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Munno M, Mallia A, Greco A, Modafferi G, Banfi C, Eligini S. Radical Oxygen Species, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins, and Lectin-like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1: A Vicious Circle in Atherosclerotic Process. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:583. [PMID: 38790688 PMCID: PMC11118168 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex condition that involves the accumulation of lipids and subsequent plaque formation in the arterial intima. There are various stimuli, cellular receptors, and pathways involved in this process, but oxidative modifications of low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) are particularly important in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Ox-LDLs promote foam-cell formation, activate proinflammatory pathways, and induce smooth-muscle-cell migration, apoptosis, and cell death. One of the major receptors for ox-LDL is LOX-1, which is upregulated in several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. LOX-1 activation in endothelial cells promotes endothelial dysfunction and induces pro-atherogenic signaling, leading to plaque formation. The binding of ox-LDLs to LOX-1 increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce LOX-1 expression and oxidize LDLs, contributing to ox-LDL generation and further upregulating LOX-1 expression. This creates a vicious circle that is amplified in pathological conditions characterized by high plasma levels of LDLs. Although LOX-1 has harmful effects, the clinical significance of inhibiting this protein remains unclear. Further studies both in vitro and in vivo are needed to determine whether LOX-1 inhibition could be a potential therapeutic target to counteract the atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Munno
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Alice Mallia
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Università di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Arianna Greco
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Gloria Modafferi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Sonia Eligini
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
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Huang N, Wang D, Zhu TT, Ge XY, Liu H, Yao MZ, Guo YZ, Peng J, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Hu CP. Plasma exosomes confer hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by transferring LOX-1 cargo to trigger phenotypic switching of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 207:115350. [PMID: 36435201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary vascular remodeling (PVR), the pathological basis of pulmonary hypertension (PH), entails pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) phenotypic switching, but appreciation of the underlying mechanisms is incomplete. Exosomes, a novel transfer machinery enabling delivery of its cargos to recipient cells, have been recently implicated in cardiovascular diseases including PH. The two critical questions of whether plasma-derived exosomes drive PASMCs phenotypic switching and what cargo the exosomes transport, however, remain unclear. Herein, by means of transmission electron microscopy and protein detection, we for the first time, characterized lectin like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) as a novel cargo of plasma-derived exosomes in PH. With LOX-1 knockout (Olr1-/-) rats-derived exosomes, we demonstrated that exosomal LOX-1 could be transferred into PASMCs and thus elicited cell phenotypic switching. Of importance, Olr1-/- rats exhibited no cell phenotypic switching and developed less severe PH, but administration of wild type rather than Olr1-/- exosomes to Olr1-/- rats recapitulated the phenotype of PH with robust PASMCs phenotypic switching. We also revealed that exosomal LOX-1 triggered PASMCs phenotypic switching, PVR and ultimately PH via ERK1/2-KLF4 signaling axis. This study has generated proof that plasma-derived exosomes confer PH by delivering LOX-1 into PASMCs. Hence, exosomal LOX-1 represents a novel exploitable target for PH prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan 450052, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Mao-Zhong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yan-Zi Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery Department, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Chang-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
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Mentrup T, Cabrera-Cabrera F, Schröder B. Proteolytic Regulation of the Lectin-Like Oxidized Lipoprotein Receptor LOX-1. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:594441. [PMID: 33553253 PMCID: PMC7856673 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.594441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) receptor LOX-1, which is broadly expressed in vascular cells, represents a key mediator of endothelial activation and dysfunction in atherosclerotic plaque development. Being a member of the C-type lectin receptor family, LOX-1 can bind different ligands, with oxLDL being the best characterized. LOX-1 mediates oxLDL uptake into vascular cells and by this means can promote foam cell formation. In addition, LOX-1 triggers multiple signaling pathways, which ultimately induce a pro-atherogenic and pro-fibrotic transcriptional program. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this signal transduction remain incompletely understood. In this regard, proteolysis has recently emerged as a regulatory mechanism of LOX-1 function. Different proteolytic cleavages within the LOX-1 protein can initiate its turnover and control the cellular levels of this receptor. Thereby, cleavage products with individual biological functions and/or medical significance are produced. Ectodomain shedding leads to the release of a soluble form of the receptor (sLOX1) which has been suggested to have diagnostic potential as a biomarker. Removal of the ectodomain leaves behind a membrane-bound N-terminal fragment (NTF), which despite being devoid of the ligand-binding domain is actively involved in signal transduction. Degradation of this LOX-1 NTF, which represents an athero-protective mechanism, critically depends on the aspartyl intramembrane proteases Signal peptide peptidase-like 2a and b (SPPL2a/b). Here, we present an overview of the biology of LOX-1 focusing on how proteolytic cleavages directly modulate the function of this receptor and, what kind of pathophysiological implications this has in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Cai L, Zhang X, Hou M, Gao F. Natural flavone tricetin suppresses oxidized LDL-induced endothelial inflammation mediated by Egr-1. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106224. [PMID: 31991371 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of many cardiovascular diseases. Endothelial dysfunction is recognized as a crucial early event in atherosclerotic lesion formation. Tricetin is a natural flavonoid derivative that has demonstrated a wide range of therapeutic properties. This study investigates the protective effect of tricetin in cultured endothelial cells. The results of our study show that tricetin suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced expression of pro-inflammatory monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as well as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, our findings indicate that tricetin suppressed ox-LDL-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). At the cellular level, the presence of tricetin inhibited ox-LDL-induced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Mechanistically, we showed that tricetin suppressed the induction of the endothelial receptor for ox-LDL, lectin-like ox-LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), and the transcriptional factor early growth response 1 (Egr-1) as well as extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activation. These data demonstrate that tricetin is a natural protective agent in vascular endothelial cells, indicating that tricetin could have a potentially beneficial effect in the modulation of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Cai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, PR China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, PR China
| | - Meiling Hou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- Hospital Office, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, PR China.
