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Chew XZ, Cobcroft J, Hutson KS. Fish ectoparasite detection, collection and curation. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2024; 125:105-157. [PMID: 39095111 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Fish parasitology is a dynamic and internationally important discipline with numerous biological, ecological and practical applications. We reviewed optimal fish and parasite sampling methods for key ectoparasite phyla (i.e. Ciliophora, Platyhelminthes, Annelida and Arthropoda) as well as recent advances in molecular detection of ectoparasites in aquatic environments. Ideally, fish capture and anaesthesia as well as parasite recovery methods should be validated to eliminate potential sampling bias and inaccuracy in determining ectoparasite population parameters. There are considerable advantages to working with fresh samples and live parasites, when combined with appropriate fixation methods, as sampling using dead or decaying materials can lead to rapid decomposition of soft-bodied parasites and subsequent challenges for identification. Sampling methods differ between target phyla, and sometimes genera, with optimum techniques largely associated with identification of parasite microhabitat and the method of attachment. International advances in fish parasitology can be achieved through the accession of whole specimens and/or molecular voucher specimens (i.e. hologenophores) in curated collections for further study. This approach is now critical for data quality because of the increased application of environmental DNA (eDNA) for the detection and surveillance of parasites in aquatic environments where the whole organism may be unavailable. Optimal fish parasite sampling methods are emphasised to aid repeatability and reliability of parasitological studies that require accurate biodiversity and impact assessments, as well as precise surveillance and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhe Chew
- James Cook University Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Jennifer Cobcroft
- James Cook University Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore; College of Science and Engineering, Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate S Hutson
- College of Science and Engineering, Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand.
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2
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Silva JOS, Stabile BHM, da Graça RJ, Oliveira AV, Takemoto RM. Ornamental fish mortality reveals an old parasite introduction: A case study of Koi carp and fish louse. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 51:101034. [PMID: 38772644 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Koi carp are globally known for their colors and cultural significance. The introduction of these fish to new environments poses a threat to local biodiversity, in addition to releasing parasites, such as argulid ectoparasites. This study presents a record of Argulus japonicus infecting carp in an artificial lake in Southern Brazil using morphological and molecular methods, with a 100% prevalence (n = 3) and a mean intensity of 21.6 parasites per host, distributed over the body surface. The invasion history of hosts in the study locality indicates that the introduction of A. japonicus occurred decades before its first formal record in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Otávio Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bruno Henrique Mioto Stabile
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Laboratório de Genética Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Junio da Graça
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Valéria Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Laboratório de Genética Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Massato Takemoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Bernot JP, Owen CL, Wolfe JM, Meland K, Olesen J, Crandall KA. Major Revisions in Pancrustacean Phylogeny and Evidence of Sensitivity to Taxon Sampling. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad175. [PMID: 37552897 PMCID: PMC10414812 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The clade Pancrustacea, comprising crustaceans and hexapods, is the most diverse group of animals on earth, containing over 80% of animal species and half of animal biomass. It has been the subject of several recent phylogenomic analyses, yet relationships within Pancrustacea show a notable lack of stability. Here, the phylogeny is estimated with expanded taxon sampling, particularly of malacostracans. We show small changes in taxon sampling have large impacts on phylogenetic estimation. By analyzing identical orthologs between two slightly different taxon sets, we show that the differences in the resulting topologies are due primarily to the effects of taxon sampling on the phylogenetic reconstruction method. We compare trees resulting from our phylogenomic analyses with those from the literature to explore the large tree space of pancrustacean phylogenetic hypotheses and find that statistical topology tests reject the previously published trees in favor of the maximum likelihood trees produced here. Our results reject several clades including Caridoida, Eucarida, Multicrustacea, Vericrustacea, and Syncarida. Notably, we find Copepoda nested within Allotriocarida with high support and recover a novel relationship between decapods, euphausiids, and syncarids that we refer to as the Syneucarida. With denser taxon sampling, we find Stomatopoda sister to this latter clade, which we collectively name Stomatocarida, dividing Malacostraca into three clades: Leptostraca, Peracarida, and Stomatocarida. A new Bayesian divergence time estimation is conducted using 13 vetted fossils. We review our results in the context of other pancrustacean phylogenetic hypotheses and highlight 15 key taxa to sample in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Bernot
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, US National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Christopher L Owen
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, ℅ National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joanna M Wolfe
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Meland
