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Schendel V, Müller CHG, Kenning M, Maxwell M, Jenner RA, Undheim EAB, Sombke A. The venom and telopodal defence systems of the centipede Lithobius forficatus are functionally convergent serial homologues. BMC Biol 2024; 22:135. [PMID: 38867210 PMCID: PMC11170834 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolution of novelty is a central theme in evolutionary biology, yet studying the origins of traits with an apparently discontinuous origin remains a major challenge. Venom systems are a well-suited model for the study of this phenomenon because they capture several aspects of novelty across multiple levels of biological complexity. However, while there is some knowledge on the evolution of individual toxins, not much is known about the evolution of venom systems as a whole. One way of shedding light on the evolution of new traits is to investigate less specialised serial homologues, i.e. repeated traits in an organism that share a developmental origin. This approach can be particularly informative in animals with repetitive body segments, such as centipedes. RESULTS Here, we investigate morphological and biochemical aspects of the defensive telopodal glandular organs borne on the posterior legs of venomous stone centipedes (Lithobiomorpha), using a multimethod approach, including behavioural observations, comparative morphology, proteomics, comparative transcriptomics and molecular phylogenetics. We show that the anterior venom system and posterior telopodal defence system are functionally convergent serial homologues, where one (telopodal defence) represents a model for the putative early evolutionary state of the other (venom). Venom glands and telopodal glandular organs appear to have evolved from the same type of epidermal gland (four-cell recto-canal type) and while the telopodal defensive secretion shares a great degree of compositional overlap with centipede venoms in general, these similarities arose predominantly through convergent recruitment of distantly related toxin-like components. Both systems are composed of elements predisposed to functional innovation across levels of biological complexity that range from proteins to glands, demonstrating clear parallels between molecular and morphological traits in the properties that facilitate the evolution of novelty. CONCLUSIONS The evolution of the lithobiomorph telopodal defence system provides indirect empirical support for the plausibility of the hypothesised evolutionary origin of the centipede venom system, which occurred through functional innovation and gradual specialisation of existing epidermal glands. Our results thus exemplify how continuous transformation and functional innovation can drive the apparent discontinuous emergence of novelties on higher levels of biological complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schendel
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Carsten H G Müller
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Strasse 26, Greifswald, 17489, Germany
| | - Matthes Kenning
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Strasse 26, Greifswald, 17489, Germany
| | - Michael Maxwell
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Eivind A B Undheim
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway.
| | - Andy Sombke
- Centre for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Austria.
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Rost-Roszkowska M, Poprawa I, Chajec Ł, Chachulska-Żymełka A, Leśniewska M, Student S. Effects of short- and long-term exposure to cadmium on salivary glands and fat body of soil centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda, Chilopoda): Histology and ultrastructure. Micron 2020; 137:102915. [PMID: 32652474 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2020.102915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is the most widely studied heavy metal in terms of food-chain accumulation and contamination because it can strongly affect all environments (e.g., soil, water, air). It can accumulate in different tissues and organs and can affect the organism at different levels of organization: from organs, tissues and cells though cell organelles and structures to activation of mechanisms of survival and cell death. In soil-dwelling organisms heavy metals gather in all tissues with accumulation properties: midgut, salivary glands, fat body. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of cadmium on the soil species Lithobius forficatus, mainly on two organs responsible for gathering different substances, the fat body and salivary glands, at the ultrastructural level. Changes caused by cadmium short- and long-term intoxication, connected with cell death (autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis), and the crosstalk between them, were analyzed. Adult specimens of L. forficatus were collected in a natural environment and divided into three experimental groups: C (the control group), Cd1 (cultured in soil with 80 mg/kg of CdCl2 for 12 days) and Cd2 (cultured in soil with 80 mg/kg of CdCl2 for 45 days). Transmission electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural alterations in both of the organs analyzed (reduction in the amount of reserve material, the appearance of vacuoles, etc.). Qualitative analysis using TUNEL assay revealed distinct crosstalk between autophagy and necrosis in the fat body adipocytes, while crosstalk between autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis in the salivary glands was detected in salivary glands of the centipedes examined here. We conclude that different organs in the body can react differently to the same stressor, as well as to the same concentration and time of exposure. Different mechanisms at the ultrastructural level activate different types of cell death and with different dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rost-Roszkowska
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Izabela Poprawa
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Chajec
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Alina Chachulska-Żymełka
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Leśniewska
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of General Zoology, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sebastian Student