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Song J, Yang S, Yin R, Xiao Q, Ma A, Pan X. MicroRNA-181a regulates the activation of the NLRP3 inflammatory pathway by targeting MEK1 in THP-1 macrophages stimulated by ox-LDL. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13640-13650. [PMID: 30938884 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by the deposition of lipids in the vascular wall and the formation of foam cells. Macrophages play a critical role in the development of this chronic inflammation. An increasing amount of research shows that microRNAs affect many steps of inflammation. The goal of our study was to investigate the regulatory effect of miR-181a on the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and explore its possible mechanism. Compared with the control group, the expression of miR-181a was downregulated in the carotid tissue of AS group mice, while the expression of MEK1 and NLRP3-related proteins was upregulated significantly. In vitro, when THP-1 macrophages were stimulated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), the expression of miR-181a was decreased, the MEK/ERK/NF-κB inflammatory pathways were activated and the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins was upregulated. Exogenous overexpression of miR-181a downregulated the activation of the MEK/ERK/NF-κB pathway and decreased the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins (such as NLRP3, caspase-1, interleukin-18 [IL-18], IL-1β, etc). Exogenous miR-181a knockdown showed the opposite results to those of overexpression group. A luciferase reporter assay proved that miR-181a inhibited the expression of MEK1 by binding to its 3'-untranslated region. When we knocked down miR-181a and then treated cells with U0126 before ox-LDL stimulation, we found that U0126 reversed the increased activation of the MEK/ERK/NF-κB pathway and upregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins (NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-18, IL-1β) that resulted from miR-181a knockdown. Our study suggests that miR-181a regulates the activation of the NLRP3 inflammatory pathway by altering the activity of the MEK/ERK/NF-κB pathway via targeting of MEK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Song
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shaonan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ruihua Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Aijun Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Takemura Y, Okamoto M, Hasegawa M, Hatanaka K, Kubota S. Protamine may have anti-atherogenic potential by inhibiting the binding of oxidized-low density lipoprotein to LOX-1. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1094-1101. [PMID: 30871430 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1588096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) leads to atherosclerosis via lectin-like oxidized lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), one of the major receptor for ox-LDL. Inhibition of the binding of ox-LDL to LOX-1 decreases the proinflammatory and atherosclerotic events. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether protamine, a polybasic nuclear protein, interferes the binding of ox-LDL to LOX-1. Using sandwich ELISA with newly generated antibody, we measured the blocking effect of protamine on the binding of ox-LDL to LOX-1. Protamine dose-dependently inhibited the binding of ox-LDL to LOX-1. DiI-labeled ox-LDL uptake assay in two types of cultured human endothelial cells was performed with fluorescence microplate reader. Activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 by ox-LDL was analyzed by immunoblotting. We found that protamine suppressed uptake of ox-LDL in endothelial cells and inhibited ERK1/2 activation by ox-LDL. These results suggest that protamine may possess anti-atherogenic potential by inhibiting ox-LDL binding to LOX-1 through electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukitoshi Takemura
- a Institute of Industrial Science , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Teikyo Heisei University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masaki Okamoto
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Teikyo Heisei University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Makoto Hasegawa
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Teikyo Heisei University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kenichi Hatanaka
- a Institute of Industrial Science , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shunichiro Kubota
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Teikyo Heisei University , Tokyo , Japan.,c Department of Life Sciences , Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
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OLR1 scavenger receptor knockdown affects mitotic gene expression but is dispensable for oxidized phospholipid- mediated stress signaling in SZ 95 sebocytes. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 172:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhang W, Zhu T, Wu W, Ge X, Xiong X, Zhang Z, Hu C. LOX-1 mediated phenotypic switching of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells contributes to hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:84-95. [PMID: 29069578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In pulmonary hypertension (PH), pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are dedifferentiated, undergoing a contractile-to-synthetic phenotypic switching. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) plays diverse roles in the cardiovascular system, but its contribution to PH remains to be fully defined. The present study was undertaken to explore the role of LOX-1 in PASMCs dedifferentiation in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH. In a rat model of hypoxic PH, pulmonary vascular remodeling was accompanied by increased expression of LOX-1 in pulmonary arteries. In primary rat PASMCs, hypoxia-induced PASMCs dedifferentiation occurred concomitantly with LOX-1 upregulation. Inhibition of LOX-1 by either siRNA knockdown or neutralizing antibody significantly ameliorated PASMCs dedifferentiation. Mechanistically, LOX-1 promotes PASMCs dedifferentiation under hypoxic conditions via ERK1/2-Elk-1/MRTF-A/SRF signaling pathway. In conclusion, our data uncovers an important role of LOX-1 in the maintenance of PASMCs phenotype. Therapeutic targeting of LOX-1/ERK1/2-Elk-1/MRTF-A/SRF signaling axis would be exploited to treat hypoxic PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Tiantian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Weihua Wu
- School of pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, Hunan 418000, China
| | - Xiaoyue Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Xiaoming Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Changping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
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9
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Iacovelli F, Tucci FG, Macari G, Falconi M. Multiple molecular dynamics simulations of human LOX-1 and Trp150Ala mutant reveal the structural determinants causing the full deactivation of the receptor. Proteins 2017; 85:1902-1912. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriele Macari
- Department of Biology; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
| | - Mattia Falconi
- Department of Biology; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Rome Italy