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jørgen Olesen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, US National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Gaboardi LM, Reeves LE, Morey GAM, Stanton DL, Carney RM. A new species of the fish louse genus Dipteropeltis Calman, 1912 (Crustacea: Branchiura) from Peru. Zootaxa 2023; 5315:101-121. [PMID: 37518614 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5315.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Dipteropeltis is a poorly described genus of fish louse endemic to South America. In a small blackwater region within Loreto, Peru, 13 adult and juvenile specimens of an unidentified species of Dipteropeltis Calman, 1912, as well as one adult specimen of D. hirundo Calman, 1912, were observed and collected. Scanning electron and light micrographs were acquired to examine and measure key features of these specimens. Morphological differences from the two known species of Dipteropeltis, D. hirundo and D. campanaformis Neethling et al., 2014, indicate that the collected specimens represent a new species. Dipteropeltis longicaudatus sp. nov. is diagnosed by elongate abdominal lobes, a chevron-shaped carapace, and uniquely shaped maxillae. One specimen represents the longest branchiuran documented to date at 31.5 mm. Additionally, we provide the first sequence data for this genus using DNA barcoding, which corroborates our designation of a new species. Videos were also captured that document behaviors including host attachment, pulsating abdominal lobes, suction disc "walking", and swimming. Findings have implications for its teleost hosts, Triportheus albus Cope, 1872 and Brycon amazonicus Spix & Agassiz, 1829, the latter being a critical species for aquaculture and commercial fisheries in Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyra M Gaboardi
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of South Florida; 4202 E. Fowler Ave.; Tampa; FL USA 33620.
| | - Lawrence E Reeves
- UF/IFAS Florida Medical Entomology Lab; University of Florida; 200 9th St SE; Vero Beach; FL USA 32962.
| | - Germán Augusto Murrieta Morey
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana; Av. Jose Abelardo Quiñones Km. 2.5; 00784; Iquitos; Peru 00784.
| | - Daniel L Stanton
- UF/IFAS Citrus Research and Education Center; University of Florida; 700 Experiment Station Rd. Lake Alfred; FL USA 33850; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida; 2250 Shealy Dr. Gainesville, FL USA 32608..
| | - Ryan M Carney
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida; 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL USA 33620..
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Review of the metazoan parasites of the economically and ecologically important African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus in Africa: Current status and novel records. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2023; 119:65-222. [PMID: 36707175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the most widely distributed African freshwater fish is the African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) that is naturally distributed in 8 of the 10 ichthyofaunal regions of this continent. Clarias gariepinus is a highly valued and cheap staple to local communities and an ideal aquaculture species. Consequently, interest in the parasitic communities of C. gariepinus has increased as parasites may accidentally be ingested by humans when eating uncooked fish or can be introduced into culture systems through fish stocks supplied from local rivers which affect yield, growth, and marketability. This review provides an overview of the ∼107 metazoan parasite species known to parasitise C. gariepinus in Africa and their general life cycles, morphology, paratenic and post-cyclic infections, and the biogeography and validity of records are discussed. A brief overview is included on the application of some of these parasites in environmental studies and their link to human health.
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Nofal AP, Dos Santos QM, Jirsa F, Avenant-Oldewage A. Camallanid nematodes from Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in the Crocodile River, Gauteng, South Africa: Exploring diversity and divergence in an acid-mine drainage impacted environment. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 19:196-210. [PMID: 36324823 PMCID: PMC9619150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Clarias gariepinus collected from Lake Heritage, Crocodile River, were found to harbour camallanid nematodes. Previously, Boomker (1982) surveyed the Hartbeespoort Dam, downstream of the current study site, and identified a high prevalence of Procamallanus (Procamallanus) laeviconchus and Paracamallanus cyathopharynx. Since then, Procamallanus (Procamallanus) pseudolaeviconchus was described from C. gariepinus suggesting reconsideration of the identifications of Procamallanus species in historical studies from clariids. The aim of the current study was to definitively identify the nematodes collected from C. gariepinus in Lake Heritage, using morphological and molecular analyses. Morphological study consisted of light and scanning electron microscopy which confirmed the identity P. (P.) pseudolaeviconchus and P. cyathopharynx. This included descriptions of the detailed morphology of isolated buccal capsules for both species using soft tissue digestion, notably for the first time for P. (P.) pseudolaeviconchus. The morphology of isolated spiculae of both species was described for the first time using SEM. Molecular analyses included genetic characterisation of the small ribosomal subunit (18S) rDNA and cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) mtDNA. Genetic data supported the morphological identification of both species, however, divergence was detected in CO1 mtDNA data for P. cyathopharynx indicating two distinct lineages. Due to this variation, the morphometry of P. cyathopharynx specimens were revisited including statistical re-evaluation. No robust morphological traits were identified to support CO1 mtDNA lineages and all specimens were considered conspecific. In terms of camallanid biodiversity in the Crocodile River system, it is similar to that in Boomker (1982), despite the altered water quality from past acid mine pollution in the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee P. Nofal
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Quinton M. Dos Santos
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Franz Jirsa
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa,Corresponding author.
