1
|
Abstract
The prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has improved due to better treatment and care, but cardiovascular disease (CVD) still remains an important clinical problem, since the risk of CVD in SLE is much higher than among controls. Atherosclerosis is the main cause of CVD in the general population, and in SLE, increased atherosclerosis, especially the prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques, has been demonstrated. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory condition, where immunity plays an important role. Interestingly, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, defective clearance of dead cells, and inflammation, with a pro-inflammatory T-cell profile are characteristics of both atherosclerosis and SLE. In addition to atherosclerosis as an underlying cause of CVD in SLE, there are also other non-mutually exclusive mechanisms, and the most important of these are antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) leading to the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome with both arterial and venous thrombosis. aPL can cause direct pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic effects on endothelial and other cells and also interfere with the coagulation, for example, by inhibiting annexin A5 from its antithrombotic and protective effects. Antibodies against phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) and other small lipid-related epitopes, sometimes called natural antibodies, are negatively associated with CVD and atherosclerosis in SLE. Taken together, a combination of traditional risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia, and nontraditional ones, especially aPL, inflammation, and low anti-PC are implicated in the increased risk of CVD in SLE. Close monitoring of both traditional risk factors and nontraditional ones, including treatment of disease manifestations, not lest renal disease in SLE, is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Frostegård
- Section of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng J, Wang W, Hong T, Yang S, Shen J, Liu C. Suppression of microRNA-155 exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on CD4+ T cell-mediated inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:654-664. [PMID: 32372074 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effects of miR-155 on CD4+ T cell-mediated immune response in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, CD4+ T lymphocytes, endothelial cells (ECs), and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were harvested from the same donor. Knockdown of miR-155 in the CD4+ T cells was achieved by lentiviral transfection, whereas control RNA-transfected or untransfected lymphocytes were used as controls. The transfected CD4+ T cells were activated by incubating with oxidized low-density lipoprotein-treated dendritic cells. The proliferative capacities, phenotype distribution, and cytokine secretion profiles of the activated CD4+ T cells from different groups were evaluated. The activated lymphocytes were used to treat ECs co-cultivated with VSMCs. The ability of the CD4+ T cells to induce the apoptosis of the ECs and to promote the proliferation of the VSMCs was investigated. Inhibition of miR-155 was found to significantly reduce the proliferation rate of the transfected CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T lymphocytes transfected with the miR-155 inhibitor showed increased populations of T helper type 2 and regulatory T cells, as well as more production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. MiR-155 knockdown was also shown to significantly hamper the ability to CD4+ T cells to induce EC apoptosis and to promote the growth of VSMCs. Our data suggested that inhibition of miR-155 in CD4+ T cells could slow down the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. These results lay the groundwork for future research on the therapeutic potential of miR-155 against atherosclerosis-associated cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zheng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenshuo Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shouguo Yang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinqiang Shen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The development of stress drives a host of biological responses that include the overproduction of a family of proteins named heat shock proteins (HSPs), because they were initially studied after heat exposure. HSPs are evolutionarily preserved proteins with a high degree of interspecies homology. HSPs are intracellular proteins that also have extracellular expression. The primary role of HSPs is to protect cell function by preventing irreversible protein damage and facilitating molecular traffic through intracellular pathways. However, in addition to their chaperone role, HSPs are immunodominant molecules that stimulate natural as well as disease-related immune reactivity. The latter may be a consequence of molecular mimicry, generating cross-reactivity between human HSPs and the HSPs of infectious agents. Autoimmune reactivity driven by HSPs could also be the result of enhancement of the immune response to peptides generated during cellular injury and of their role in the delivery of peptides to the major histocompatibility complex in antigen-presenting cells. In humans, HSPs have been found to participate in the pathogenesis of a large number of diseases. This review is focused on the role of HSPs in atherosclerosis and essential hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Rodríguez-Iturbe
