-up was 72.5. One patient required medial capsular plication with removal of a loose chondral body and microfracture and 3 knees required minor reoperations.

CONCLUSION

Combined acute osteochondral fragment fixation and MPFL reconstruction using a quadriceps tendon graft offers good radiological and patient-reported outcomes with high satisfaction and low rates of recurrent patella dislocation. To our knowledge, this is currently the largest series of its kind in the literature and the results of this study provide a rationale for a combined approach using a quadriceps tendon graft for this cohort.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV.

Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature patients without correction of bony risk factors leads to acceptable outcomes but higher failure rates

OBJECTIVES

To report outcomes and re-dislocation rates of medial patellar stabilizers reconstruction without bone procedures for correction of anatomical risk factors for patellar instability in skeletally immature patients; to compare isolated medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction to combined MPFL and medial patellotibial ligament (MPTL) reconstruction in this population.

METHODS

Patients with open physis and bone abnormalities including patella alta and/or increased tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance and/or trochlear dysplasia underwent MPFL reconstruction, either isolated or associated with MPTL reconstruction. Preoperative, 1-year follow-up and the latest follow-up (5 years minimum) data were collected. Radiological and clinical evaluations were conducted, with special attention to failure rate. Comparison of results from isolated MPFL and combined MPFL/MPTL reconstructions was performed.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine patients were included, 19 in the isolated MPFL group (median 14 years old; follow-up 5.8 ​± ​1.7 years) and 10 in the combined MPFL/MPTL group (median 13.5 years old; follow-up 5.2 ​± ​1.4 years). Kujala and Tegner scores increased over time, although without statistically significant differences between the two groups at the latest follow-up (p ​= ​0.840 and p ​> ​0.999, respectively). During follow-up, 5 of 19 (26.3%) isolated MPFL and 2 of 10 (20%) MPFL/MPTL reconstructions experienced recurrence of patellar dislocation (p ​> ​0.999). Trochlear dysplasia type D (p ​= ​0.028), knee rotation (p ​= ​0.009) and lateral patellar tilt angle (p ​= ​0.003) were associated with patellar instability recurrence. The isolated MPFL group showed increased laxity on physical exam at the latest follow-up compared to the 1-year follow-up (patellar glide test (p ​= ​0.002), patellar tilt test (p ​= ​0.042) and subluxation in extension (p ​= ​0.019). This increased laxity was not observed in the MPFL/MPTL group (p ​> ​0.999). Comparing both groups, the glide test was significantly better in the combined MPFL/MPTL group in comparison to the isolated MPFL reconstruction group at the latest follow-up (p ​= ​0.021).

CONCLUSION

MPFL reconstruction in isolation or combined with MPTL reconstruction in skeletally immature patients with additional uncorrected anatomical patellofemoral abnormalities leads to acceptable clinical outcomes within a minimum of 5 years follow-up, although has a high failure rate of 24.1%. Addition of a MPTL reconstruction to the MPFL may result in decreased patellar laxity on physical exams, as demonstrated by better patellar glide test, patellar tilt test and subluxation in extension.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III; retrospective cohort study.

A Patella-Sided Tensioning Technique for Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction

Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is a common procedure for treatment of recurrent patellofemoral instability. Over the last two decades, multiple surgical techniques for MPFL reconstruction have been described with no clear consensus on a superior reconstruction technique. Appropriate graft tensioning is one of the most important factors for a successful MPFL reconstruction. Overtensioning of the MPFL graft can lead to patellofemoral joint overload and undertensioning can lead to recurrent instability. Current literature demonstrates descriptions of MPFL reconstruction with final graft tensioning performed off of the femoral side. We describe a technique in this article for performing final graft tensioning from the patellar side, which gives the surgeon an option for intraoperative tension adjustments after evaluating patellar tracking.

Editorial Commentary: Is the Pendulum "Swinging" Away From Patellar Fixation in Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction?

Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction is the "workhorse" for surgical stabilization of recurrent patella instability. Complications of patella fixation (i.e., patella fracture) are rare but potentially catastrophic. Modifications to traditional MPFL reconstruction that avoid patella fixation are promising. These alternatives may be favored in high-risk scenarios such as revision, smaller pediatric cases, and patellofemoral arthroplasty with concomitant instability. Large-scale prospective and/or randomized studies are needed to differentiate between MPFL reconstruction techniques.