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Paoli F, Cristofaro M, Roselli G, Sasso R, Musmeci S, Barbieri F, Sciandra C, Vanoni V, Menegotti L, Roversi PF, Anfora G, Mercati D, Dallai R. Ultrastructure of the Spermiogenesis in Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): X-Irradiation and New Insights on the Centriolar Region Organization. INSECTS 2024; 15:505. [PMID: 39057238 PMCID: PMC11276701 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is an insect pest native to Asia that has spread over the last two decades to most of the North America, parts of South America, Europe and North Africa. Its impact is significant as it can feed on more than 300 host plants, rendering affected fruits and vegetable crops unsellable or of lower quality. Various chemical and biological methods have been used to control this pest, with varying degrees of success. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a pest control method involving the sterilization of insects via ionizing radiation and their subsequent mass release into the field. In the present contribution, the spermiogenesis of H. halys was studied from an ultrastructural point of view in both irradiated and non-irradiated adult males. In both cases, we observed ultrastructural characteristics typical of hemipteran sperm cells: bridges connecting the mitochondrial derivatives and the axonemal microtubules, the absence of accessory bodies, and the presence of two or three crystalline inclusions within the mitochondrial derivatives, an acrosome composed of tightly packed tubules, and an atypical, plaque-shaped microtubular organizing center (MTOC) in the centriolar region. Moreover, in the same region, we seldom observed the presence of two centrioles in the spermatids, one of which disappeared at a later stage of maturation. This feature is a novelty for insect spermiogenesis. The cysts of irradiated adults were not all uniformly affected by the radiation. However, irradiated cysts sometimes exhibited a general disorganization of sperm arrangement, incomplete divisions of sperm cells resulting in multiple copies of the same organelle within the same cell, failure to reabsorb the cytoplasm, and the lack of axonemes. Finally, rod-shaped viruses or virus-like particles were observed in vasa deferentia independently of irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paoli
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protecion and Certification, Via di Lanciola 12/a, 50125 Firenze, Italy; (F.P.); (F.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Massimo Cristofaro
- Biotechnology and Biological Control Agency (BBCA), Via A. Signorelli 105, 00123 Roma, Italy; (M.C.); (G.R.)
| | - Gerardo Roselli
- Biotechnology and Biological Control Agency (BBCA), Via A. Signorelli 105, 00123 Roma, Italy; (M.C.); (G.R.)
- Center Agricolture Food Enviroment, University of Trento, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38098 Trento, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Sasso
- SSPT-BIOTEC Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy; (R.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergio Musmeci
- SSPT-BIOTEC Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy; (R.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Francesco Barbieri
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protecion and Certification, Via di Lanciola 12/a, 50125 Firenze, Italy; (F.P.); (F.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Chiara Sciandra
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protecion and Certification, Via di Lanciola 12/a, 50125 Firenze, Italy; (F.P.); (F.B.); (C.S.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Valentina Vanoni
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, 38122 Trento, Italy; (V.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Loris Menegotti
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, 38122 Trento, Italy; (V.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Pio Federico Roversi
- National Reference Institute for Plant Protection, Via Bertero 22, 00156 Roma, Italy;
| | - Gianfranco Anfora
- Center Agricolture Food Enviroment, University of Trento, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38098 Trento, Italy;
| | - David Mercati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Romano Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
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Silva Barcellos M, Dias G, Lino-Neto J. Re-description of the sperm morphology of Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Tissue Cell 2018; 51:56-61. [PMID: 29622088 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis, which is one of the most important vectors of maize diseases, had the morphology of its spermatozoa described more than 40 years ago. However, the description is imprecise, requiring certain rectifications. Hence, we re-describe the sperm morphology of this species using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Their spermatozoa measured from 118.1 to 128.5 μm in length, this value being about three times smaller than what was previously described. The head region is formed by a small acrosome and the nucleus. The acrosome is paracrystalline and has the bifurcated base that is docked in two cavities on one side of the anterior region of the nucleus. The nucleus, which is linear and thin, measured from 19.3 to 22.9 μm in length, and exhibited homogeneously compact chromatin. In cross-section, it has a thumbtack shape, except in the anterior and posterior regions, where it is oval. The flagellum consists of an axoneme with 9 + 9 + 2 microtubules, two similar mitochondrial derivatives, two accessory bodies each associated with a small sub-ellipsoidal structure, and a 'center-flagellar material'. In all the spermatozoa observed, the final portion of the flagellum was branched into four filaments. Some of these morphological features are now being re-described, while others have been observed for the first time in the Cicadellidae family, as the center-flagellar material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenda Dias
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, UFV, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - José Lino-Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, UFV, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Sperm morphology of predatory pirate bugs Amphiareus constrictus and Blaptostethus pallescens (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) with phylogenetic inferences. Micron 2017; 105:18-23. [PMID: 29145009 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The sperm morphology of two predatory bugs Amphiareus constrictus and Blaptostethus pallescens, representing the tribes Dufouriellini and Blasptostethini, respectively, was described using light and transmission electron microscopy. The spermatozoa of Amphiareus constrictus and Blaptostethus pallescens are fine and long, each measuring 216.6μm and 181.0μm in length, of which 37.0μm and 11.6μm, respectively, comprise the nuclei. When stained with DAPI (for DNA), the posterior half of the nucleus in B. pallescens exhibited low fluorescence, while in A. constrictus this feature was observed only in the last 6μm. In both species, as in Heteroptera in general, the spermatozoa have, in the head region, an acrosome and nucleus, and in the flagellar region, an axoneme with 9 accessory tubules, 9 peripheral doublets and 2 central microtubules (9+9+2 microtubules), 2 mitochondrial derivatives (MDs), and a centriolar adjunct in the nucleus-flagellum transition. However, unlike most Heteroptera, in these species, the MDs are asymmetric, and the centriolar adjunct is quite long and encompasses completely the posterior nuclear end and the anterior tips of the MDs. These features are considered as derived, thus supporting the condition derived of Anthocoridae within Cimicomorpha. In addition, several traits of the spermatozoa of these two species easily distinguish one species (and probably a tribe) from the other; for example, the difference of formats in the MDs, and the long anterior projection of the centriolar adjunct parallel to the nucleus in B. pallescens.