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Akademicka 16, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Silesian University of Technology, Biotechnology Centre, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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3
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Rost-Roszkowska M, Poprawa I, Chajec Ł, Chachulska-Żymełka A, Wilczek G, Wilczek P, Student S, Skowronek M, Nadgórska-Socha A, Leśniewska M. Influence of soil contaminated with cadmium on cell death in the digestive epithelium of soil centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda, Chilopoda). THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1757168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Rost-Roszkowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - I. Poprawa
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ł. Chajec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - A. Chachulska-Żymełka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - G. Wilczek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - P. Wilczek
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Heart Prosthesis Institute, Zabrze, Poland
| | - S. Student
- Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - M. Skowronek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - A. Nadgórska-Socha
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - M. Leśniewska
- Department of General Zoology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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4
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Rost-Roszkowska MM, Vilimová J, Tajovský K, Chachulska-Żymełka A, Sosinka A, Kszuk-Jendrysik M, Ostróżka A, Kaszuba F. Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Midgut Epithelium of Millipedes. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:1004-1016. [PMID: 31106722 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761900059x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The process of autophagy has been detected in the midgut epithelium of four millipede species: Julus scandinavius, Polyxenus lagurus, Archispirostreptus gigas, and Telodeinopus aoutii. It has been examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which enabled differentiation of cells in the midgut epithelium, and some histochemical methods (light microscope and fluorescence microscope). While autophagy appeared in the cytoplasm of digestive, secretory, and regenerative cells in J. scandinavius and A. gigas, in the two other species, T. aoutii and P. lagurus, it was only detected in the digestive cells. Both types of macroautophagy, the selective and nonselective processes, are described using TEM. Phagophore formation appeared as the first step of autophagy. After its blind ends fusion, the autophagosomes were formed. The autophagosomes fused with lysosomes and were transformed into autolysosomes. As the final step of autophagy, the residual bodies were detected. Autophagic structures can be removed from the midgut epithelium via, e.g., atypical exocytosis. Additionally, in P. lagurus and J. scandinavius, it was observed as the neutralization of pathogens such as Rickettsia-like microorganisms. Autophagy and apoptosis ca be analyzed using TEM, while specific histochemical methods may confirm it.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rost-Roszkowska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology,University of Silesia in Katowice,Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice,Poland
| | - J Vilimová
- Department of Zoology,Charles University, Faculty of Science,Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2,Czech Republic
| | - K Tajovský
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre CAS,Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 České Budějovice,Czech Republic
| | - A Chachulska-Żymełka
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology,University of Silesia in Katowice,Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice,Poland
| | - A Sosinka
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology,University of Silesia in Katowice,Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice,Poland
| | - M Kszuk-Jendrysik
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology,University of Silesia in Katowice,Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice,Poland
| | - A Ostróżka
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology,University of Silesia in Katowice,Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice,Poland
| | - F Kaszuba
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology,University of Silesia in Katowice,Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice,Poland
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Kamińska K, Lipovšek S, Kaszuba F, Rost-Roszkowska M. Ultrastructure of the fat body in the soil centipedes Lithobius forficatus (Lithobiidae) and Geophilus flavus (Geophilidae) according to their seasonal rhythms. ZOOL ANZ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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The role of autophagy in the midgut epithelium of Parachela (Tardigrada). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2018; 137:501-509. [PMID: 30524174 PMCID: PMC6244646 DOI: 10.1007/s00435-018-0407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The process of cell death has been detected in the midgut epithelium of four tardigrade species which belong to Parachela: Macrobiotus diversus, Macrobiotus polonicus, Hypsibius dujardini and Xerobiotus pseudohufelandi. They originated from different environments so they have been affected by different stressors: M. polonicus was extracted from a moss sample collected from a railway embankment; M. diversus was extracted from a moss sample collected from a petrol station; X. pseudohufelandi originated from sandy and dry soil samples collected from a pine forest; H. dujardini was obtained commercially but it lives in a freshwater or even in wet terrestrial environment. Autophagy is caused in the digestive cells of the midgut epithelium by different factors. However, a distinct crosstalk between autophagy and necrosis in tardigrades' digestive system has been described at the ultrastructural level. Apoptosis has not been detected in the midgut epithelium of analyzed species. We also determined that necrosis is the major process that is responsible for the degeneration of the midgut epithelium of tardigrades, and "apoptosis-necrosis continuum" which is the relationship between these two processes, is disrupted.