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Morbioli GG, Mazzu-Nascimento T, Aquino A, Cervantes C, Carrilho E. Recombinant drugs-on-a-chip: The usage of capillary electrophoresis and trends in miniaturized systems – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 935:44-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Yurdagul A, Sulzmaier FJ, Chen XL, Pattillo CB, Schlaepfer DD, Orr AW. Oxidized LDL induces FAK-dependent RSK signaling to drive NF-κB activation and VCAM-1 expression. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1580-91. [PMID: 26906414 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.182097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) accumulates early in atherosclerosis and promotes endothelial nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, proinflammatory gene expression and monocyte adhesion. Like for other atherogenic factors, oxLDL-induced proinflammatory responses requires integrin-dependent focal adhesion kinase (FAK, also known as PTK2) signaling; however, the mechanism by which FAK mediates oxLDL-dependent NF-κB signaling has yet to be revealed. We now show that oxLDL induces NF-κB activation and VCAM-1 expression through FAK-dependent IκB kinase β (IKKβ, also known as IKBKB) activation. We further identify FAK-dependent activation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase family proteins (RSK) as a crucial mediator of oxLDL-dependent IKKβ and NF-κB signaling, as inhibiting RSK blocks oxLDL-induced IKKβ and NF-κB activation, VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion. Finally, transgenic mice containing a kinase-dead mutation in FAK specifically in the endothelial cells show reduced RSK activity, decreased VCAM-1 expression and reduced macrophage accumulation in regions of early atherosclerosis. Taken together, our data elucidates a new mechanism whereby oxLDL-induced endothelial FAK signaling drives an ERK-RSK pathway to activate IKKβ and NF-κB signaling and proinflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Florian J Sulzmaier
- UCSD San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 0803 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiao L Chen
- UCSD San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 0803 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Christopher B Pattillo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- UCSD San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 0803 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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12
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Yamamoto K, Kakino A, Takeshita H, Hayashi N, Li L, Nakano A, Hanasaki-Yamamoto H, Fujita Y, Imaizumi Y, Toyama-Yokoyama S, Nakama C, Kawai T, Takeda M, Hongyo K, Oguro R, Maekawa Y, Itoh N, Takami Y, Onishi M, Takeya Y, Sugimoto K, Kamide K, Nakagami H, Ohishi M, Kurtz TW, Sawamura T, Rakugi H. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) activates the angiotensin II type 1 receptor by binding to the lectin-like oxLDL receptor. FASEB J 2015; 29:3342-56. [PMID: 25877213 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) is a 7-transmembrane domain GPCR that when activated by its ligand angiotensin II, generates signaling events promoting vascular dysfunction and the development of cardiovascular disease. Here, we show that the single-transmembrane oxidized LDL (oxLDL) receptor (LOX-1) resides in proximity to AT1 on cell-surface membranes and that binding of oxLDL to LOX-1 can allosterically activate AT1-dependent signaling events. oxLDL-induced signaling events in human vascular endothelial cells were abolished by knockdown of AT1 and inhibited by AT1 blockade (ARB). oxLDL increased cytosolic G protein by 350% in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with genetically induced expression of AT1 and LOX-1, whereas little increase was observed in CHO cells expressing only LOX-1. Immunoprecipitation and in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) assays in CHO cells revealed the presence of cell-surface complexes involving LOX-1 and AT1. Chimeric analysis showed that oxLDL-induced AT1 signaling events are mediated via interactions between the intracellular domain of LOX-1 and AT1 that activate AT1. oxLDL-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation of vascular ring from mouse thoracic aorta was abolished by ARB or genetic deletion of AT1. These findings reveal a novel pathway for AT1 activation and suggest a new mechanism whereby oxLDL may be promoting risk for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yamamoto
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Akemi Kakino
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hikari Takeshita
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Norihiro Hayashi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lei Li
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Atsushi Nakano
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hiroko Hanasaki-Yamamoto
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoshiko Fujita
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuki Imaizumi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Serina Toyama-Yokoyama
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chikako Nakama
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Masao Takeda
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Hongyo
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ryosuke Oguro
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Maekawa
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Norihisa Itoh
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoichi Takami
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miyuki Onishi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yasushi Takeya
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kei Kamide
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mitsuru Ohishi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodore W Kurtz
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- *Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Matsumo, Japan; Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Xu CY, Li DJ, Wu CL, Lou HJ, Jiang HW, Ding GQ. Serum sLOX-1 Levels Are Correlated with the Presence and Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2015; 19:272-6. [PMID: 25825846 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Inflammation plays a critical role in the development and progression of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) activation is involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory process-related disorders. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate whether serum soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) levels are associated with the presence and severity of OSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 137 OSA patients and 78 controls were recruited in this study. Serum sLOX-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The severity of OSA was assessed by the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). RESULTS OSA patients had significantly higher serum sLOX-1 levels compared with controls. Serum sLOX-1 levels elevated with the increment of OSA severity. sLOX-1 was the independent predictor of OSA. Serum sLOX-1 levels were significantly correlated with AHI and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Serum sLOX-1 levels were independently correlated with the presence and severity of OSA. These findings revealed that sLOX-1 might function as a potential biomarker for monitoring the development and progression of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Xu
- 1 Department of Stomatology, Yiwu Central Hospital , Yiwu, People's Republic of China
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14
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Tomita T, Ieguchi K, Sawamura T, Maru Y. Human serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) protein, expressed as a fusion protein with SAA2, binds the oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118835. [PMID: 25738827 PMCID: PMC4349446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) possesses characteristics distinct from the other serum amyloid A isoforms, SAA1, SAA2, and SAA4. High density lipoprotein contains the latter three isoforms, but not SAA3. The expression of mouse SAA3 (mSAA3) is known to be up-regulated extrahepatically in inflammatory responses, and acts as an endogenous ligand for the toll-like receptor 4/MD-2 complex. We previously reported that mSAA3 plays an important role in facilitating tumor metastasis by attracting circulating tumor cells and enhancing hyperpermeability in the lungs. On the other hand, human SAA3 (hSAA3) has long been regarded as a pseudogene, which is in contrast to the abundant expression levels of the other isoforms. Although the nucleotide sequence of hSAA3 is very similar to that of the other SAAs, a single oligonucleotide insertion in exon 2 causes a frame-shift to generate a unique amino acid sequence. In the present study, we identified that hSAA3 was transcribed in the hSAA2-SAA3 fusion transcripts of several human cell lines. In the fusion transcript, hSAA2 exon 3 was connected to hSAA3 exon 1 or hSAA3 exon 2, located approximately 130kb downstream from hSAA2 exon 3 in the genome, which suggested that it is produced by alternative splicing. Furthermore, we succeeded in detecting and isolating hSAA3 protein for the first time by an immunoprecipitation-enzyme linked immune assay system using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that recognize the hSAA3 unique amino acid sequence. We also demonstrated that hSAA3 bound oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor (oxLDL receptor, LOX-1) and elevated the phosphorylation of ERK, the intracellular MAP-kinase signaling protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tomita
