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Martin C, Hering L, Metzendorf N, Hormann S, Kasten S, Fuhrmann S, Werckenthin A, Herberg FW, Stengl M, Mayer G. Analysis of Pigment-Dispersing Factor Neuropeptides and Their Receptor in a Velvet Worm. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:273. [PMID: 32477266 PMCID: PMC7235175 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides (PDFs) occur in a wide range of protostomes including ecdysozoans (= molting animals) and lophotrochozoans (mollusks, annelids, flatworms, and allies). Studies in insects revealed that PDFs play a role as coupling factors of circadian pacemaker cells, thereby controlling rest-activity rhythms. While the last common ancestor of protostomes most likely possessed only one pdf gene, two pdf homologs, pdf-I and pdf-II, might have been present in the last common ancestors of Ecdysozoa and Panarthropoda (Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda). One of these homologs, however, was subsequently lost in the tardigrade and arthropod lineages followed by independent duplications of pdf-I in tardigrades and decapod crustaceans. Due to the ancestral set of two pdf genes, the study of PDFs and their receptor (PDFR) in Onychophora might reveal the ancient organization and function of the PDF/PDFR system in panarthropods. Therefore, we deorphanized the PDF receptor and generated specific antibodies to localize the two PDF peptides and their receptor in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. We further conducted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments on cultured human cells (HEK293T) using an Epac-based sensor (Epac-L) to examine cAMP responses in transfected cells and to reveal potential differences in the interaction of PDF-I and PDF-II with PDFR from E. rowelli. These data show that PDF-II has a tenfold higher potency than PDF-I as an activating ligand. Double immunolabeling revealed that both peptides are co-expressed in E. rowelli but their respective levels of expression differ between specific cells: some neurons express the same amount of both peptides, while others exhibit higher levels of either PDF-I or PDF-II. The detection of the onychophoran PDF receptor in cells that additionally express the two PDF peptides suggests autoreception, whereas spatial separation of PDFR- and PDF-expressing cells supports hormonal release of PDF into the hemolymph. This suggests a dual role of PDF peptides-as hormones and as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators-in Onychophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Martin
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Lars Hering
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Niklas Metzendorf
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sarah Hormann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sonja Kasten
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sonja Fuhrmann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Achim Werckenthin
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Monika Stengl
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Georg Mayer
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Mayer G, Hering L, Stosch JM, Stevenson PA, Dircksen H. Evolution of pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides in panarthropoda: Insights from onychophora (velvet worms) and tardigrada (water bears). J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1865-85. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Mayer
- Animal Evolution and Development; Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig; D-04103 Leipzig Germany
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Biology, University of Kassel; D-34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Lars Hering
- Animal Evolution and Development; Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig; D-04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Juliane M. Stosch
- Animal Evolution and Development; Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig; D-04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Paul A. Stevenson
- Physiology of Animals and Behavior; Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig; D-04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Heinrich Dircksen
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; S-10691 Stockholm Sweden
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Uryu O, Karpova SG, Tomioka K. The clock gene cycle plays an important role in the circadian clock of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:697-704. [PMID: 23665334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To dissect the molecular oscillatory mechanism of the circadian clock in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, we have cloned a cDNA of the clock gene cycle (Gb'cyc) and analyzed its structure and function. Gb'cyc contains four functional domains, i.e. bHLH, PAS-A, PAS-B and BCTR domains, and is expressed rhythmically in light dark cycles, peaking at mid night. The RNA interference (RNAi) of Clock (Gb'Clk) and period (Gb'per) reduced the Gb'cyc mRNA levels and abolished the rhythmic expression, suggesting that the rhythmic expression of Gb'cyc is regulated by a mechanism including Gb'Clk and Gb'per. These features