- 1 Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC-Zulia), Nephrology Service Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia , Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - R J Johnson
- 2 Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rahman M, Steuer J, Gillgren P, Hayderi A, Liu A, Frostegård J. Induction of Dendritic Cell-Mediated Activation of T Cells From Atherosclerotic Plaques by Human Heat Shock Protein 60. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006778. [PMID: 29151033 PMCID: PMC5721770 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is characterized by the presence of activated immune-competent cells including dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells, dead cells, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein. HSP60 (Heat shock protein 60) has been implicated in atherosclerosis. A plasma protein, Annexin A5, has atheroprotective properties. METHODS AND RESULTS Human DCs differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes were treated with human HSP60 or HSP90 and autologous T cells were cocultured with these pretreated DCs (mDCs). HSP60 induced mDCs and T-cell activation as determined by FACScan (Fluorescence associated cell scan), gene-activation, and cytokine production. HSP60-induced T-cell activation was partly major histocompatibility complex class II-dependent. T cells exposed to HSP60-treated mDCs produced interferon-γ, interleukin-17, but not transforming growth factor-β. HSP60 did not promote expression of Toll-like receptors 2 or 4. HSP90 promoted mDCs maturation but had no effect on T-cell activation. Annexin A5 inhibited HSP60-proinflammatory Th1/Th17 effects on mDCs and T cells, and partly bound HSP60. Further, Annexin A5 inhibited HSP-induced activation of mDCs and also oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced HSP-production from mDCs. Experiments on mDCs and T cells derived from carotid atherosclerotic plaques from patients with symptomatic carotid disease gave similar results as from blood donors. CONCLUSIONS HSP60 induces mDCs activation and partly major histocompatibility complex class II-dependent activation of blood- and plaque-derived T cells, which is mostly of Th1/Th17 type. HSP60 could thus be an important T-cell antigen in plaques, and also mediate oxidized low-density lipoproteins immunogenic effects on DC-T-cell activation, promoting plaque rupture and clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease. Annexin A5 inhibits both oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced HSP60, and HSP60-mediated immune activation, which suggests a potential therapeutic role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizanur Rahman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johnny Steuer
- Institute of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Gillgren
- Institute of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Assim Hayderi
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anquan Liu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Frostegård
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden .,Division of Emergency Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jakic B, Buszko M, Cappellano G, Wick G. Elevated sodium leads to the increased expression of HSP60 and induces apoptosis in HUVECs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179383. [PMID: 28604836 PMCID: PMC5467851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the world. We have previously shown that expression of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) on the surface of endothelial cells is the main cause of initiating the disease as it acts as a T cell auto-antigen and can be triggered by classical atherosclerosis risk factors, such as infection (e.g. Chlamydia pneumoniae), chemical stress (smoking, oxygen radicals, drugs), physical insult (heat, shear blood flow) and inflammation (inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccharide, oxidized low density lipoprotein, advanced glycation end products). In the present study, we show that increasing levels of sodium chloride can also induce an increase in intracellular and surface expression of HSP60 protein in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In addition, we found that elevated sodium induces apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Jakic
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Maja Buszko
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Cappellano
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Wick
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wick C. Tolerization against atherosclerosis using heat shock protein 60. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:201-11. [PMID: 26577462 PMCID: PMC4786533 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the artery wall, and both innate and adaptive immunity play important roles in the pathogenesis of this disease. In several experimental and human experiments of early atherosclerotic lesions, it has been shown that the first pathogenic event in atherogenesis is intimal infiltration of T cells at predilection sites. These T cells react to heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), which is a ubiquitous self-antigen expressed on the surface of endothelial cells (ECs) together with adhesion molecules in response to classical risk factors for atherosclerosis. When HSP60 is expressed on the EC surface, it can act as a "danger-signal" for both cellular and humoral immune reactions. Acquired by infection or vaccination, beneficial protective immunity