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT); (YM)
| | - Katsuaki Ieguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maru
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT); (YM)
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15
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Shiraki T, Aoyama T, Yokoyama C, Hayakawa Y, Tanaka T, Nishigaki K, Sawamura T, Minatoguchi S. LOX-1 plays an important role in ischemia-induced angiogenesis of limbs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114542. [PMID: 25514797 PMCID: PMC4267738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
LOX-1, lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1, is a single transmembrane receptor mainly expressed on endothelial cells. LOX-1 mediates the uptake of oxidized LDL, an early step in atherosclerosis; however, little is known about whether LOX-1 is involved in angiogenesis during tissue ischemia. Therefore, we examined the role of LOX-1 in ischemia-induced angiogenesis in the hindlimbs of LOX-1 knockout (KO) mice. Angiogenesis was evaluated in a surgically induced hindlimb ischemia model using laser Doppler blood flowmetry (LDBF) and histological capillary density (CD) and arteriole density (AD). After right hindlimb ischemia, the ischemic/nonischemic hindlimb blood flow ratio was persistently lower in LOX-1 KO mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. CD and AD were significantly smaller in LOX-1 KO mice than in WT mice on postoperative day 14. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the number of macrophages infiltrating ischemic tissues was significantly smaller in LOX-1 KO mice than in WT mice. The number of infiltrated macrophages expressing VEGF was also significantly smaller in LOX-1 KO mice than in WT mice. Western blot analysis and ROS production assay revealed that LOX- KO mice show significant decrease in Nox2 expression, ROS production and HIF-1α expression, the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65 subunit as well as expression of redox-sensitive vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and LOX-1 itself in ischemic muscles, which is supposed to be required for macrophage infiltration expressing angiogenic factor VEGF. Reduction of VEGF expression successively suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS, which accelerated angiogenesis, in the ischemic leg of LOX-1 KO mice. Our findings indicate that LOX-1 plays an important role in ischemia-induced angiogenesis by 1) Nox2-ROS-NF-κB activation, 2) upregulated expression of adhesion molecules: VCAM-1 and LOX-1 and 3) promoting macrophage infiltration, which expresses angiogenic factor VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Shiraki
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuma Aoyama
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiharu Yokoyama
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuka Hayakawa
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tanaka
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nishigaki
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Minatoguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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16
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Jiang JX, Zhang SJ, Liu YN, Lin XX, Sun YH, Shen HJ, Yan XF, Xie QM. EETs alleviate ox-LDL-induced inflammation by inhibiting LOX-1 receptor expression in rat pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 727:43-51. [PMID: 24486707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) is associated with atherosclerotic events through the modulation of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism and activation of inflammatory signaling. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) mitigate inflammation through nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In this study, we explored the effects and mechanisms of exogenous EETs on the ox-LDL-induced inflammation of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs), which were cultured from rat pulmonary arteries. We determined that pre-treatment with 11,12-EET or 14,15-EET attenuated the ox-LDL-induced expression and release of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the ox-LDL-induced expression of CYP2J4 was upregulated by 11,12-EET and 14,15-EET (1μM). Furthermore, the endothelial receptor of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LOX-1) was downregulated in PAECs treated with EETs. The inflammatory responses evoked by ox-LDL (100μg/mL) were blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of Erk1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (U0126), p38 MAPK (SB203580), and NF-κB (PDTC). In addition, we confirmed that 11,12-EET suppresses phosphorylation of p38, degradation of IκBα, and activation of NF-κB (p65), whereas 14,15-EET can significantly suppress the phosphorylation of p38 and Erk1/2. Our results indicate that EETs exert beneficial effects on ox-LDL-induced inflammation primarily through the inhibition of LOX-1 receptor upregulation, MAPK phosphorylation, and NF-κB activation and through the upregulation of CYP2J4 expression. This study helps focus the current understanding of the contribution of EETs to the regulation of the inflammation of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of targeting the EET pathway in pulmonary vascular disease will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-xia Jiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Shui-juan Zhang
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ya-nan Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xi-xi Lin
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan-hong Sun
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui-juan Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiao-feng Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Qiang-min Xie
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Laboratory Animal Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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17
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Ulrich-Merzenich G, Zeitler H. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 as therapeutic target for atherosclerosis, inflammatory conditions and longevity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:905-19. [PMID: 23738516 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.805748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a scavenger receptor and is regarded as a central element in the initiation of endothelial dysfunction and its further progression to atherosclerosis. Increasing numbers of studies suggest that therapeutic strategies to modulate LOX-1 will have a broad spectrum of applications ranging from cardiovascular diseases to longevity. AREAS COVERED The dual role of LOX-1 as a culprit molecule in the process of atherosclerosis and as a danger signal in various tissues is introduced. The structure of the receptor, its ligands and its modulation by known drugs, by natural products (e.g., statins, imipramine, salicylate-based drugs, procyanidins, curcumin) and by new strategies (antisenseRNA, miRNA, pyrrole-imidazol-polyamides, LOX-1 antibodies, lipid apheresis) are described. EXPERT OPINION Therapeutic approaches via transcript regulation, allowing a modulation of LOX-1, may be an easier and safer strategy than a blockade of the receptor. Considering the wide distribution of LOX-1 on different tissues, research on the mechanisms of LOX-1 modulation by drugs and natural products applying "omic"-technologies will not only allow a better understanding of the role of LOX-1 in the processes of atherosclerosis, inflammation and longevity but also support the development of specific LOX-1 modulators, avoiding the initiation of molecular mechanisms which lead to adverse events.