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May-Tec AL, Baños-Ojeda C, Mendoza-Franco EF. Parasitic crustaceans (Branchiura and Copepoda) parasitizing the gills of puffer fish species (Tetraodontidae) from the coast of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico. Zookeys 2022; 1089:73-92. [PMID: 35586605 PMCID: PMC8942962 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1089.79999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New information on the marine parasitic crustaceans from the Campeche coast, Gulf of Mexico (GoM), can improve our baseline knowledge of the ecology of both the host and parasite by providing, for example, parameters of infection. Such knowledge is especially important for fish farming, so that appropriate quarantine measures can be established. Our aim was to morphologically identify the parasitic crustaceans infecting puffer fish of commercial importance in the coastal zone of Campeche, Mexico. We provide new information on four known species of parasitic crustaceans from 92 specimens representing five species of tetraodontid fish. The parasitic crustaceans Argulus sp. (Branchiura, Argulidae), Caligushaemulonis (Caligidae), Pseudochondracanthusdiceraus (Chondracanthidae), and Taeniacanthuslagocephali (Taeniacanthidae) (all Copepoda) were found on Lagocephaluslaevigatus, Sphoeroidesnephelus, S.parvus, S.spengleri, and S.testudineus. This study revealed the occurrence of P.diceraus, which is of importance in aquaculture, on Sphoeroidesannulatus in the Mexican Pacific. Additionally, our results and other documentary records provide the first evidence of the interoceanic occurrence of the same parasitic crustacean species in the south-southwest of Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean. Moreover, our study provides valuable information on the biodiversity of parasitic crustaceans present in the GoM on puffer fish which are of great commercial importance for human consumption, fisheries, and aquaculture.
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Riccardo M, Santos-Reis MH, Avenant-Oldewage A. Additional Information on Dolops intermedia Silva, 1978 (Crustacea: Argulidae) and Its Occurrence on Fishes in Northeastern Brazil. COMP PARASITOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1654/1525-2647-89.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mugnai Riccardo
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Laboratório BIOCICLOS, Br 222-KM 04, S/N, Chapadinha–MA, CEP 65500-000, Brazil (e-mail: )
| | - Maria Helena Santos-Reis
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Laboratório BIOCICLOS, Br 222-KM 04, S/N, Chapadinha–MA, CEP 65500-000, Brazil (e-mail: )
| | - Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa (e-mail: )
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10
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Sudan V, Shanker D, Jaiswal AK. First report of molecular characterization and sequence phylogenetic analysis of Linguatula serrata from India. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:781-783. [PMID: 30367765 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Linguatula serrata is a pentastomid which is worldwide in distribution. However, a very few references are reported from India. In the present study, the cox I gene of L. serrata nymphs, originally isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes of buffaloes, was amplified and custom sequenced. Based on sequence analysis, two haplotypes were noticed and were subsequently submitted in NCBI database. The sequences were also compared with the other sequences available in the pubmed and phylogenetic analysis coupled with nucleotide homologies were commutated. The studied Indian isolates were found closer to Bangladesh and Iran isolates. This is the first report of molecular characterization of L. serrata from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Sudan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa VigyanVishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura-281001, India
| | - Daya Shanker
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa VigyanVishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura-281001, India
| | - Amit Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa VigyanVishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura-281001, India
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Hook, Line and Infection: A Guide to Culturing Parasites, Establishing Infections and Assessing Immune Responses in the Three-Spined Stickleback. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 98:39-109. [PMID: 28942772 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a model organism with an extremely well-characterized ecology, evolutionary history, behavioural repertoire and parasitology that is coupled with published genomic data. These small temperate zone fish therefore provide an ideal experimental system to study common diseases of coldwater fish, including those of aquacultural importance. However, detailed information on the culture of stickleback parasites, the establishment and maintenance of infections and the quantification of host responses is scattered between primary and grey literature resources, some of which is not readily accessible. Our aim is to lay out a framework of techniques based on our experience to inform new and established laboratories about culture techniques and recent advances in the field. Here, essential knowledge on the biology, capture and laboratory maintenance of sticklebacks, and their commonly studied parasites is drawn together, highlighting recent advances in our understanding of the associated immune responses. In compiling this guide on the maintenance of sticklebacks and a range of common, taxonomically diverse parasites in the laboratory, we aim to engage a broader interdisciplinary community to consider this highly tractable model when addressing pressing questions in evolution, infection and aquaculture.