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Rost-Roszkowska M, Vilimová J, Tajovský K, Šustr V, Sosinka A, Kszuk-Jendrysik M, Ostróżka A, Kaszuba F, Kamińska K, Marchewka A. The ultrastructure of the hepatic cells in millipedes (Myriapoda, Diplopoda). ZOOL ANZ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Rost-Roszkowska MM, Kszuk-Jendrysik M, Marchewka A, Poprawa I. Fine structure of the midgut epithelium in the millipede Telodeinopus aoutii (Myriapoda, Diplopoda) with special emphasis on epithelial regeneration. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:43-55. [PMID: 28612274 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The midgut of millipedes is composed of a simple epithelium that rests on a basal lamina, which is surrounded by visceral muscles and hepatic cells. As the material for our studies, we chose Telodeinopus aoutii (Demange, 1971) (Kenyan millipede) (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida), which lives in the rain forests of Central Africa. This commonly reared species is easy to obtain from local breeders and easy to culture in the laboratory. During our studies, we used transmission and scanning electron microscopes and light and fluorescent microscopes. The midgut epithelium of the species examined here shares similarities to the structure of the millipedes analyzed to date. The midgut epithelium is composed of three types of cells-digestive, secretory, and regenerative cells. Evidence of three types of secretion have been observed in the midgut epithelium: merocrine, apocrine, and microapocrine secretion. The regenerative cells of the midgut epithelium in millipedes fulfill the role of midgut stem cells because of their main functions: self-renewal (the ability to divide mitotically and to maintain in an undifferentiated state) and potency (ability to differentiate into digestive cells). We also confirmed that spot desmosomes are common intercellular junctions between the regenerative and digestive cells in millipedes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rost-Roszkowska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
| | - M Kszuk-Jendrysik
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - A Marchewka
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - I Poprawa
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
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9
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Liu L, Hua BZ. Ultrastructure of the larval midgut of Bittacus planus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) and Neopanorpa longiprocessa (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Tissue Cell 2017; 49:622-631. [PMID: 28823837 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bittacidae and Panorpidae are the two largest families in Mecoptera. The larvae of Bittacidae are different from those of Panorpidae in external morphology and habits, and have an interesting habit of spraying the body surface with soil through the anus. However, it remains unknown to date whether the larval midguts are different in structure between the two families. Here the ultrastructure of the larval midguts of the hangingfly Bittacus planus Cheng and the scorpionfly Neopanorpa longiprocessa Hua & Chou were compared using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The midguts of both species are simple tubes of single layered epithelia with digestive and regenerative cells but without diverticula. The basal plasma membrane of epithelial cells exhibits infolding in B. planus, but is closely apposed to its basal lamina in N. longiprocessa. Lymph spaces are present between adjacent epithelial cells in B. planus, but are absent in N. longiprocessa. The regenerative cells are scattered among the digestive cells in B. planus, but are aggregated in N. longiprocessa. The longitudinal muscle bands are compact in B. planus, but are sparse in N. longiprocessa. The compact longitudinal muscle bands are likely associated with their soil-spraying habit in Bittacidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Education Ministry, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bao-Zhen Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of the Education Ministry, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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10
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Kamińska K, Włodarczyk A, Sonakowska L, Ostróżka A, Marchewka A, Rost-Roszkowska M. Ultrastructure of the salivary glands in Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda, Chilopoda, Lithobiidae) according to seasonal and circadian rhythms. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2016; 45:536-551. [PMID: 27671869 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The salivary glands (mandibular epidermal glands) of adult males and females of Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda, Chilopoda) were isolated during spring, summer and autumn. In addition, the organs were isolated at different times of the day - at about 12:00 (noon) and about 00:00 (midnight). The ultrastructure of these organs depending on seasonal and circadian rhythms was analyzed using transmission and scanning electron microscopy and histochemical methods. The paired salivary glands of L. forficatus are situated in the vicinity of the foregut and they are formed by numerous acini that are surrounded by the fat body, hemocytes and tracheolae. The salivary glands are composed of a terminal acinar component and a system of tubular ducts that are lined with a cuticle. The glandular part is composed of secretory epithelial cells that are at various stages of their secretory activity. The saliva that is produced by the secretory cells of the acini is secreted into the salivary ducts, which are lined with a simple epithelium that is based on the non-cellular basal lamina. The ultrastructural variations suggest that salivary glands function differently depending on seasonal rhythms and prepare the animal for overwintering. Therefore, the salivary glands of the centipedes that were analyzed participate in the accumulation of proteins, lipids and polysaccharides during the spring, summer and autumn. Subtle differences in the ultrastructure of the secretory cells of the salivary glands during the circadian cycle must be related to the physiological reactions of the organism. The salivary ducts showed no differences in the specimens that were analyzed during the day/night cycle or during the seasonal cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kamińska