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18
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Zhang Z, Zhang M, Li Y, Liu S, Ping S, Wang J, Ning F, Xie F, Li C. Simvastatin inhibits the additive activation of ERK1/2 and proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells induced by combined mechanical stress and oxLDL through LOX-1 pathway. Cell Signal 2012; 25:332-40. [PMID: 23072789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vein grafts interposed into arteries are susceptible to the development of atherosclerosis due to rapid increases in blood pressure. This process is accelerated in patients with hyperlipidemia. The molecular mechanism underlying this process is unknown. In this study, quiescent rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were treated in vitro with mechanical stretch stress (10% elongation) with and without oxLDL (25 μg/ml) in the presence and absence of simvastatin (2.5 μmol/L). The results demonstrate that stretch stress and oxLDL can each induce activation of ERK1/2 and Ki-67 expression in VSMCs, but the peak levels of ERK activation and Ki-67 expression were observed in groups subjected to both stretch stress and oxLDL. Simvastatin was found to inhibit increased ERK activation and Ki-67 expression in VSMCs subjected to stretch stress with or without oxLDL. Mechanically, simvastatin was also found to inhibit increased expression of LOX-1 (a receptor of oxLDL) in VSMCs subjected to stretch stress with or without oxLDL. Knockdown of LOX-1 via small interfering RNAs (siRNA-LOX-1) resulted in obvious inhibition of ERK activation in VSMCs subjected to stretch stress with and without oxLDL. These results suggest that combined stretch stress and oxLDL can additively promote the activation of ERK1/2 leading to accelerated proliferation of VSMCs (e.g. increased Ki-67 expression) via LOX-1 signal pathway. This was found to be partially inhibited by simvastatin. These results may provide important data for the treatment and prevention of hypertension with or without hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Iwamoto S, Fujita Y, Kakino A, Yanagida K, Matsuda H, Yoshimoto R, Sawamura T. An alternative protein standard to measure activity of LOX-1 ligand containing apoB (LAB) - utilization of anti-LOX-1 single- chain antibody fused to apoB fragment. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:818-28. [PMID: 21727756 DOI: 10.5551/jat.9142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We have recently demonstrated that the circulating level of LOX-1 ligand containing apoB (LAB) predicts the risk of cardiovascular events; however, as is the case in other assays measuring oxidized LDL (oxLDL), chemical unstability and inter-lot variance of standard oxLDL may limit the utility of measuring LAB. This study aimed to develop an alternative protein standard that is simultaneously recognized by LOX-1 and anti-apoB antibody instead of copper-oxidized LDL. METHODS AND RESULTS cDNAs encoding the variable regions of anti-LOX-1 monoclonal antibody were cloned from hybridomas and reorganized to express anti-LOX-1 single-chain variable fragment (Fv). cDNAs of four regions of human apoB (B1 to B4), which were reported to be epitopes of many anti-apoB antibodies, were also cloned. After confirming the respective reactivity of Fv and apoB fragments to LOX-1 and anti-apoB antibodies, cDNAs of Fv and apoB fragments were connected to express Fv-ApoB chimeric proteins. These fusion proteins were found to be recognized by both LOX-1 and anti-apoB antibodies. Among them, the fusion proteins of Fv-B1 and Fv-B3 gave saturable binding curves against immobilized LOX-1 when detected by anti-apoB antibodies. The binding curves of different Fv-B1 preparations to LOX-1 were almost identical while those of oxLDL varied among the preparations, suggesting better quality control of Fv-B1 preparations. CONCLUSIONS The fusion proteins composed of Fv-form anti-LOX-1 antibody and apoB fragment are useful alternatives to copper-oxidized LDL in determining LAB, which would facilitate the application of modified LDL analyses to the clinical diagnosis and risk evaluation of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Iwamoto
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osasa, Japan
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Akinnusi ME, Laporta R, El-Solh AA. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 modulates endothelial apoptosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 2011; 140:1503-1510. [PMID: 21565964 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) is the major receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein in endothelial cells, and its expression is enhanced in proatherogenic settings. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between LOX-1 in freshly harvested human venous endothelial cells and apoptotic circulating endothelial cells in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS We conducted a prospective, interventional study of 38 patients with newly diagnosed OSA free of disease and 12 healthy control subjects. Plasma LOX-1 (pLOX-1) levels were measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protein expression of LOX-1 was quantified by immunofluorescence in freshly harvested venous endothelial cells before and after 8 weeks of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. Circulating apoptotic endothelial cells (CD146(+), CD45(-), and CD31(1)) were assessed concomitantly by flow cytometry. RESULTS pLOX-1 levels were higher in subjects with OSA than in control subjects (326.9 ± 267.1 pg/mL and 141.1 ± 138.6 g/mL, respectively; P = .004). Patients with OSA showed a threefold increase in baseline endothelial expression of LOX-1 relative to control subjects. CPAP therapy resulted in a significant decrease in endothelial LOX-1 expression only in CPAP-adherent patients. Circulating apoptotic endothelial cells correlated directly with baseline expression of LOX-1 (R(2) = 0.32, P = .01) after adjustment for age, BMI, and waist to hip ratio. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of LOX-1 in vivo is associated with endothelial apoptosis. Adherence to CPAP therapy may reverse these derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morohunfolu E Akinnusi
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Western New York Respiratory Research Center; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY
| | - Rachel Laporta
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Western New York Respiratory Research Center
| | - Ali A El-Solh
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Western New York Respiratory Research Center; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY; Department of Medicine, and the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY.