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Gomez-Puerta LA, Pacheco JI, Angulo-Tisoc JM, Lopez-Urbina MT, Gonzalez AE. First finding of nymphal stages of Linguatula serrata in a South American camelid, a vicuña from Peru. Vet Parasitol 2017; 244:21-24. [PMID: 28917312 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Linguatula serrata, a pentastomid, was found parasitizing the lungs of a vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) from Cuzco, Peru. A total of 13 larvae were found encysted in the parenchymal tissue of the lungs. All larvae were identified as nymphal stages of L. serrata by morphological methods Diagnosis was confirmed by molecular analysis amplifying the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene of three nymphs. Nucleotide sequences from the isolates were compared to previous sequences from GenBank, and it showed high similarity between them (>99%). This finding constitutes the first detection of L. serrata in a South American camelid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Gomez-Puerta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
| | - Joel I Pacheco
- Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura, Sede Marangani, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Cuzco, Peru
| | - José M Angulo-Tisoc
- Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura, Sede Marangani, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Cuzco, Peru
| | - Maria T Lopez-Urbina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Literák I, Casero M, Koubková B, Těšínský M, Heneberg P. Morphological and Molecular Assessment of Pentastomes from Gulls in Portugal. J Parasitol 2017; 103:588-592. [PMID: 28665257 DOI: 10.1645/17-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2016, 153 gulls, including 64 Larus fuscus and 89 Larus michahellis, were found crippled in south Portugal. They died in Wildlife Rehabilitation and Investigation Center-RIAS and were necropsied. Reighardia sternae infected 2 (3%, n = 64) L. fuscus and 4 (4%, n = 89) L. michahellis. Molecular analysis confirmed the morphological identification on the basis of total body length, maximum body width, length of anterior and posterior hooks, total length of oral apparatus, and other features of oral apparatus of R. sternae. Both sequenced individuals in this study displayed 100% sequence identity to R. sternae individuals obtained previously from Larus ridibundus in Spain and to Reighardia sp. from Larus belcheri in Peru. Reighardia sternae is reported here for the first time in L. michahellis and for the first time from Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Literák
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - María Casero
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Božena Koubková
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Těšínský
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Heneberg
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Nagler C, Haug JT. Functional morphology of parasitic isopods: understanding morphological adaptations of attachment and feeding structures in Nerocila as a pre-requisite for reconstructing the evolution of Cymothoidae. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2188. [PMID: 27441121 PMCID: PMC4941765 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites significantly influence food webs and ecosystems and occur all over the world in almost every animal group. Within crustaceans there are numerous examples of ectoparasites; for example, representatives of the isopod group Cymothoidae. These obligatory parasitic isopods are relatively poorly studied regarding their functional morphology. Here we present new details of the morphological adaptations to parasitism of the cymothoiid ingroup Nerocila with up-to-date imaging methods (macro photography, stereo imaging, fluorescence photography, micro CT, and histology). Central aspects of the study were (1) the morphology of the mouthparts and (2) the attachment on the host, hence the morphology of the thoracopods. The mouthparts (labrum, mandibles, paragnaths, maxillulae, maxillae, maxillipeds) form a distinct mouth cone and are most likely used for true sucking. The mouthparts are tightly “folded” around each other and provide functional rails for the only two moving mouthparts, mandible and maxillula. Both are not moving in an ancestral-type median-lateral movement, but are strongly tilted to move more in a proximal-distal axis. New details concerning the attachment demonstrate that the angular arrangement of the thoracopods is differentiated to impede removal by the host. The increased understanding of morphological adaptation to parasitism of modern forms will be useful in identifying disarticulated (not attached to the host) fossil parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nagler