to microbial HSP60 and bona fide autoimmunity to biochemically altered autologous HSP60 is present in all humans. Thus, the development of atherosclerosis during aging is paid by the price for lifelong protective preexisting anti-HSP60 immunity by harmful (auto)immune cross-reactive attack on arterial ECs maltreated by atherosclerosis risk factors. This is supported by experiments, which shows that bacterial HSP60 immunization can lead and accelerate experimental atherosclerosis. This review article presents accumulating proof that supports the idea that tolerization with antigenic HSP60 protein or its peptides may arrest or even prevent atherosclerosis by increased production of regulatory T cells and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines. Recent data indicates that HSP60, or more likely some of its derivative peptides, has immunoregulatory functions. Therefore, these peptides may have important potential for being used as diagnostic agents or therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wick
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM) L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, S-17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Division for Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Primary hypertension is a disease of premature vascular aging associated with neuro-immuno-metabolic abnormalities. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:185-94. [PMID: 25724169 PMCID: PMC4689752 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing amount of data indicating that primary hypertension (PH) is not only a hemodynamic phenomenon but also a complex syndrome involving abnormal fat tissue distribution, over-activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), metabolic abnormalities, and activation of the immune system. In children, PH usually presents with a typical phenotype of disturbed body composition, accelerated biological maturity, and subtle immunological and metabolic abnormalities. This stage of the disease is potentially reversible. However, long-lasting over-activity of the SNS and immuno-metabolic alterations usually lead to an irreversible stage of cardiovascular disease. We describe an intermediate phenotype of children with PH, showing that PH is associated with accelerated development, i.e., early premature aging of the immune, metabolic, and vascular systems. The associations and determinants of hypertensive organ damage, the principles of treatment, and the possibility of rejuvenation of the cardiovascular system are discussed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Heat shock protein 70 and antibodies to heat shock protein 60 are associated with cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:66-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Juwono J, Martinus RD. Does Hsp60 Provide a Link between Mitochondrial Stress and Inflammation in Diabetes Mellitus? J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:8017571. [PMID: 27478851 PMCID: PMC4960334 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8017571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is to summarise the known relationships between the expression of heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) and its association with the pathogenesis of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hsp60 is a mitochondrial stress protein that is induced by mitochondrial impairment. It is known to be secreted from a number of cell types and circulating levels have been documented in both Types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The biological significance of extracellular Hsp60, however, remains to be established. We will examine the links between Hsp60 and cellular anti- and proinflammatory processes and specifically address how Hsp60 appears to affect immune inflammation by at least two different mechanisms: as a ligand for innate immune receptors and as an antigen recognised by adaptive immune receptors. We will also look at the role of Hsp60 during immune cell activation in atherosclerosis, a significant risk factor during the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Juwono
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Ryan D. Martinus
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
- *Ryan D. Martinus:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhong Y, Tang H, Wang X, Zeng Q, Liu Y, Zhao XI, Yu K, Shi H, Zhu R, Mao X. Intranasal immunization with heat shock protein 60 induces CD4(+) CD25(+) GARP(+) and type 1 regulatory T cells and inhibits early atherosclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:452-68. [PMID: 26452441 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease involving both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Immune tolerance induction may have therapeutic potential for the suppression of atherosclerosis. Current interest is directed towards mucosal tolerance induction, especially nasal tolerance. Previous studies have shown that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is recognized as an important autoantigen in atherosclerosis, and nasal or oral HSP60 can induce tolerance and ameliorate atherosclerosis by inducing several subsets of regulatory T cells (Tregs ) such as latency-associated peptide (LAP)(+) and forkhead box transcription factor 3 (FoxP3)(+) Tregs. However, little is known regarding the detailed mechanisms of nasal tolerance. Here, we again investigated the impact of nasal HSP60 on atherosclerosis and the mechanisms underlying the anti-atherosclerosis responses. We found that nasal HSP60 caused a significant 