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Li R, Oteiza A, Sørensen KK, McCourt P, Olsen R, Smedsrød B, Svistounov D. Role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and stabilins in elimination of oxidized low-density lipoproteins. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G71-81. [PMID: 21030611 PMCID: PMC3025507 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00215.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Atherogenesis is associated with elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its oxidized form (oxLDL) in the blood. The liver is an important scavenger organ for circulating oxLDLs. The present study aimed to examine endocytosis of mildly oxLDL (the major circulating form of oxLDLs) in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and the involvement of the scavenger receptors stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 in this process. Freshly isolated LSECs, Kupffer cells (KCs), and stabilin-1- and stabilin-2-transfected human embryonic kidney cells were incubated with fluorescently labeled or radiolabeled oxLDLs [oxidized for 3 h (oxLDL(3)), 6 h, or 24 h (oxLDL(24))] to measure endocytosis. The intracellular localization of oxLDLs and stabilins in LSECs was examined by immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy. Whereas oxLDL(24) was endocytosed both by LSECs and KCs, oxLDL(3) (mildly oxLDL) was taken up by LSECs only. The LSEC uptake of oxLDLs was significantly inhibited by the scavenger receptor ligand formaldehyde-treated serum albumin. Uptake of all modified LDLs was high in stabilin-1-transfected cells, whereas stabilin-2-transfected cells preferentially took up oxLDL(24), suggesting that stabilin-1 is a more important receptor for mildly oxLDLs than stabilin-2. Double immunogold labeling experiments in LSECs indicated interactions of stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 with oxLDL(3) on the cell surface, in coated pits, and endocytic vesicles. LSECs but not KCs endocytosed mildly oxLDL. Both stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 were involved in the LSEC endocytosis of oxLDLs, but experiments with stabilin-transfected cells pointed to stabilin-1 as the most important receptor for mildly oxLDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruomei Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, 1Vascular Biology Research Group and
| | - Ana Oteiza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, 1Vascular Biology Research Group and
| | | | - Peter McCourt
- Faculty of Health Sciences, 1Vascular Biology Research Group and
| | - Randi Olsen
- 2Department of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bård Smedsrød
- Faculty of Health Sciences, 1Vascular Biology Research Group and
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Palomäki A, Pohjantähti-Maaroos H, Wallenius M, Kankkunen P, Aro H, Husgafvel S, Pihlava JM, Oksanen K. Effects of dietary cold-pressed turnip rapeseed oil and butter on serum lipids, oxidized LDL and arterial elasticity in men with metabolic syndrome. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9:137. [PMID: 21122147 PMCID: PMC3017527 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-9-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapeseed oil is the principal dietary source of monounsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the Northern Europe. However, the effect of rapeseed oil on the markers of subclinical atherosclerosis is not known. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of dietary intake of cold-pressed turnip rapeseed oil (CPTRO) and butter on serum lipids, oxidized LDL and arterial elasticity in men with metabolic syndrome. Methods Thirty-seven men with metabolic syndrome completed an open and balanced crossover study. Treatment periods lasted for 6 to 8 weeks and they were separated from each other with an eight-week washout period. Subjects maintained their normal dietary habits and physical activity without major variations. The daily fat adjunct consisted either of 37.5 grams of butter or 35 mL of VirginoR CPTRO. Participants were asked to spread butter on bread on the butter period and to drink CPTRO on the oil period. The fat adjunct was used as such without heating or frying. Results Compared to butter, administration of CPTRO was followed by a reduction of total cholesterol by 8% (p < 0.001) and LDL cholesterol by 11% (p < 0.001). The level of oxidized LDL was 16% lower after oil period (p = 0.024). Minimal differences in arterial elasticity were not statistically significant. Conclusion Cold-pressed turnip rapeseed oil had favourable effects on circulating LDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL, which may be important in the management of patients at high cardiovascular risk. Trial registration ClinicalTrial.gov NCT01119690
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Palomäki
- Kanta-Häme Central Hospital, Ahvenistontie 20, FI-13530, Hämeenlinna, Finland
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Son JN, Lho Y, Shin S, Kwon SH, Moon KC, Ha E. Carbamylated low-density lipoprotein increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis via lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor (LOX-1) mediated pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Int J Cardiol 2010; 146:428-30. [PMID: 21094547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Sangle GV, Shen GX. Signaling mechanisms for oxidized LDL-induced oxidative stress and the upregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in vascular cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Navarra T, Del Turco S, Berti S, Basta G. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 and its soluble form: cardiovascular implications. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009; 17:317-31. [PMID: 20009416 DOI: 10.5551/jat.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a multiligand receptor, whose repertoire of ligands includes oxidized low-density lipoprotein, advanced glycation endproducts, platelets, neutrophils, apoptotic/aged cells and bacteria. Sustained expression of LOX-1 by critical target cells, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages in proximity to these ligands, sets the stage for chronic cellular activation and tissue damage suggesting the interaction of cellular LOX-1 with its ligands to contribute to the formation and development of atherosclerotic plaques. Studies with transgenic and knockout mouse models have elucidated in part the role of LOX-1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiac remodeling. Recently, a circulating soluble form of LOX-1 (sLOX-1), corresponding solely to its extracellular domain, has been identified in human serum. Circulating levels of sLOX-1 are increased in inflammatory and atherosclerotic conditions and are associated with acute coronary syndrome, with the severity of coronary artery disease, and with serum biomarkers for oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting that they could be a useful marker for vascular injury. However, many interesting questions have not yet been answered and in this review, we provide an updated overview of the literature on this receptor and on likely future directions.