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Planegg-Martinsried , Germany
| | - Joachim T Haug
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
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Akther H, Agersted MD, Olesen J. Naupliar and Metanaupliar Development of Thysanoessa raschii (Malacostraca, Euphausiacea) from Godthåbsfjord, Greenland, with a Reinstatement of the Ancestral Status of the Free-Living Nauplius in Malacostracan Evolution. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141955. [PMID: 26682744 PMCID: PMC4684318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a characteristic crustacean larval type, the nauplius, in many crustacean taxa has often been considered one of the few uniting characters of the Crustacea. Within Malacostraca, the largest crustacean group, nauplii are only present in two taxa, Euphauciacea (krill) and Decapoda Dendrobranchiata. The presence of nauplii in these two taxa has traditionally been considered a retained primitive characteristic, but free-living nauplii have also been suggested to have reappeared a couple of times from direct developing ancestors during malacostracan evolution. Based on a re-study of Thysanoessa raschii (Euphausiacea) using preserved material collected in Greenland, we readdress this important controversy in crustacean evolution, and, in the process, redescribe the naupliar and metanaupliar development of T. raschii. In contrast to most previous studies of euphausiid development, we recognize three (not two) naupliar (= ortho-naupliar) stages (N1-N3) followed by a metanauplius (MN). While there are many morphological changes between nauplius 1 and 2 (e.g., appearance of long caudal setae), the changes between nauplius 2 and 3 are few but distinct. They involve the size of some caudal spines (largest in N3) and the setation of the antennal endopod (an extra seta in N3). A wider comparison between free-living nauplii of both Malacostraca and non-Malacostraca revealed similarities between nauplii in many taxa both at the general level (e.g., the gradual development and number of appendages) and at the more detailed level (e.g., unclear segmentation of naupliar appendages, caudal setation, presence of frontal filaments). We recognize these similarities as homologies and therefore suggest that free-living nauplii were part of the ancestral malacostracan type of development. The derived morphology (e.g., lack of feeding structures, no fully formed gut, high content of yolk) of both euphausiid and dendrobranchiate nauplii is evidently related to their non-feeding (lecithotrophic) status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasna Akther
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Oceanography and Climate, Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Mette Dalgaard Agersted
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Oceanography and Climate, Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Olesen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Banerjee A, Manna S, Saha SK. A histological evaluation of development and axis formation in freshwater fish ectoparasite Argulus bengalensis Ramakrishna, 1951 (Crustacea: Branchiura). Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2199-212. [PMID: 25821935 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to underscore the developmental events of a crustacean ectoparasite of fish, Argulus bengalensis. Serial histological sections of the embryo were made at lateral, sagittal and longitudinal planes to explain its cleavage, gastrulation and axis specification. The centrolecithal egg of A. bengalensis underwent meroblastic superficial cleavage. The cleavage initiated at the future dorsal side of the egg within 5 h to 5 h and 30 min of incubation. Consequently, a small mass of energids appeared superficially at the future dorsal side within 6 h. Later, energids were found at the future ventral and lateral sides. A syncytial blastoderm was formed around the centrally placed yolk material which was transformed into a cellular blastoderm within 30 h of incubation. In the blastoderm, two cell masses were formed at the dorsal and ventral part which initially extended towards each other and later spread out though future anterior-posterior direction. The pressure exerted by the cell flow displaced the entire yolk material at the future postero-ventral side. At the time of egg laying, a prototype of the embryonic axes is determined. The substratum side of the egg formed the dorsal part, whilst the side facing water turned to the ventral part. The broader end of the egg formed the anterior side and the narrow end formed the posterior side of the embryo. The anterior-posterior axis formation was initiated within 72 to 96 h of incubation when the blastodermal cells displaced the yolk material at the future posterior end. Within 120 h of incubation, the germ layers of the embryo were determined. The study reveals that the cleavage pattern of A. bengalensis shows close similarities with that of the Malacostraca amongst the crustaceans and dipteran and hymenopteran amongst the insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Banerjee
