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Joyce JM, Campbell MJ, Hojaji F, Toth AJ. Less Is More: Higher-Skilled Sim Racers Allocate Significantly Less Attention to the Track Relative to the Display Features than Lower-Skilled Sim Racers. Vision (Basel) 2024; 8:27. [PMID: 38804348 PMCID: PMC11130932 DOI: 10.3390/vision8020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Simulated (sim) racing is an emerging esport that has garnered much interest in recent years and has been a relatively under-researched field in terms of expertise and performance. When examining expertise, visual attention has been of particular interest to researchers, with eye tracking technology commonly used to assess visual attention. In this study, we examined the overt visual attention allocation of high- and low-skilled sim racers during a time trial task using Tobii 3 glasses. In the study, 104 participants were tested on one occasion, with 88 included in the analysis after exclusions. Participants were allocated to either group according to their fastest lap times. Independent t-tests were carried out with sidak corrections to test our hypotheses. Our results indicate that when eye tracking metrics were normalised to the lap time and corner sector time, there was a difference in the relative length of overt attention allocation (fixation behaviour) as lower-skilled racers had significantly greater total fixation durations in laps overall and across corner sectors when normalised (p = 0.013; p = 0.018). Interestingly, high- and low-skilled sim racers differed in where they allocated their attention during the task, with high-skilled sim racers allocating significantly less overt attention to the track relative to other areas of the display (p = 0.003). This would allow for higher-skilled racers to obtain relatively more information from heads-up display elements in-game, all whilst driving at faster speeds. This study provides evidence that high-skilled sim racers appear to need significantly less overt attention throughout a fast lap, and that high- and low-skilled sim racers differ in where they allocate their attention while racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Joyce
- Esports Science Research Lab, Lero, The Science Foundation Ireland Centre for Software Research, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (J.M.J.); (F.H.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Mark J. Campbell
- Esports Science Research Lab, Lero, The Science Foundation Ireland Centre for Software Research, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (J.M.J.); (F.H.); (A.J.T.)
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Centre for Sport Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Fazilat Hojaji
- Esports Science Research Lab, Lero, The Science Foundation Ireland Centre for Software Research, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (J.M.J.); (F.H.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Adam J. Toth
- Esports Science Research Lab, Lero, The Science Foundation Ireland Centre for Software Research, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (J.M.J.); (F.H.); (A.J.T.)
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Centre for Sport Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Dhengre S, Nam H, Helm M, Rothrock L. Investigating effect of standardized total body skin examination using sequence-networks. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 116:104219. [PMID: 38181457 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
This study employs sequence-network analysis to investigate the influence of instructing a standardized procedure on total-body skin examination (TBSE) performance. A between-subjects study was conducted with thirty-one participants comprising medical students and attending physicians. Among these participants, fifteen were randomly assigned to the uninstructed group and sixteen to the instructed group. The participants' gaze and field of view were recorded using eye tracking glasses while performing TBSE on a male and a female standardized patient. The recordings were then transcribed to depict the examination process. The instructed group missed significantly fewer body parts (p = 0.045) and had higher time efficiency (p = 0.007) while examining the female patient, but no significant difference was observed for the male patient examination. Furthermore, the examination sequences of the instructed group contained lesser variability than the uninstructed group. Hence, implementing a standard optimal procedure to perform TBSE could minimize the likelihood of missing body parts, increase examination efficiency, and improve performance consistency. This study demonstrated the potential of sequence-network analysis to study human performance in sequential tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Dhengre
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA
| | - Hannah Nam
- Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Helm
- Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ling Rothrock
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA.