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Ueba T, Nomura S, Nishikawa T, Kajiwara M, Yamashita K. Circulating oxidized LDL, measured with FOH1a/DLH3 antibody, is associated with metabolic syndrome and the coronary heart disease risk score in healthy Japanese. Atherosclerosis 2009; 203:243-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Biocca S, Falconi M, Filesi I, Baldini F, Vecchione L, Mango R, Romeo F, Federici G, Desideri A, Novelli G. Functional analysis and molecular dynamics simulation of LOX-1 K167N polymorphism reveal alteration of receptor activity. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4648. [PMID: 19247493 PMCID: PMC2645694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 LOX-1, encoded by the ORL1 gene, is the major scavenger receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein in endothelial cells. Here we report on the functional effects of a coding SNP, c.501G>C, which produces a single amino acid change (K>N at codon 167). Our study was aimed at elucidating whether the c.501G>C polymorphism changes the binding affinity of LOX-1 receptor altering its function. The presence of p.K167N mutation reduces ox-LDL binding and uptake. Ox-LDL activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2) is inhibited. Furthermore, ox-LDL induced biosynthesis of LOX-1 receptors is dependent on the p.K167N variation. In human macrophages, derived from c.501G>C heterozygous individuals, the ox-LDL induced LOX-1 46 kDa band is markedly lower than in induced macrophages derived from c.501G>C controls. Investigation of p.K167N mutation through molecular dynamics simulation and electrostatic analysis suggests that the ox-LDL binding may be attributed to the coupling between the electrostatic potential distribution and the asymmetric flexibility of the basic spine residues. The N/N-LOX-1 mutant has either interrupted electrostatic potential and asymmetric fluctuations of the basic spine arginines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Biocca
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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28
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Dje N'Guessan P, Riediger F, Vardarova K, Scharf S, Eitel J, Opitz B, Slevogt H, Weichert W, Hocke AC, Schmeck B, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Statins control oxidized LDL-mediated histone modifications and gene expression in cultured human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:380-6. [PMID: 19122173 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.178319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of the endothelium by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Histone modifications impact on the transcriptional activity state of genes. We tested the hypothesis that oxLDL-induced inflammatory gene expression is regulated by histone modifications and experienced the effect of statins on these alterations. METHODS AND RESULTS OxLDL-related interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion in endothelial cells was reduced by statins but enhanced by histone deacetylase inhibitors. OxLDL induced lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) and extracellular regulated kinases (ERK1/2)-dependent acetylation of histone H3 and H4 as well as phosphorylation of histone H3, both globally and on the promoters of il8 and mcp1. Pretreatment of oxLDL-exposed cells with statins reduced the above mentioned histone modification, as well as recruitment of CREB binding protein (CBP) 300, NF-kappaB, and of RNA polymerase II but prevented loss of binding of histone deacetylase (HDAC)-1 and -2 at the il8 and mcp1 gene promoters. OxLDL reduced HDAC1 and 2 expression, and statins partly restored global HDAC-activity. Statin-related effects were reverted with mevalonate. In situ experiments indicated decreased expression of HDAC2 in endothelial cells in atherosclerotic plaques of human coronary arteries. CONCLUSIONS Histone modifications seem to play an important role in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Dje N'Guessan
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Vourvouhaki E, Dedoussis GV. Cholesterol ester transfer protein: a therapeutic target in atherosclerosis? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:937-48. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.8.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Niu N, Yu YH, Wang Y, Wang LJ, Li Q, Guo LM. Combined effects of niacin and chromium treatment on vascular endothelial dysfunction in hyperlipidemic rats. Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:1275-81. [PMID: 18622720 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Combined treatment with niacin and chromium has been found to have a protective effect against oxidative damage to different tissues of hyperlipidemic rats. But its effects on vascular endothelial dysfunction are less clear. This study was performed to investigate the effect of combined treatment with niacin and chromium on vascular endothelial dysfunction, with the aim of gaining insight to the mechanisms by detecting the expression levels of ox-LDL and LOX-1. Twenty-four male, 4-week-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group (CG; n = 8), high-fat group (HF; n = 8), and drug control group (DG; n = 8). In CG group, rats were fed with pellet chow. In HF group, rats were fed with high-fat diet for 12 weeks. In DG group, rats were fed with the same high-fat diet and treated with CrCl(3) x 6 H(2)O (250 microg/kg days) and niacin (100 mg/kg days) by gavage technique for 12 weeks. At the end of the 12th week, samples from aorta and blood were collected. In HF group, the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and endothelin (ET) were higher, whereas the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), serum NO were lower than those in CG group. The levels of serum TC, LDL, ox-LDL and ET decreased and HDL, NO levels increased in DG group when compared with HF group. The levels of LOX-1, ICAM-1 were also observed in abdominal artery. In HF group, the protein and mRNA expression of LOX-1, ICAM-1 were elevated comparing with CG group. In DG group, the protein and mRNA expression of LOX-1, ICAM-1 were decreased obviously, but still differed significantly from those in CG group. ox-LDL was related positively to TC, LDL, ET, ICAM-1 and LOX-1, but related negatively to NO and HDL. These findings indicated that combined treatment with niacin and chromium has potential therapeutic protection of endothelial function by down-regulating ox-LDL/LOX-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
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Thum T, Borlak J. LOX-1 receptor blockade abrogates oxLDL-induced oxidative DNA damage and prevents activation of the transcriptional repressor Oct-1 in human coronary arterial endothelium. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:19456-64. [PMID: 18390905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708309200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the lectin-like oxLDL receptor (LOX-1) promotes atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) increases production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leads to the development of endothelial dysfunction. The molecular causes for oxLDL to induce oxidative DNA damage and metabolic dysfunction remain uncertain. Here we report treatment of cultured human coronary arterial endothelial cells (HCAEC) with oxLDL to cause oxidative DNA damage as determined by a 3-fold increase in 8-OH-desoxyguanosine adduct formation and a 4-fold induction of the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible transcripts GADD45 and GADD153. Oxidative stress resulted in activation of Oct-1, a transcriptional repressor of various vascular cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases. Activation of Oct-1 was protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated. Binding of Oct-1 to promoter sequences of CYP monooxygenases was increased upon treatment of HCAEC with oxLDL. This resulted in repressed production of endothelium-derived hyperpolarization factor 11,12-epoxyeicosatrieonic acid. Small interference RNA-mediated functional knockdown of Oct-1 prevented oxLDL-mediated silencing of CYP expression. Inhibition of LOX-1 attenuated oxLDL-mediated endothelial DNA damage, Oct-1/DNA binding, and reversed impaired production of EDHF. Taken collectively, oxLDL induced oxidative DNA damage and activation of Oct-1 to result in metabolic dysfunction of coronary arterial endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Thum