- Fish Biology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
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Laakkonen HM, Strelkov P, Väinölä R. Molecular lineage diversity and inter-oceanic biogeographical history inHiatella(Mollusca, Bivalvia). ZOOL SCR 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M. Laakkonen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History; POB 17 FI-00014 University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Petr Strelkov
- Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology; St. Petersburg State University; 16 Line, 29 Vasilevsky Island Saint Petersburg 199178 Russia
| | - Risto Väinölä
- Finnish Museum of Natural History; POB 17 FI-00014 University of Helsinki Finland
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von Reumont BM, Campbell LI, Jenner RA. Quo vadis venomics? A roadmap to neglected venomous invertebrates. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3488-551. [PMID: 25533518 PMCID: PMC4280546 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Venomics research is being revolutionized by the increased use of sensitive -omics techniques to identify venom toxins and their transcripts in both well studied and neglected venomous taxa. The study of neglected venomous taxa is necessary both for understanding the full diversity of venom systems that have evolved in the animal kingdom, and to robustly answer fundamental questions about the biology and evolution of venoms without the distorting effect that can result from the current bias introduced by some heavily studied taxa. In this review we draw the outlines of a roadmap into the diversity of poorly studied and understood venomous and putatively venomous invertebrates, which together represent tens of thousands of unique venoms. The main groups we discuss are crustaceans, flies, centipedes, non-spider and non-scorpion arachnids, annelids, molluscs, platyhelminths, nemerteans, and echinoderms. We review what is known about the morphology of the venom systems in these groups, the composition of their venoms, and the bioactivities of the venoms to provide researchers with an entry into a large and scattered literature. We conclude with a short discussion of some important methodological aspects that have come to light with the recent use of new -omics techniques in the study of venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lahcen I Campbell
- Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD London, UK.
| | - Ronald A Jenner
- Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD London, UK.
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Fontana M, Takemoto RM, Malta JCDO, Mateus LADF. Parasitism by argulids (Crustacea: Branchiura) in piranhas (Osteichthyes: Serrasalmidae) captured in the Caiçara bays, upper Paraguay River, Pantanal, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252012005000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 446 fishes were analyzed: 190 Pygocentrus nattereri, 193 Serrasalmus maculatus, and 63 S. marginatus.They were captured in two bays, upper and lower Caiçara, in the upper Paraguay River basin, during one hydrological cycle from May 2008 to April 2009. Six species of Branchiura were found: Dolops bidentata, D. longicauda, Dolops sp., Argulus multicolor, A. chicomendesi, and Dipteropeltis hirundo. All fish species were infested by more than one species of Branchiura and the overall prevalence was 33.4%. The following prevalences were observed: 52.6% in P. nattereri; 20.3% in S. maculatus, and 15.8% in S. marginatus. The relative condition factor (Kn) differed significantly between parasitized and non parasitized individuals only in P. nattereri and S. maculatus. There was no correlation between Kn and abundance of parasites nor between body length (Ls) and intensity of infestation, in all three host species.
