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Chen QX, Han Y. Retinal Adaptation in Response to Light and Dark Regimes in the Oriental Armyworm Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECTS 2024; 15:135. [PMID: 38392554 PMCID: PMC10889546 DOI: 10.3390/insects15020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker), is a well-known nocturnal migratory pest that relies on its exceptional nocturnal vision for navigation during long-distance flights. In this study, we investigated the ultrastructure of the compound eyes of adult M. separata using transmission electron microscopy and quantitatively evaluated adaptational changes in the retina under light and dark conditions. The compound eyes of M. separata are superposition eyes with a clear zone. The retina shows remarkable anatomical differences under light and dark adaptation, primarily characterized by distinct patterns of rhabdoms within the clear zone: the rhabdoms are nearly absent under light adaptation, but become more voluminous under dark adaptation. In the distal, middle, and proximal sections of the clear zone, the cross-sectional areas of retinulae and rhabdoms, as well as the rhabdom occupation ratio, are significantly larger under dark adaptation than under light adaptation. Conversely, the opposite trend is observed beneath the clear zone. These results indicate remarkable plasticity in the M. separata retina throughout a normal daily cycle, providing a theoretical basis for improving searchlight and ground light trap techniques for the management of this migratory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xiao Chen
- Laboratory of Insect Evolution and Systematics, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Ying Han
- Laboratory of Insect Evolution and Systematics, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
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Yang X, Ran H, Jiang Y, Lu Z, Wei G, Li J. Fine structure of the compound eyes of the crepuscular moth Grapholita molesta (Busck 1916) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Front Physiol 2024; 15:1343702. [PMID: 38390450 PMCID: PMC10883378 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1343702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Morphological organization, ultrastructure and adaptational changes under different light intensities (10000, 100, 1, and 0.01 mW/m2) of the compound eye of the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck 1916) were investigated. Its superposition type of eyes consist of approximately 1072 ommatidia in males and 1029 ommatidia in females with ommatidial diameters of around 15 μm. Each ommatidium features a laminated corneal lens densely covered by corneal nipples of 256 nm in height. Crystalline cones are formed by four cone cells, proximally tapering to form a narrow crystalline tract with a diameter of 1.5 μm. Eight retinula cells, two primary and six secondary pigment cells per ommatidium are present. The 62.3 μm long rhabdom is divided into a thin 1.8 μm wide distal and a 5.2 μm wide proximal region. Distally the fused rhabdom consists of the rhabdomeres of seven retinula cells (R1-R7) and connects with the crystalline cone. In the proximal rhabdom region, the pigment-containing retinula cell R8 occupies a position in centre of the rhabdom while R1-R7 cells have taken peripheral positions. At this level each ommatidial group of retinula cells is surrounded by a tracheal tapetum. In response to changes from bright-light to dim-light adaptations, the pigment granules in the secondary pigment cells and retinula cells migrate distally, with a decrease in the length of crystalline tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hongfan Ran
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yueli Jiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ziyun Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Guoshu Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Jiang X, Li T, Hai X, Zheng X, Wang Z, Lyu F. Integrated behavior and transcriptomic analysis provide valuable insights into the response mechanisms of Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire to light exposure. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1250836. [PMID: 38107477 PMCID: PMC10722319 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1250836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Light traps have been widely used to monitor and manage pest populations, but natural enemies are also influenced. The Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire is an important species of natural enemy for longhorn beetles. However, the molecular mechanism of D. helophoroides in response to light exposure is still scarce. Here, integrated behavioral, comparative transcriptome and weighted gene co-expression network analyses were applied to investigate gene expression profiles in the head of D. helophoroides at different light exposure time. The results showed that the phototactic response rates of adults were 1.67%-22.5% and females and males displayed a negative phototaxis under different light exposure [6.31 × 1018 (photos/m2/s)]; the trapping rates of female and male were influenced significantly by light exposure time, diel rhythm, and light wavelength in the behavioral data. Furthermore, transcriptome data showed that a total of 1,052 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under different light exposure times relative to dark adaptation. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that the "ECM-receptor interaction," "focal adhesion," "PI3K-Akt signaling," and "lysosome" pathways were significantly downregulated with increasing light exposure time. Furthermore, nine DEGs were identified as hub genes using WGCNA analysis. The results revealed molecular mechanism in negative phototactic behavior response of D. helophoroides under the light exposure with relative high intensity, and provided valuable insights into the underlying molecular response mechanism of nocturnal beetles to light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglan Jiang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Tengfei Li
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoxia Hai
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Laboratory of Enzyme Preparation, Hebei Research Institute of Microbiology Co., Ltd., Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Fei Lyu
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Chen QX, Lyu QH, Chen YW, Song YQ. Phylogenetic implications based on an ultrastructural study with emphasis on the tracheal system of the compound eyes of three species of nymphalid butterflies. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2023; 72:101230. [PMID: 36706509 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Compound eyes are the prominent visual organs of insects and can provide valuable information for the reconstruction of insect phylogeny. Although the largest butterfly family (Nymphalidae) has been well defined, the infrafamilial phylogenetic relationships remain controversial hitherto. In the present study the ultrastructure of the compound eyes of three nymphalids Neptis beroe, Childrena zenobia, and Palaeonympha opalina was investigated using light and transmission electron microscopy in an attempt to seek potentially important phylogenetic characters. The compound eyes of the nymphalids share a tracheal system in a "1-4-8" branching pattern. The eight tracheal subbranches exhibit distinct distribution patterns along the basal retinula cell as follows: the tracheal subbranches of Palaeonympha opaline are close to the rhabdom in the distance from the distalmost part of the basal retinula cell to the rhabdom end, while those of N. beroe and C. zenobia are on the periphery of the retinula along almost the whole basal retinula cell and become close to the rhabdom just at the proximal end of the basal retinula cell. The tracheal structure of the three nymphalids is discussed for their potential phylogenetic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xiao Chen
- Laboratory of Insect Evolution and Systematics, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471023, China.
| | - Qi-Hui Lyu
- Laboratory of Insect Evolution and Systematics, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471023, China
| | - Ying-Wu Chen
- Laboratory of Insect Evolution and Systematics, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471023, China
| | - Yue-Qin Song
- Laboratory of Insect Evolution and Systematics, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471023, China
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Charlton-Perkins MA, Friedrich M, Cook TA. Semper's cells in the insect compound eye: Insights into ocular form and function. Dev Biol 2021; 479:126-138. [PMID: 34343526 PMCID: PMC8410683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The arthropod compound eye represents one of two major eye types in the animal kingdom and has served as an essential experimental paradigm for defining fundamental mechanisms underlying sensory organ formation, function, and maintenance. One of the most distinguishing features of the compound eye is the highly regular array of lens facets that define individual eye (ommatidial) units. These lens facets are produced by a deeply conserved quartet of cuticle-secreting cells, called Semper cells (SCs). Also widely known as cone cells, SCs were originally identified for their secretion of the dioptric system, i.e. the corneal lens and underlying crystalline cones. Additionally, SCs are now known to execute a diversity of patterning and glial functions in compound eye development and maintenance. Here, we present an integrated account of our current knowledge of SC multifunctionality in the Drosophila compound eye, highlighting emerging gene regulatory modules that may drive the diverse roles for these cells. Drawing comparisons with other deeply conserved retinal glia in the vertebrate single lens eye, this discussion speaks to glial cell origins and opens new avenues for understanding sensory system support programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Charlton-Perkins
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Department of Ophthalmological, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Tiffany A Cook
- Department of Ophthalmological, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Center of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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