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Bell CR, Szulewski A, Walker M, McKaigney C, Ross G, Rang L, Newbigging J, Kendall J. Differences in Gaze Fixation Location and Duration Between Resident and Fellowship Sonographers Interpreting a Focused Assessment With Sonography in Trauma. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2021; 5:28-36. [PMID: 33521488 PMCID: PMC7821074 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We quantified the gaze fixation duration of resident and fellowship sonographers interpreting a prerecorded focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST). We hypothesized that all sonographers would fixate on each relevant anatomic relationship but that the duration of fixation would differ. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study collecting and analyzing the gaze fixations of a convenience sample of current resident and fellowship sonographers. All sonographers viewed a standardized FAST video, and their gaze fixations were recorded using a Tobii X3-120 eye-tracking bar. Gaze fixations over nine anatomic regions of interest (ROIs) were identified. These were assessed for normality and analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test at an alpha of 0.05 and Bonferroni correction p value of <0.0034. The chi-square test and Pearson's correlation were performed to assess statistical association. RESULTS The gaze fixation recordings of 24 resident and eight fellowship sonographers were suitable for analysis. Fourteen of the 24 resident sonographers viewed all ROIs in the FAST, whereas all eight fellowship sonographers viewed each of the nine relevant ROIs. Five ROIs were identified over which at least one resident sonographer did not have a gaze fixation. No statistically significant difference was identified between groups. Resident sonographers gaze fixated over the left upper quadrant (LUQ) splenorenal interface for a median (interquartile range) of 10.64 (9.73-11.60) seconds. The fellowship group viewed the same ROI for 8.43 (6.64-8.95) seconds (p < 0.003). All participants viewed this ROI. No other ROIs had a statistical difference. CONCLUSION Five ROIs were identified that were not visually interrogated by all resident sonographers. Only 14 of 24 resident sonographers visually interrogated every area in the FAST, whereas all fellowship sonographers interrogated every ROI. A statistically significant difference was found in gaze fixation duration between resident and fellowship sonographers in one ROI. Further study is required for gaze fixation assessment to become a tool for the interpretation component of point-of-care ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R. Bell
- Department of Emergency MedicineKingston Health Sciences CentreKingstonOntario
- Queen’s University School of MedicineKingstonOntario
| | - Adam Szulewski
- Department of Emergency MedicineKingston Health Sciences CentreKingstonOntario
- Queen’s University School of MedicineKingstonOntario
| | - Melanie Walker
- Department of Emergency MedicineKingston Health Sciences CentreKingstonOntario
| | - Conor McKaigney
- Department of Emergency MedicineSouth Health, Alberta Health Services and Cumming School of Medicine at the University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Graeme Ross
- Department of Emergency MedicineKingston Health Sciences CentreKingstonOntario
- Queen’s University School of MedicineKingstonOntario
| | - Louise Rang
- Department of Emergency MedicineKingston Health Sciences CentreKingstonOntario
- Queen’s University School of MedicineKingstonOntario
| | - Joseph Newbigging
- Department of Emergency MedicineKingston Health Sciences CentreKingstonOntario
- Queen’s University School of MedicineKingstonOntario
| | - John Kendall
- Department of Emergency MedicineDenver Health Medical Center and University of Colorado Medical SchoolDenverCO
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Focal lung pathology detection in radiology: Is there an effect of experience on visual search behavior? Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 82:2837-2850. [PMID: 32367272 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In radiology, 60% to 80% of diagnostic errors are perceptual. The use of more efficient visual search behaviors is expected to reduce these errors. We collected eye-tracking data from participants with different levels of experience when interpreting chest X-rays during the completion of a pathology-detection task. Eye-tracking measures were assessed in the context of three existing visual search theories from the literature to understand the association between visual search behavior and underlying processes: the long-term working memory theory, the information-reduction hypothesis, and the holistic model of image perception. The most experienced participants (radiology residents) showed the highest level of performance, albeit their visual search behaviors did not differ from the intermediate group. This suggests that radiology residents better processed the represented information on the X-ray, using a visual search strategy similar to the intermediate group. Since similar visual search resulted in more information extraction in the radiology residents compared with the intermediates, we suggest that this result might support the long-term working memory theory. Furthermore, compared with novices, intermediates and radiology residents fixated longer on areas that were more important to avoid missing any pathology, which possibly confirms the information-reduction hypothesis. Finally, the larger distances between fixations observed in more experienced participants could support the holistic model of image perception. In addition, measures of generic skills were related to a lower time cost for switching between global and local information processing. Our findings suggest that the three theories may be complementary in chest X-ray interpretation. Therefore, a unified theory explaining perceptual-cognitive superiority in radiology is considered.