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Poore GCB. The nomenclature of the recent Pentastomida (Crustacea), with a list of species and available names. Syst Parasitol 2012; 82:211-40. [PMID: 22711510 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-012-9363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomy of the Recent members of the crustacean subclass Pentastomida is based on nine accepted family names derived from 12 available names, 24 generic names derived from 37 available names (plus two incorrect subsequent spellings and one nomen nudum) and 124 accepted species names derived from 183 available names of which six remain incertae sedis as to their generic assignment. Compilation of this list has revealed that existing catalogues have included misspellings, wrong attributions and dates of the authors of taxa, and incorrectly nominated type-species. These are corrected here with reference to the original descriptions and diagnoses. Notably, all families except one were erected much earlier and by authors other than Fain (1961), who was credited by Martin & Davis (2001) and other authors before and afterwards with seven of the nine families they recognised. Other significant taxonomic anomalies are revealed. Raillietiellidae Sambon, 1922 is a senior synonym of Cephalobaenidae Heymons, 1922, the name in popular usage for the family including Cephalobaena Heymons, 1922 and Raillietiella Sambon, in Vaney & Sambon, 1910; here the two genera are placed in separate families following Almeida & Christoffersen (1999). Heymonsia Hett, 1934, considered a junior synonym of Raillietiella, is a nomen nudum. Raillietiella geckonis (Diesing, 1850) is a potential senior synonym of several SE Asian species of this genus. Raillietiella frenata Ali, Riley & Self, 1981 is a widely used species name but is a subjective junior synonym of R. hebitihamata Self & Kuntz, 1960 according to its own authors. Morphological and molecular evidence suggest that R. indica Gedoelst, 1921 is a subjective senior synonym of both species. The priority of Linguatulidae Haldeman, 1851 over Linguatulida Vogt, 1851, erected as a family in the same year, is established by applying the First Reviser rule. Linguatula serrata Frölich, 1789 is herein selected as the type-species of Prionoderma, making it an objective synonym of Linguatula Frölich, 1789. The priority of L. serrata over Taenia rhinaris Meyer, 1789 and T.capraea Abildgaard, 1789, all published in the same year, is established by applying the First Reviser rule. The purported synonymy of Netrorhynchus Zenker, 1827, also misspelled Nettorhynchus, with Armillifer Sambon, 1922 would seem to be ill-founded and without popular support. Armillifer australis Heymons, 1935, published as a subspecies of A. moniliformis (Diesing, 1836), is both a senior synonym and a homonym of A. australis Riley & Self, 1981. Humboldt (1812) is confirmed as the author of Porocephalus Humboldt, 1812 and P. crotali Humboldt, 1812. Pentastomidae Shipley, 1909 is an older family name than its subjective synonym Porocephalinae Sambon, 1922, but prevailing usage allows the latter to be retained as a family name. Cayerina mirabilis Kishida, 1927 is a genus and species from a Japanese frog that has not appeared in the more recent pentastome literature. Sebekia minor (Wedl, 1861) is an objective senior synonym of the more widely used S. wedli Gigioli, in Sambon, 1922. The importance of the many junior synonyms will become evident should refined morphological and molecular evidence reveal cryptic species or greater host-specificity than presently recognised.
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Abstract
Arthropods are the most diverse group of animals and have been so since the Cambrian radiation. They belong to the protostome clade Ecdysozoa, with Onychophora (velvet worms) as their most likely sister group and tardigrades (water bears) the next closest relative. The arthropod tree of life can be interpreted as a five-taxon network, containing Pycnogonida, Euchelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, and Hexapoda, the last two forming the clade Tetraconata or Pancrustacea. The unrooted relationship of Tetraconata to the three other lineages is well established, but of three possible rooting positions the Mandibulata hypothesis receives the most support. Novel approaches to studying anatomy with noninvasive three-dimensional reconstruction techniques, the application of these techniques to new and old fossils, and the so-called next-generation sequencing techniques are at the forefront of understanding arthropod relationships. Cambrian fossils assigned to the arthropod stem group inform on the origin of arthropod characters from a lobopodian ancestry. Monophyly of Pycnogonida, Euchelicerata, Myriapoda, Tetraconata, and Hexapoda is well supported, but the interrelationships of arachnid orders and the details of crustacean paraphyly with respect to Hexapoda remain the major unsolved phylogenetic problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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Koehsler M, Walochnik J, Georgopoulos M, Pruente C, Boeckeler W, Auer H, Barisani-Asenbauer T. Linguatula serrata tongue worm in human eye, Austria. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:870-2. [PMID: 21529398 PMCID: PMC3321759 DOI: 10.3201/eid1705.100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Linguatula serrata, the so-called tongue worm, is a worm-like,
