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Hauenstein JD, Huebner A, Wagle JP, Cobian ER, Cummings J, Hills C, McGinty M, Merritt M, Rosengarten S, Skinner K, Szemborski M, Wojtkiewicz L. Reliability of Markerless Motion Capture Systems for Assessing Movement Screenings. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671241234339. [PMID: 38476162 PMCID: PMC10929051 DOI: 10.1177/23259671241234339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Movement screenings are commonly used to detect unfavorable movement patterns. Markerless motion capture systems have been developed to track 3-dimensional motion. Purpose To determine the reliability of movement screenings assessed using a markerless motion capture system when comparing the results of multiple systems and multiple collection periods. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods The inter- and intrarater reliability of a commercially available markerless motion capture system were investigated in 21 recreationally active participants aged between 18 and 22 years. A total of 39 kinematic variables arising from 10 fundamental upper and lower body movements typical of a screening procedure in sports performance were considered. The data were statistically analyzed in terms of relative error via the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and absolute error via the residual standard error (RSE). Results Both inter- and intrarater reliability ICCs were at least moderate across all variables (ICC, >0.50), with most movements and corresponding variables having excellent reliability (ICC, >0.90). Although maximum knee valgus angles were the kinematic variables with the lowest interrater reliability (ICCs, 0.59-0.82) and moderate relative agreement, there was agreement in absolute terms with an RSE of <1.3°. Conclusion Findings indicated that markerless motion capture provides reliable measurements of joint position during a movement screen, which allows for a more objective evaluation of the direction and subsequent success of interventions. However, practitioners should consider relative and absolute agreements when applying information provided by these systems. Clinical Relevance Markerless motion capture systems may assist clinicians by reliably assessing movement screenings using different systems over different collection periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Hauenstein
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Alan Huebner
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - John P. Wagle
- University of Notre Dame, Sports Performance, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Emma R. Cobian
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Joseph Cummings
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Caroline Hills
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Megan McGinty
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Mandy Merritt
- University of Notre Dame, Sports Performance, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Sam Rosengarten
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Baltimore Ravens, Under Armour Performance Center, Owings Mills, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyle Skinner
- University of Notre Dame, Sports Performance, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Leigh Wojtkiewicz
- University of Notre Dame, Data & Analytics, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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Bird MB, Koltun KJ, Mi Q, Lovalekar M, Martin BJ, Doyle TLA, Nindl BC. Predictive utility of commercial grade technologies for assessing musculoskeletal injury risk in US Marine Corps Officer candidates. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1088813. [PMID: 36733913 PMCID: PMC9887107 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1088813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, commercial grade technologies have provided black box algorithms potentially relating to musculoskeletal injury (MSKI) risk and functional movement deficits, in which may add value to a high-performance model. Thus, the purpose of this manuscript was to evaluate composite and component scores from commercial grade technologies associations to MSKI risk in Marine Officer Candidates. 689 candidates (Male candidates = 566, Female candidates = 123) performed counter movement jumps on SPARTA™ force plates and functional movements (squats, jumps, lunges) in DARI™ markerless motion capture at the start of Officer Candidates School (OCS). De-identified MSKI data was acquired from internal OCS reports for those who presented to the Physical Therapy department for MSKI treatment during the 10 weeks of training. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to validate the utility of the composite scores and supervised machine learning algorithms were deployed to create a population specific model on the normalized component variables in SPARTA™ and DARI™. Common MSKI risk factors (cMSKI) such as older age, slower run times, and females were associated with greater MSKI risk. Composite scores were significantly associated with MSKI, although the area under the curve (AUC) demonstrated poor discrimination (AUC = .55-.57). When supervised machine learning algorithms were trained on the normalized component variables and cMSKI variables, the overall training models performed well, but when the training models were tested on the testing data the models classified MSKI "by chance" (testing AUC avg = .55-.57) across all models. Composite scores and component population specific models were poor predictors of MSKI in candidates. While cMSKI, SPARTA™, and DARI™ models performed similarly, this study does not dismiss the use of commercial technologies but questions the utility of a singular screening task to predict MSKI over 10 weeks. Further investigations should evaluate occupation specific screening, serial measurements, and/or load exposure for creating MSKI risk models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Bird
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Matthew B. Bird,
| | - Kristen J. Koltun
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Qi Mi
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tim L. A. Doyle
- Department of Health Sciences, Biomechanics, Physical Performance and Exercise Research Group, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Assessment of Bilateral Shoulder Range of Motion in Firefighter Trainees Using a Markerless Motion Capture System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC THERAPY AND TRAINING 2023. [DOI: 10.1123/ijatt.2022-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The unpredictable environments firefighters face paired with biomechanically compromising shoulder movements, such as overhead and lifting movements, place this population at an increased risk for shoulder injury. The purpose of this study was to assess firefighter trainees’ bilateral shoulder range of motion (ROM) using the Dynamic Athletic Research Institute Motion system. Retrospective anthropometric and ROM data for 31 male firefighter trainees were analyzed. Firefighter trainees’ mean shoulder ROM for bilateral external rotation, internal rotation, and extension were lower than previously published values. External rotation demonstrated the lowest percentage of trainees within normal ROM (left—6.67%, right—16.67%). Noting the susceptibility of upper extremity injuries among firefighters, establishing baseline ROM measurements for reference may improve musculoskeletal evaluations, training interventions, and injury rehabilitation.