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Wu CC, Wolfe JM. Eye Movements in Medical Image Perception: A Selective Review of Past, Present and Future. Vision (Basel) 2019; 3:E32. [PMID: 31735833 PMCID: PMC6802791 DOI: 10.3390/vision3020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye movements of experts, reading medical images, have been studied for many years. Unlike topics such as face perception, medical image perception research needs to cope with substantial, qualitative changes in the stimuli under study due to dramatic advances in medical imaging technology. For example, little is known about how radiologists search through 3D volumes of image data because they simply did not exist when earlier eye tracking studies were performed. Moreover, improvements in the affordability and portability of modern eye trackers make other, new studies practical. Here, we review some uses of eye movements in the study of medical image perception with an emphasis on newer work. We ask how basic research on scene perception relates to studies of medical 'scenes' and we discuss how tracking experts' eyes may provide useful insights for medical education and screening efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chien Wu
- Visual Attention Lab, Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Wolfe
- Visual Attention Lab, Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Brams S, Hooge ITC, Ziv G, Dauwe S, Evens K, De Wolf T, Levin O, Wagemans J, Helsen WF. Does effective gaze behavior lead to enhanced performance in a complex error-detection cockpit task? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207439. [PMID: 30462695 PMCID: PMC6248957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between expertise, performance, and gaze behavior in a complex error-detection cockpit task. Twenty-four pilots and 26 non-pilots viewed video-clips from a pilot's viewpoint and were asked to detect malfunctions in the cockpit instrument panel. Compared to non-pilots, pilots detected more malfunctioning instruments, had shorter dwell times on the instruments, made more transitions, visited task-relevant areas more often, and dwelled longer on the areas between the instruments. These results provide evidence for three theories that explain underlying processes for expert performance: The long-term working memory theory, the information-reduction hypothesis, and the holistic model of image perception. In addition, the results for generic attentional skills indicated a higher capability to switch between global and local information processing in pilots compared to non-pilots. Taken together, the results suggest that gaze behavior as well as other generic skills may provide important information concerning underlying processes that can explain successful performance during flight in expert pilots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Brams
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ignace T. C. Hooge
- Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, Helmholtz Instituut, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gal Ziv
- The Academic College at Wingate, Wingate institute, Netanya, Israel
| | - Siska Dauwe
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ken Evens
- CAE Oxford Aviation Academy, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Wagemans
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Department of Brain & Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Werner F. Helsen
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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John KK, Jensen JD, King AJ, Pokharel M, Grossman D. Emerging applications of eye-tracking technology in dermatology. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 91:S0923-1811(18)30156-7. [PMID: 29655589 PMCID: PMC6173990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Eye-tracking technology has been used within a multitude of disciplines to provide data linking eye movements to visual processing of various stimuli (i.e., x-rays, situational positioning, printed information, and warnings). Despite the benefits provided by eye-tracking in allowing for the identification and quantification of visual attention, the discipline of dermatology has yet to see broad application of the technology. Notwithstanding dermatologists' heavy reliance upon visual patterns and cues to discriminate between benign and atypical nevi, literature that applies eye-tracking to the study of dermatology is sparse; and literature specific to patient-initiated behaviors, such as skin self-examination (SSE), is largely non-existent. The current article provides a review of eye-tracking research in various medical fields, culminating in a discussion of current applications and advantages of eye-tracking for dermatology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K John
- School of Communication, Brigham Young University, United States.
| | - Jakob D Jensen
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, United States; Cancer Control & Population Science Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, United States
| | - Andy J King
- Department of Public Relations, Texas Tech University, United States
| | | | - Douglas Grossman
- Departments of Dermatology and Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, United States; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, United States
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John KK, Jensen JD, King AJ, Ratcliff CL, Grossman D. Do Pattern-Focused Visuals Improve Skin Self-Examination Performance? Explicating the Visual Skill Acquisition Model. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 22:732-742. [PMID: 28759333 PMCID: PMC5657481 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2017.1344750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Skin self-examination (SSE) consists of routinely checking the body for atypical moles that might be cancerous. Identifying atypical moles is a visual task; thus, SSE training materials utilize pattern-focused visuals to cultivate this skill. Despite widespread use, researchers have yet to explicate how pattern-focused visuals cultivate visual skill. Using eye tracking to capture the visual scanpaths of a sample of laypersons (N = 92), the current study employed a 2 (pattern: ABCDE vs. ugly duckling sign [UDS]) × 2 (presentation: photorealistic images vs. illustrations) factorial design to assess whether and how pattern-focused visuals can increase layperson accuracy in identifying atypical moles. Overall, illustrations resulted in greater sensitivity, while photos resulted in greater specificity. The UDS × photorealistic condition showed greatest specificity. For those in the photo condition with high self-efficacy, UDS increased specificity directly. For those in the photo condition with self-efficacy levels at the mean or lower, there was a conditional indirect effect such that these individuals spent a larger amount of their viewing time observing the atypical moles, and time on target was positively related to specificity. Illustrations provided significant gains in specificity for those with low-to-moderate self-efficacy by increasing total fixation time on the atypical moles. Findings suggest that maximizing visual processing efficiency could enhance existing SSE training techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K John
- a School of Communication , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Jakob D Jensen
- b Department of Communication , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
- c Cancer Control & Population Science Program , Huntsman Cancer Institute , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
| | - Andy J King
- d Department of Public Relations , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas , USA
| | - Chelsea L Ratcliff
- b Department of Communication , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
| | - Douglas Grossman
- e Departments of Dermatology and Oncological Sciences , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
- f Melanoma Disease-Oriented Research Team, Huntsman Cancer Institute , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
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Turgeon DP, Lam EW. Influence of Experience and Training on Dental Students’ Examination Performance Regarding Panoramic Images. J Dent Educ 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2016.80.2.tb06071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Turgeon
- Département de Stomatologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire; Université de Montréal and a Diplomate; American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
| | - Ernest W.N. Lam
- Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto and a Diplomate; American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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