bloodsucking parasite belonging to the Pentastomida group. Infections with
L. serrata tongue worms are rare in Europe. We describe a
case of ocular linguatulosis in central Europe and provide molecular data on
L. serrata tongue worms.
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Wadeh H, Alsarakibi M, Li G. Analysis of genetic variability within Argulus japonicus from representatives of Africa, Middle East, and Asia revealed by sequences of three mitochondrial DNA genes. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:547-53. [PMID: 20454804 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the genetic variability within fish louse Argulus japonicus (Crustacea: Branchiura) from Africa, Middle East, and Asia by polymerase chain reaction in three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, namely, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 and 4 (nad1 and nad4). Six different sequences from a portion of the cox1 gene (pcox1) and a portion of the nad1 and nad4 genes (pnad1 and pnad4) for ten adult specimens from infected fish in China, Egypt, and Syria were amplified separately from individual and the amplicons were subjected to direct sequencing. A + T percentages were 68.8-69% for pcox1, 77.1-77.6% for pnad1, and 60.4-60.9% for pnad4. Among all the collected parasites, A. japonicus sequence variations were 0.0-1.9% for cox1, 0.0-2.3% for nad1, and 0.0-0.8% for nad4. In rivers, sequence variations among all individuals were 0.4-0.8% for cox1, 1.0-2.3% for nad1, and 0.4-0.8% for nad4, while sequence variations among all the collected parasites in fish farms were 0.6-1.9% for cox1, 0.0-1.7% for nad1, and 0.2-0.6% for nad4. The nad1 was the most variable gene among selected markers, while nad4 was a more conserved gene than cox1. All isolates of A. japonicus were sister to Argulus americanus in phylogenetic tree and they grouped together in one sub-clade, while isolates from China and Egypt fish farms were closely clustered together. However, moderate genetic drift and slight mutation could be observed among A. japonicus individuals. These findings demonstrated the convenience and attributes of the three selected mtDNA sequences for population genetic studies of A. japonicus where nad1 is a new and reliable marker to detect the sequence variation among A. japonicus individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Wadeh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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24
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Møller OS, Olesen J. The little-known Dipteropeltis hirundo Calman, 1912 (Crustacea, Branchiura): SEM investigations of paratype material in light of recent phylogenetic analyses. Exp Parasitol 2010; 125:30-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Sanders KL, Lee MSY. Arthropod molecular divergence times and the Cambrian origin of pentastomids. SYST BIODIVERS 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000903562012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Röhlig D, Dunlop JA, Grau JH, Friederichs A. An annotated catalogue of the tongue worms (Pentastomida) held in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin. ZOOSYST EVOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zoos.200900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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27
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Edgecombe GD. Arthropod phylogeny: an overview from the perspectives of morphology, molecular data and the fossil record. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2010; 39:74-87. [PMID: 19854297 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Monophyly of Arthropoda is emphatically supported from both morphological and molecular perspectives. Recent work finds Onychophora rather than Tardigrada to be the closest relatives of arthropods. The status of tardigrades as panarthropods (rather than cycloneuralians) is contentious from the perspective of phylogenomic data. A grade of Cambrian taxa in the arthropod stem group includes gilled lobopodians, dinocaridids (e.g., anomalocaridids), fuxianhuiids and canadaspidids that inform on character acquisition between Onychophora and the arthropod crown group. A sister group relationship between Crustacea (itself likely paraphyletic) and Hexapoda is retrieved by diverse kinds of molecular data and is well supported by neuroanatomy. This clade, Tetraconata, can be dated to the early Cambrian by crown group-type mandibles. The rival Atelocerata hypothesis (Myriapoda+Hexapoda) has no molecular support. The basal node in the arthropod crown group is embroiled in a controversy over whether myriapods unite with chelicerates (Paradoxopoda or Myriochelata) or with crustaceans and hexapods (Mandibulata). Both groups find some molecular and morphological support, though Mandibulata is presently the stronger morphological hypothesis. Either hypothesis forces an unsampled ghost lineage for Myriapoda from the Cambrian to the mid Silurian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Edgecombe
- Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK.
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Jenner RA. Higher-level crustacean phylogeny: consensus and conflicting hypotheses. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2010; 39:143-153. [PMID: 19944189 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of current hypotheses of higher-level crustacean phylogeny in order to assist and help focus further research. It concentrates on hypotheses proposed or debated in the recent literature based on morphological, molecular and combined evidence phylogenetic analyses. It can be concluded that crustacean phylogeny remains essentially unresolved. Conflict is rife, irrespective of whether one compares different morphological studies, molecular studies, or both. Using the number of recently proposed alternative sister group hypotheses for each of the major tetraconatan taxa as a rough estimate of phylogenetic uncertainty, it can be concluded that the phylogenetic position of Malacostraca remains the most problematic, closely followed by Branchiopoda, Cephalocarida, Remipedia, Ostracoda, Branchiura, Copepoda and Hexapoda. Future progress will depend upon a broader taxon sampling in molecular analyses, and the further exploration of new molecular phylogenetic markers. However, the need for continued revision and expansion of morphological datasets remains undiminished given the conspicuous lack of agreement between molecules and morphology for positioning several taxa. In view of the unparalleled morphological diversity of Crustacea, and the likely nesting of Hexapoda somewhere within Crustacea, working out a detailed phylogeny of Tetraconata is a crucial step towards understanding arthropod body plan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Jenner
- Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK.
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