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Fleisig GS, Slowik JS, Daggett M, Rothermich MA, Cain EL, Wilk KE. Active range of motion of the shoulder: a cross-sectional study of 6635 subjects. JSES Int 2022; 7:132-137. [PMID: 36820423 PMCID: PMC9937824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Normative data for passive range of motion are well established, but daily living is comprised of active motion. The purpose of this study was to establish normative values for active range of motion of the shoulder across age, sex, and arm. Our hypotheses were that active range of motion of the shoulder (1) decreases with age group, (2) differs between males and females, and (3) differs between the right arm and left arm. Methods Shoulder active range of motion was captured with an eight-camera markerless motion capture system. Data were collected for a heterogenous sample of 6635 males and females of all ages. For each subject, 6 shoulder motions were collected with maximum values measured: external rotation, internal rotation, flexion, extension, abduction, and horizontal abduction. Three-way repeated measures analyses were performed, with 2 between-subject factors (age group and sex) and 1 within-subject factor (arm). The unadjusted threshold for statistical significance was α = 0.05. Results External rotation decreased with age (approximately 10° decrease from below 30 years to above 60 years). External rotation was approximately 5° greater in the right arm, whereas internal rotation was approximately 5° greater in the left arm. Flexion decreased with age (approximately 15° decrease from below 20 years to above 60 years). For age groups from 10 to 59 years, extension and horizontal abduction were approximately 5° to 10° greater in females than males. Abduction was greater for females than males. Abduction was also greater in younger people (aged 10-29 years) than older people. Conclusion In general, active range of motion of the shoulder decreases with age. Sex (male/female) and arm side (right/left) also influence shoulder range of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn S. Fleisig
- American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA,Corresponding author: Glenn S. Fleisig, PhD, American Sports Medicine Institute, 833 St. Vincent’s Drive, Suite 205, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA.
| | | | | | - Marcus A. Rothermich
- American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA,Andrews Sports Medicine & Orthopaedic Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - E. Lyle Cain
- American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA,Andrews Sports Medicine & Orthopaedic Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kevin E. Wilk
- American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA,Champion Sports Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Bird MB, Mi Q, Koltun KJ, Lovalekar M, Martin BJ, Fain A, Bannister A, Vera Cruz A, Doyle TLA, Nindl BC. Unsupervised Clustering Techniques Identify Movement Strategies in the Countermovement Jump Associated With Musculoskeletal Injury Risk During US Marine Corps Officer Candidates School. Front Physiol 2022; 13:868002. [PMID: 35634154 PMCID: PMC9132209 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.868002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal injuries (MSKI) are a significant burden on the military healthcare system. Movement strategies, genetics, and fitness level have been identified as potential contributors to MSKI risk. Screening measures associated with MSKI risk are emerging, including novel technologies, such as markerless motion capture (mMoCap) and force plates (FP) and allow for field expedient measures in dynamic military settings. The aim of the current study was to evaluate movement strategies (i.e., describe variables) of the countermovement jump (CMJ) in Marine officer candidates (MOCs) via mMoCap and FP technology by clustering variables to create distinct movement strategies associated with MSKI sustained during Officer Candidates School (OCS). 728 MOCs were tested and 668 MOCs (Male MOCs = 547, Female MOCs = 121) were used for analysis. MOCs performed 3 maximal CMJs in a mMoCap space with FP embedded into the system. De-identified MSKI data was acquired from internal OCS reports for those who presented to the OCS Physical Therapy department for MSKI treatment during the 10 weeks of OCS training. Three distinct clusters were formed with variables relating to CMJ kinetics and kinematics from the mMoCap and FPs. Proportions of MOCs with a lower extremity and torso MSKI across clusters were significantly different (p < 0.001), with the high-risk cluster having the highest proportions (30.5%), followed by moderate-risk cluster (22.5%) and low-risk cluster (13.8%). Kinetics, including braking rate of force development (BRFD), braking net impulse and propulsive net impulse, were higher in low-risk cluster compared