are more similar to those of mammalian orthologue of cyc (Bmal1) than those of Drosophila cyc. A single treatment with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of Gb'cyc effectively knocked down the Gb'cyc mRNA level and abolished its rhythmic expression. The cyc RNAi failed to disrupt the locomotor rhythm, but lengthened its free-running period in constant darkness (DD). It is thus likely that Gb'cyc is involved in the circadian clock machinery of the cricket. The cyc RNAi crickets showed a rhythmic expression of Gb'per and timeless (Gb'tim) in the optic lobe in DD, explaining the persistence of the locomotor rhythm. Surprisingly, cyc RNAi revealed a rhythmic expression of Gb'Clk in DD which is otherwise rather constitutively expressed in the optic lobe. These facts suggest that the cricket might have a unique clock oscillatory mechanism in which both Gb'cyc and Gb'Clk are rhythmically controlled and that under abundant expression of Gb'cyc the rhythmic expression of Gb'Clk may be concealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outa Uryu
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Závodská R, Fexová S, von Wowern G, Han GB, Dolezel D, Sauman I. Is the sex communication of two pyralid moths, Plodia interpunctella and Ephestia kuehniella, under circadian clock regulation? J Biol Rhythms 2012; 27:206-16. [PMID: 22653889 DOI: 10.1177/0748730412440689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Females of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, and females of the Mediterranean flour month, Ephestia kuehniella (both Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), exhibit daily rhythms in calling behavior. The peak in P. interpunctella calling occurs at dusk, whereas E. kuehniella calls preferentially at dawn. This behavior turned arrhythmic in P. interpunctella females in constant darkness (DD) and remained arrhythmic in constant light (LL), whereas E. kuehniella females showed a persistent rhythm in DD and suppression of the behavior in LL, indicating regulation by a circadian clock mechanism. The rhythm of male locomotor activity corresponded well with the sexual activity of females, reaching the peak at dusk in P. interpunctella and at dawn in E. kuehniella. An immunohistochemical study of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, corazonin, and pigment dispersing factor revealed distinct sets of neurons in the brain-subesophageal complex and in the neurohemal organs of the 2 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Závodská
- Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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Strauß J, Zhang Q, Verleyen P, Huybrechts J, Neupert S, Predel R, Pauwels K, Dircksen H. Pigment-dispersing hormone in Daphnia interneurons, one type homologous to insect clock neurons displaying circadian rhythmicity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3403-23. [PMID: 21365282 PMCID: PMC11115014 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report identification of a beta-type pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) identical in two water flea species, Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex. It has been identified by cloning of precursors, chromatographic isolation from tissue extracts followed by immunoassays and de novo-mass spectrometric sequencing. The peptide is restricted to a complex system of distinct interneurons in the brain and visual ganglia, but does not occur in neurosecretory cells projecting to neurohemal organs as in decapod crustaceans. Thirteen neuron types individually identified and reconstructed by immunohistochemistry were almost identical in terms of positions and projection patterns in both species. Several neurons invade and form plexuses in visual ganglia and major brain neuropils including the central body. Five neuron types show contralateral pathways and form plexuses in the lateral, dorsal, or postlateral brain neuropils. Others are local interneurons, and a tritocerebral neuron connects the protocerebrum with the neuropil of the locomotory second antenna. Two visual ganglia neuron types lateral to the medulla closely resemble insect medulla lateral circadian clock neurons containing pigment-dispersing factor based upon positional and projectional criteria. Experiments under 12:12 h light/dark cycles and constant light or darkness conditions showed significant circadian changes in numbers and activities of one type of medulla lateral PDH neuron with an acrophase in the evening. This simple PDH system shows striking homologies to PDH systems in decapod crustaceans and well-known clock neurons in several insects, which suggests evolutionary conservation of an ancient peptidergic interneuronal system that is part of biological clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Strauß
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18A, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qian Zhang
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Institute of Anatomy II, J.-W. Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Susanne Neupert
- Institute of General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Predel
- Institute of General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Kevin Pauwels