- Medizinische Klinik I, Kardiologie, Julius-Maximilians Universität, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Guo YH, Chen K, Gao W, Li Q, Chen L, Wang GS, Tang J. Overexpression of Mitofusin 2 inhibited oxidized low-density lipoprotein induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation in rabbit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:411-7. [PMID: 17880918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have implies that Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), which was progressively reduced in arteries from ApoE(-/-) mice during the development of atherosclerosis, may take part in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this study, we found that overexpression of Mfn2 inhibited oxidized low-density lipoprotein or serum induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by down-regulation of Akt and ERK phosphorylation. Then we investigated the in vivo role of Mfn2 on the development of atherosclerosis in rabbits using adenovirus expressing Mitofusin 2 gene (AdMfn2). By morphometric analysis we found overexpression of Mfn2 inhibited atherosclerotic lesion formation and intima/media ratio by 66.7% and 74.6%, respectively, compared with control group. These results suggest that local Mfn2 treatment suppresses the development of atherosclerosis in vivo in part by attenuating the smooth muscle cell proliferation induced by lipid deposition and vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, No. 49, North Garden Road, Beijing 100083, China
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Yin CC, Lin TK, Huang KT. Superoxide counteracts low-density lipoprotein-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 104:157-62. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.104.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chen XP, Zhang TT, Du GH. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, a new promising target for the therapy of atherosclerosis? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 25:146-61. [PMID: 17614937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2007.00009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial activation and dysfunction induced by oxidized modified low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is one of the key steps in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that a new lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) mediates the recognition and internalization of ox-LDL. LOX-1 is the main receptor for ox-LDL and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, diabetes, and, especially, of atherosclerosis. The potential role of LOX-1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis includes: endocytosis of ox-LDL, expression co-location with atherosclerosis enhanced by atherosclerosis-related risk factors, elevated LOX-1 protein in cardiovascular disease, effects related to atherosclerosis and eliminated by antiatherosclerotic drugs. Identification and regulation of LOX-1 and understanding its signal transduction pathways might improve our insight toward the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and provide a selective treatment approach. LOX-1 might be a potential and promising target for the development of novel antiatherosclerotic drugs. However, due to limited knowledge about LOX-1, there are still many questions to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ping Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Nowicki M, Zabirnyk O, Duerrschmidt N, Borlak J, Spanel-Borowski K. No upregulation of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 in serum-deprived EA.hy926 endothelial cells under oxLDL exposure, but increase in autophagy. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:605-16. [PMID: 17643551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-dependent activation of the lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) triggers apoptosis in vascular cells and appears to be involved in atherosclerosis. Autophagy might be an alternate to apoptosis in endothelial cells. The EA.hy926 endothelial cell line has been reported to undergo necrosis under oxLDL stimulation. For this reason, we studied the expression of LOX-1 and its oxLDL-dependent function in EA.hy926 cells under serum starvation. Untreated and oxLDL-treated cells expressed the LOX-1 protein at similar levels 6h after starvation. After 24h without oxLDL and with native LDL (nLDL), statistically significant higher levels were found in LOX-1 than in the oxLDL-treated probes. The oxLDL cultures with low LOX-1 expression displayed stronger features of autophagy than those with nLDL as there were remodelling of actin filaments, disrupture of adherens junctions (immunofluorescence staining), and autophagosomes with the characteristic double membrane at the ultrastructural level. For the advanced oxLDL exposure times (18 and 24 h), autophagic vacuoles/autophagolysosomes were morphologically identified accompanied by a decrease in lysosomes. The autophagosome marker protein MAP LC3-II (Western blotting) was significantly augmented 6 and 18 h after oxLDL treatment compared with cultures treated with nLDL and medium alone. Signs of apoptosis were undetectable in cultures under oxLDL exposure, yet present under staurosporin (apoptosis inducer), i.e. presence of apoptotic bodies and cleaved caspase 3. We conclude that serum starvation upregulates LOX-1 in EA.hy926 cells, whereas the additional oxLDL treatment downregulates the receptor and intensifies autophagy probably by increase in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Nowicki
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Mehta JL, Sanada N, Hu CP, Chen J, Dandapat A, Sugawara F, Satoh H, Inoue K, Kawase Y, Jishage KI, Suzuki H, Takeya M, Schnackenberg L, Beger R, Hermonat PL, Thomas M, Sawamura T. Deletion of LOX-1 reduces atherogenesis in LDLR knockout mice fed high cholesterol diet. Circ Res 2007; 100:1634-42. [PMID: 17478727 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.149724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, and upregulation of LOX-1, an endothelial receptor for oxidized LDL (oxLDL). Here, we describe generation of LOX-1 knockout (KO) mice in which binding of oxLDL to aortic endothelium was reduced and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation preserved after treatment with oxLDL (P<0.01 versus wild-type mice). To address whether endothelial functional preservation might lead to reduction in atherogenesis, we crossed LOX-1 KO mice with LDLR KO mice and fed these mice 4% cholesterol/10% cocoa butter diet for 18 weeks. Atherosclerosis was found to cover 61+/-2% of aorta in the LDLR KO mice, but only 36+/-3% of aorta in the double KO mice. Luminal obstruction and intima thickness were significantly reduced in the double KO mice (versus LDLR KO mice). Expression of redox-sensitive NF-kappaB and the inflammatory marker CD68 in LDLR KO mice was increased (P<0.01 versus wild-type mice), but not in the double KO mice. On the other hand, antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 expression and superoxide dismutase activity were low in the LDLR KO mice (P<0.01 versus wild-type mice), but not in the double KO mice. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression was also preserved in the double KO mice. The proinflammatory signal MAPK P38 was activated in the LDLR KO mice, and LOX-1 deletion reduced this signal. In conclusion, LOX-1 deletion sustains endothelial function leading to a reduction in atherogenesis in association with reduction in proinflammatory and prooxidant signals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol, Dietary
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Lipids/blood
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/biosynthesis
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/genetics
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
- Vasodilation/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawahar L Mehta
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205.
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