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - A Włodarczyk
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - L Sonakowska
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - A Ostróżka
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - A Marchewka
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - M Rost-Roszkowska
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
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Rost-Roszkowska MM, Chajec Ł, Vilimova J, Tajovský K. Apoptosis and necrosis during the circadian cycle in the centipede midgut. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1051-1061. [PMID: 26277351 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three types of cells have been distinguished in the midgut epithelium of two centipedes, Lithobius forficatus and Scolopendra cingulata: digestive, secretory, and regenerative cells. According to the results of our previous studies, we decided to analyze the relationship between apoptosis and necrosis in their midgut epithelium and circadian rhythms. Ultrastructural analysis showed that these processes proceed in a continuous manner that is independent of the circadian rhythm in L. forficatus, while in S. cingulata necrosis is activated at midnight. Additionally, the description of apoptosis and necrosis showed no differences between males and females of both species analyzed. At the beginning of apoptosis, the cell cytoplasm becomes electron-dense, apparently in response to shrinkage of the cell. Organelles such as the mitochondria, cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum transform and degenerate. Nuclei gradually assume lobular shapes before the apoptotic cell is discharged into the midgut lumen. During necrosis, however, the cytoplasm of the cell becomes electron-lucent, and the number of organelles decreases. While the digestive cells of about 10 % of L. forficatus contain rickettsia-like pathogens, the corresponding cells in S. cingulata are free of rickettsia. As a result, we can state that apoptosis in L. forficatus is presumably responsible for protecting the organism against infections, while in S. cingulata apoptosis is not associated with the elimination of pathogens. Necrosis is attributed to mechanical damage, and the activation of this process coincides with proliferation of the midgut regenerative cells at midnight in S. cingulata.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rost-Roszkowska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
- Silesian Medical College in Katowice, Mickiewicza 29, 40-085, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Ł Chajec
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Medical College in Katowice, Mickiewicza 29, 40-085, Katowice, Poland
| | - J Vilimova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - K Tajovský
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Soil Biology, Na Sadkach 7, CZ-370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Sonakowska L, Włodarczyk A, Poprawa I, Binkowski M, Śróbka J, Kamińska K, Kszuk-Jendrysik M, Chajec Ł, Zajusz B, Rost-Roszkowska MM. Structure and Ultrastructure of the Endodermal Region of the Alimentary Tract in the Freshwater Shrimp Neocaridina heteropoda (Crustacea, Malacostraca). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126900. [PMID: 25996951 PMCID: PMC4440751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The freshwater shrimp Neocaridina heteropoda (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Decapoda) originates from Asia and is one of the species that is widely available all over the world because it is the most popular shrimp that is bred in aquaria. The structure and the ultrastructure of the midgut have been described using X-ray microtomography, transmission electron microscopy, light and fluorescence microscopes. The endodermal region of the alimentary system in N. heteropoda consists of an intestine and a hepatopancreas. No differences were observed in the structure and ultrastructure of males and females of the shrimp that were examined. The intestine is a tube-shaped organ and the hepatopancreas is composed of two large diverticles that are divided into the blind-end tubules. Hepatopancreatic tubules have three distinct zones - proximal, medial and distal. Among the epithelial cells of the intestine, two types of cells were distinguished - D and E-cells, while three types of cells were observed in the epithelium of the hepatopancreas - F, B and E-cells. Our studies showed that the regionalization in the activity of cells occurs along the length of the hepatopancreatic tubules. The role and ultrastructure of all types of epithelial cells are discussed, with the special emphasis on the function of the E-cells, which are the midgut regenerative cells. Additionally, we present the first report on the existence of an intercellular junction that is connected with the E-cells of Crustacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Sonakowska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Włodarczyk
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Izabela Poprawa
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Binkowski
- Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, X-ray Microtomography Lab, University of Silesia, Chorzów, Poland
| | - Joanna Śróbka
- Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, X-ray Microtomography Lab, University of Silesia, Chorzów, Poland
| | - Karolina Kamińska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Chajec
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Zajusz