- Department of Biology, K. U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heinrich Dircksen
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18A, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Fouda MMA, Hiragaki S, Tufail M, Shao QM, Takeda M. Precursor structure, distribution and possible functions of pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:1728-1737. [PMID: 20637211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) is an 18 amino acid neuropeptide that induces pigment migration in Decapoda and serves as a circadian neurotransmitter in the locomotor activity rhythm in Drosophila. In this study, a cDNA encoding PDH was cloned from adult brains of the pill bug, Armadillidium vulgare (Av). The cDNA comprising 529 bp encodes a peptide (AvPDH) that consists of a putative 26 amino acid signal peptide, and a 34 amino acid PDH-precursor-related peptide containing an 18 amino acid mature peptide. The peptide shows a high sequence identity (55-77%) to crustacean β-PDHs and insect PDFs. The tissue-specific expression pattern was examined by reverse transcription PCR. The transcript is expressed in the brain strongly and ventral nerve cord weakly, but the signal was not detected in the intestinal tract. A similar expression profile appeared in Western blot analyses. Western blot analyses with timed samples showed more intense expression of PDH-like antigen at night. PDH-like immunohistochemical reactivity (PDH-ir) was detected in the optic lobe, anteromedian protocerebrum, accessory lobe, tritocerebrum, and suboesophageal ganglion but the reactivity was faint or nil in the pseudofrontal organ (sinus gland). These results were substantiated by in situ hybridization. Co-localization using anti-Gryllus bimaculatus (Gb)-PDF, anti-Bombyx mori (Bm)-CLK, and anti-Bm-CYC showed a co-localization of these antigens in the optic lobe and SOG. The results provide the first structural and immunocytochemical identification of PDH neurons in terrestrial isopods, and the co-localization of PDH with CLK and CYC supports its possible involvement in circadian clock. A day/night rhythm of PDH content is also a new feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Mohamed Ali Fouda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657 8501, Japan.
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Meelkop E, Temmerman L, Schoofs L, Janssen T. Signalling through pigment dispersing hormone-like peptides in invertebrates. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 93:125-47. [PMID: 21040756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During recent decades, several research teams engaged in unraveling the molecular structure and the physiological significance of pigment dispersing hormone-like peptides, particularly with respect to colour change and biological rhythms. In this review, we first summarise the entire history of pigment dispersing hormone-like peptide research, thus providing a stepping stone for those who are curious about this growing area of interest. Next, we try to bring order in the plethora of experimental data on the molecular structure of the various peptides and receptors and also discuss immunolocalization, time-related expression and suggested functions in crustaceans, insects and nematodes. In addition, a brief comparison with the vertebrate system is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meelkop
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Zoological Institute, K.U. Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Boerjan B, Verleyen P, Huybrechts J, Schoofs L, De Loof A. In search for a common denominator for the diverse functions of arthropod corazonin: a role in the physiology of stress? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 166:222-33. [PMID: 19748506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Corazonin (Crz) is an 11 amino acid C-terminally amidated neuropeptide that has been identified in most arthropods examined with the notable exception of beetles and an aphid. The Crz-receptor shares sequence similarity to the GnRH-AKH receptor family thus suggesting an ancestral function related to the control of reproduction and metabolism. In 1989, Crz was purified and identified as a potent cardioaccelerating agent in cockroaches (hence the Crz name based on "corazon", the Spanish word for "heart"). Since the initial assignment as a cardioacceleratory peptide, additional functions have been discovered, ranging from pigment migration in the integument of crustaceans and in the eye of locusts, melanization of the locust cuticle, ecdysis initiation and in various aspects of gregarization in locusts. The high degree of structural conservation of Crz, its well-conserved (immuno)-localization, mainly in specific neurosecretory cells in the pars lateralis, and its many functions, suggest that Crz is vital. Yet, Crz-deficient insects develop normally. Upon reexamining all known effects of Crz, a hypothesis was developed that the evolutionary ancient function of Crz may have been "to prepare animals for coping with the environmental stressors of the day". This function would then complement the role of pigment-dispersing factor (PDF), the prime hormonal effector of the clock, which is thought "to set a coping mechanism for the night".