to the high-risk cluster (p < 0.001). Lesser degrees of flexion and shorter CMJ phase durations (braking phase and propulsive phase) were observed in low-risk cluster compared to both moderate-risk and high-risk clusters. Male MOCs were distributed equally across clusters while female MOCs were primarily distributed in the high-risk cluster. Movement strategies (i.e., clusters), as quantified by mMoCap and FPs, were successfully described with MOCs MSKI risk proportions between clusters. These results provide actionable thresholds of key performance indicators for practitioners to use for screening measures in classifying greater MSKI risk. These tools may add value in creating modifiable strength and conditioning training programs before or during military training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Bird
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew B. Bird,
| | - Qi Mi
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kristen J. Koltun
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - AuraLea Fain
- Biomechanics, Physical Performance and Exercise Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Tim L. A. Doyle
- Biomechanics, Physical Performance and Exercise Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Hartnett DA, Milner JD, Bodendorfer BM, DeFroda SF. Lower extremity injuries in the baseball athlete. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221076369. [PMID: 35154741 PMCID: PMC8832566 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221076369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Baseball is unique in its multiple facets: pitching, hitting, base rounding, and fielding are distinct activities that require different athletic skills to perform at a high level. Likewise, these different aspects of the game can contribute to a multitude of varying injuries. While high-velocity overhead throwing, along with batting, can produce a plethora of upper extremity injuries that often garner attention, injuries to the lower extremity can severely impact a player’s performance and ability to compete. The rigors of the short, explosive sprinting required for base running, as well as the dynamic movement required for fielding, create ample opportunity for lower limb injury, and even subtle pathology can affect a pitcher’s ability to perform or increase their long-term risk of injury. Chronic injury from conditions such as femoroacetabular impingement and hip labral tears can also occur. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the relevant epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of lower extremity injuries in baseball athletes, with reference to current research into the prevention and management of such injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis A Hartnett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John D Milner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Blake M Bodendorfer
- Miller Orthopedic Specialists, Council Bluffs, IA, USA
- Miller Orthopedic Specialists, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Steven F DeFroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Trasolini NA, Nicholson KF, Mylott J, Bullock GS, Hulburt TC, Waterman BR. Biomechanical Analysis of the Throwing Athlete and Its Impact on Return to Sport. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e83-e91. [PMID: 35141540 PMCID: PMC8811517 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Throwing sports remain a popular pastime and frequent source of musculoskeletal injuries, particularly those involving the shoulder and elbow. Biomechanical analyses of throwing athletes have identified pathomechanic factors that predispose throwers to injury or poor performance. These factors, or key performance indicators, are an ongoing topic of research, with the goals of improved injury prediction, prevention, and rehabilitation. Important key performance indicators in the literature to date include shoulder and elbow torque, shoulder rotation, kinetic chain function (as measured by trunk rotation timing and hip-shoulder separation), and lower-extremity mechanics (including stride characteristics). The current gold standard for biomechanical analysis of the throwing athlete involves marker-based 3-dimensional) video motion capture. Emerging technologies such as marker-less motion capture, wearable technology, and machine learning have the potential to further refine our understanding. This review will discuss the biomechanics of throwing, with particular attention to baseball pitching, while also delineating methods of modern throwing analysis, implications for clinical orthopaedic practice, and future areas of research interest. Level of Evidence V, expert opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Trasolini
- Address correspondence to Nicholas A. Trasolini, M.D., Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157.
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