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Does autophagy in the midgut epithelium of centipedes depend on the day/night cycle? Micron 2015; 68:130-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Urbanek A, Rost-Roszkowska MM. Ultrastructural studies on the midgut of biting midge Forcipomyia nigra (Winnertz) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Micron 2014; 69:25-34. [PMID: 25437853 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biting midges belonging to the genus Forcipomyia are known to be hematophagous, predatory or saprophagous. Different stages of Forcipomyia nigra midges were investigated to provide a description of midgut ultrastructure. Larvae feeding on decaying organic matter possess simple, straight alimentary tracts whose middle regions are the longest. TEM studies of the larval midgut epithelium reveal that digestive cells show different ultrastructure depending on their age. The older cells with electron-dense cytoplasm degenerate while the younger ones with electron-lucent cytoplasm remain active in digestion. In saprophagous females, the ultrastructure of midgut epithelium changes according to the age of flies. Oogenesis induces degeneration of digestive cells and utilization of reserve material accumulated by them. The midgut epithelia of male midges consist of digestive and regenerative cells that show no evidence of cell degeneration as observed in females. Our results demonstrate differences between midgut digestive cells of males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Urbanek
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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The evolutionary history of the rediscovered Austrian population of the giant centipede Scolopendra cingulata Latreille 1829 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha). PLoS One 2014; 9:e108650. [PMID: 25251436 PMCID: PMC4177219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermophilous giant centipede Scolopendra cingulata is a voracious terrestrial predator, which uses its modified first leg pair and potent venom to capture prey. The highly variable species is the most common of the genus in Europe, occurring from Portugal in the west to Iran in the east. The northernmost occurrences are in Hungary and Romania, where it abides in small isolated fringe populations. We report the rediscovery of an isolated Austrian population of Scolopendra cingulata with the first explicit specimen records for more than 80 years and provide insights into the evolutionary history of the northernmost populations utilizing fragments of two mitochondrial genes, COI and 16S, comprising 1,155 base pairs. We test the previously proposed hypothesis of a speciation by distance scenario, which argued for a simple range expansion of the species from the southeast, via Romania, Hungary and finally to Austria, based on a comprehensive taxon sampling from seven countries, including the first European mainland samples. We argue that more complex patterns must have shaped the current distribution of S. cingulata and that the Austrian population should be viewed as an important biogeographical relict in a possible microrefugium. The unique haplotype of the Austrian population could constitute an important part of the species genetic diversity and we hope that this discovery will initiate protective measures not only for S. cingulata, but also for its habitat, since microrefugia are likely to host further rare thermophilous species. Furthermore, we take advantage of the unprecedented sampling to provide the first basic insights into the suitability of the COI fragment as a species identifying barcode within the centipede genus Scolopendra.
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Sosinka A, Rost-Roszkowska MM, Vilimova J, Tajovský K, Kszuk-Jendrysik M, Chajec Ł, Sonakowska L, Kamińska K, Hyra M, Poprawa I. The ultrastructure of the midgut epithelium in millipedes (Myriapoda, Diplopoda). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2014; 43:477-492. [PMID: 25038427 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The midgut epithelia of the millipedes Polyxenus lagurus, Archispirostreptus gigas and Julus scandinavius were analyzed under light and transmission electron microscopies. In order to detect the proliferation of regenerative cells, labeling with BrdU and antibodies against phosphohistone H3 were employed. A tube-shaped midgut of three millipedes examined spreads along the entire length of the middle region of the body. The epithelium is composed of digestive, secretory and regenerative cells. The digestive cells are responsible for the accumulation of metals and the reserve material as well as the synthesis of substances, which are then secreted into the midgut lumen. The secretions are of three types - merocrine, apocrine and microapocrine. The oval or pear-like shaped secretory cells do not come into contact with the midgut lumen and represent the closed type of secretory cells. They possess many electron-dense granules (J. scandinavius) or electron-dense granules and electron-lucent vesicles (A. gigas, P. lagurus), which are accompanied by cisterns of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The regenerative cells are distributed individually among the basal regions of the digestive cells. The proliferation and differentiation of regenerative cells into the digestive cells occurred in J. scandinavius and A. gigas, while these processes were not observed in P. lagurus. As a result of the mitotic division of regenerative cells, one of the newly formed cells fulfills the role of a regenerative cell, while the second one differentiates into a digestive cell. We concluded that regenerative cells play the role of unipotent midgut stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sosinka
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - M M Rost-Roszkowska
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; Silesian Medical College in Katowice, Mickiewicza 29, 40-085 Katowice, Poland.
| | - J Vilimova
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - K Tajovský
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre AS CR, Na Sadkach 7, CZ-370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - M Kszuk-Jendrysik
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ł Chajec
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - L Sonakowska
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - K Kamińska
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - M Hyra
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - I Poprawa
- University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
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