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Boerjan
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, K.U. Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Nuss AB, Forschler BT, Crim JW, TeBrugge V, Pohl J, Brown MR. Molecular characterization of neuropeptide F from the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Peptides 2010; 31:419-28. [PMID: 19747517 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide F (NPF)-like immunoreactivity was previously found to be abundant in the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes. Purification of the NPF from a whole body extract of worker termites was accomplished in the current study by HPLC and heterologous radioimmunoassay for an NPF-related peptide, Helicoverpa zea Midgut Peptide-I. A partial amino acid sequence allowed determination of the corresponding cDNA that encoded an open reading frame deduced for authentic R. flavipes NPF (Ref NPF): KPSDPEQLADTLKYLEELDRFYSQVARPRFa. Effects of synthetic NPFs on muscle contractions were investigated for isolated foreguts and hindguts of workers, with Drm NPF inhibiting spontaneous contractions of hindguts. Phylogenetic analysis of invertebrate NPF sequences reveals two separate groupings, with Ref NPF occurring within a clade composed exclusively of arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Nuss
- Department of Entomology, 413 Biological Sciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2603, USA.
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Veenstra JA. Does corazonin signal nutritional stress in insects? INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 39:755-762. [PMID: 19815069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The undecapeptide corazonin, initially discovered from the American cockroach as a strong cardioaccelerator, is now known to be ubiquitously present in arthropods, although it is absent from some species, notably Coleoptera. The structure of its precursor is similar to the GnRH precursor, while it acts through a receptor related to the GnRH receptor; corazonin thus appears to be an arthropod homolog of GnRH. It is produced by neuroendocrine cells in the brain, as well as interneurons in the ventral nerve cord. These two cell types are generally present in insects; in most species there are also other neurons producing corazonin. Its function in insects has remained obscure; its cardioacceleratory effects are limited to a few cockroach species, while in other species different physiological effects have been described. Most spectacularly it induces changes associated with the gregarious phase in migratory locusts and in the silkworm it reduces the size of the cocoon formed. Corazonin is able to induce ecdysis in two moth species, however locusts and flies in which the corazonin gene is no longer expressed, ecdyse normally and, hence, it is not clear whether corazonin is essential for ecdysis. As the corazonin neuroendocrine cells in the brain express receptors for two midgut peptides, it seems likely that their activity is modulated by the midgut endocrine cells. I propose that in insects corazonin might be released under conditions of nutritional stress, which can explain several of the observed physiological effects of this neurohormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Veenstra
- Université de Bordeaux, CNIC UMR 5228 CNRS, Talence, France.
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Závodská R, Wen CJ, Sehnal F, Hrdý I, Lee HJ, Sauman I. Corazonin- and PDF-immunoreactivities in the cephalic ganglia of termites. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 55:441-449. [PMID: 19073190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Antisera against the pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) and corazonin (Crz) reacted with distinct sets of neurons in the cephalic ganglia of termites. The locations of immunoreactive cells were similar but their numbers differed among the eight species examined: PDF-ir occurred in 0-6 cells in each optic lobe and 1-2 pairs of cells in the subosophageal ganglion (SOG), and Crz-ir in 0-2 pairs of cells in the pars intecerebralis, 3-14 cells in each lateral protocerebrum, and 0-6 pairs of cells in the SOG. Staining patterns were identical in the pseudergates, soldiers, and substitutive reproductives of Prorhinotermes simplex. Workers and soldiers were compared in the remaining 7 species. The only caste divergence was detected in Coptotermes formosanus, in which the soldiers differed from the workers by lack of 4 Crz-ir perikarya in the pars intercerebralis and occasionally also by the absence of 2 Crz-ir perikarya in the SOG. Diurnal changes in PDF-ir and Crz-ir were examined in P. simplex kept under long day (18:6h light:darkness) or short day (10:14 h) photoperiods. No circadian fluctuations in the distribution or the intensity of immunostaining were found in the pseudergates and soldiers that were sacrificed in 4h intervals or in the male and female substitutive reproductives examined in 6h intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Závodská
- University of South Bohemia, Jeronýmova 10, Ceské Budĕjovice 371 15, Czech Republic.
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