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Hiroyoshi S, Yoshimura J, Iwabuchi K, Reddy GVP, Mitsuhashi J. Effects of pre-overwintering conditions on eupyrene and apyrene spermatogenesis after overwintering in Polygonia c-aureum (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 100:1-8. [PMID: 28457724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sperm polymorphism is widely known in invertebrates. In insects, Lepidoptera has two types of sperm: nucleated eupyrene (fertile) sperm and anucleated apyrene (unfertile) sperm. These sperm types are produced during post-embryogenesis, and eupyrene spermatogenesis precedes apyrene spermatogenesis. During overwintering, spermatogenesis stops and a portion of undifferentiated-stage spermatocytes degenerate. After overwintering, spermatogenesis restarts with unaffected spermatogonia. However, how new spermatozoa arise in the adult testes after overwintering is not known in Lepidoptera. In this study, we investigated the spermatogenesis events in the nymphalid butterfly Polygonia c-aureum after overwintering under various environmental conditions. Our results indicate that both eupyrene and apyrene spermatogenesis restart at any stopping stage and sperm of these types are regenerated in no particular order after adult insect overwintering. This suggests that the spermatogenesis occurring after overwintering proceeds without embryogenetic restrictions related to the developmental sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hiroyoshi
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan; Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502, Japan; Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Kikuo Iwabuchi
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Gadi V P Reddy
- Montana State University, Western Triangle Ag Research Center, 9546 Old Shelby Rd., P. O. Box 656, Conrad, MT 59425, USA.
| | - Jun Mitsuhashi
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Novais AM, Dias G, Lino-Neto J. Testicular, spermatogenesis and sperm morphology in Martarega bentoi (Heteroptera: Notonectidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:635-643. [PMID: 28438518 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The testicular, spermatogenesis and sperm morphology of the backswimmer Martarega bentoi was described using light and transmission electron microscopy. In this species, a pair of testes, two deferent ducts, two different pairs of accessory glands, and an ejaculatory duct form the male reproductive system. Each testis consists of two testicular follicles, which are arranged side by side in snail shape. The follicles are filled with cysts at different stages of spermatogenesis, but in the same cyst the germ cells (up to 64) are in the same stage. At the end of spermatogenesis, the sperm cells are very long, with the flagellum measuring approximately 2500 μm in length, the nucleus only 19 μm, and the acrosome, with two distinct regions, 300 μm. The flagellum is composed of an axoneme, with a 9 + 9 + 2 microtubular pattern, and 2 asymmetric mitochondrial derivatives (MDs). These have the anterior ends inserted into two cavities at the nucleus base, exhibit two paracrystalline inclusions, and have bridges linking them to the axoneme. Few spermatozoa per cyst, asymmetry in size and shape of the MDs, as well as their insertion at the nuclear base are characteristics considered derived, and that differentiate the sperm of M. bentoi from those of the Nepomorpha, Belostomatidae and Nepidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademária M Novais
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Mato Grosso, Campus Juína, 78320-000, Juína, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Glenda Dias
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Lino-Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Barcellos MS, Cossolin JFS, Dias G, Lino-Neto J. Sperm morphology of the leafhopper Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea: Liviidae). Micron 2017; 99:49-55. [PMID: 28431332 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, by using light and electron microscopy, we describe the sperm morphology of the leafhopper Diaphorina citri, a serious pest of citrus throughout the world. In this species the sperm measures 538.49±8.75μm in length, and as observed in psylloids, the sperm, when manipulated, opens into two filaments, one of which is attached to the nuclear base and the other becomes free. Along the flagellum, and only of it, there are lateral projections, about 2μm in length. Furthermore, at the end of the flagellum three appendages, with approximately 7μm in length, are observed. The head region is formed by the nucleus with compact chromatin, and, parallel to it, a structure of median electron density that extends about 25μm in length ahead of the nuclear tip. The flagellum consists of an axoneme with a 9+9+2 microtubule arrangement, two mitochondrial derivatives, and two accessory bodies each with two regions of different electron density. The presence of lateral projections is a characteristic observed in other Sternorrhyncha. As seen previously, the sperm opening in two filaments, when manipulated, was observed only in Psylloidea, and the presence of the three appendices at the end of the flagellum distinguishes D. citri from the other Psylloidea species studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Silva Barcellos
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Geral, UFV, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Glenda Dias
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Geral, UFV, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Lino-Neto
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Geral, UFV, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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