33·6% reduction in plaque size at the aortic root in the early stages of atherosclerosis (P < 0·001). Notably, a significant increase in activated CD4(+) CD25(+) glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP)(+) Tregs, type 1 Tregs (Tr1 cells), and CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) Tregs, as well as a marked decrease in the numbers of type 1 and 17 T helper cells was detected in the spleens and cervical lymph nodes of HSP60-treated mice. Moreover, nasal HSP60 increases the production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10 and decreases the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-17. Interestingly, the atheroprotective role of nasal HSP60 treatment was abrogated partly by the neutralization of IL-10. Our findings show that nasal administration of HSP60 can attenuate atherosclerotic formation by inducing GARP(+) Tregs, Tr1 cells and FoxP3(+) Tregs, and that these Tregs maintain immune homeostasis by secreting IL-10 and TGF-β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - H Tang
- Department of Pediatric Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Q Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - X I Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - K Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - H Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - R Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - X Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Buhlin K, Holmer J, Gustafsson A, Hörkkö S, Pockley AG, Johansson A, Paju S, Klinge B, Pussinen PJ. Association of periodontitis with persistent, pro-atherogenic antibody responses. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:1006-14. [PMID: 26362847 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study antibody responses associated with molecular mimicry in periodontitis. MATERIAL & METHODS Fifty-four periodontitis cases (mean age 54.0 years) and 44 controls (53.6 years) were examined, after which cases received periodontal treatment. Established immunoassays were used to analyse levels of antibodies against two pathogens, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), heat shock proteins (Hsp), Hsp60, Hsp65, and Hsp70, and epitopes of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) (CuOx-LDL and MDA-LDL) in plasma samples that were collected at baseline and after 3 (n = 48) and 6 (n = 30) months. RESULTS When age, sex, smoking habit, and the number of teeth were considered in multivariate logistic regressions, Aa and Pg IgG, Hsp65-IgA, CuOx-LDL-IgG and -IgM, and MDA-LDL-IgG antibody levels were associated with periodontitis, whereas Hsp60-IgG2 antibody levels were inversely associated. The Aa antibody levels significantly correlated with the levels of IgA antibodies to Hsp65 and Hsp70, and both OxLDL IgA antibody levels. The levels of antibodies to Pg correlated with IgG antibodies to Hsp60, Hsp70, and both oxLDL antibody epitopes. None of the antibody levels changed significantly after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Periodontitis is associated with persistently high levels of circulating antibodies that are reactive with pathogen- and host-derived antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kåre Buhlin
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jacob Holmer
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anders Gustafsson
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sohvi Hörkkö
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Medical Research Center, University of Oulu & Nordlab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alan Graham Pockley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Susanna Paju
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Björn Klinge
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Pirkko J Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barrera G, Pizzimenti S, Ciamporcero ES, Daga M, Ullio C, Arcaro A, Cetrangolo GP, Ferretti C, Dianzani C, Lepore A, Gentile F. Role of 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adducts in human diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1681-702. [PMID: 25365742 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress provokes the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cellular membranes, leading to the formation of aldheydes that, due to their high chemical reactivity, are considered to act as second messengers of oxidative stress. Among the aldehydes formed during lipid peroxidation (LPO), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is produced at a high level and easily reacts with both low-molecular-weight compounds and macromolecules, such as proteins and DNA. In particular, HNE-protein adducts have been extensively investigated in diseases characterized by the pathogenic contribution of oxidative stress, such as cancer, neurodegenerative, chronic inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. RECENT ADVANCES In this review, we describe and discuss recent insights regarding the role played by covalent adducts of HNE with proteins in the development and evolution of those among the earlier mentioned disease conditions in which the functional consequences of their formation have been characterized. CRITICAL ISSUES Results obtained in recent years have shown that the generation of HNE-protein adducts can play important pathogenic roles in several diseases. However, in some cases, the generation of HNE-protein adducts can represent a contrast to the progression of disease or can promote adaptive cell responses, demonstrating that HNE is not only a toxic product of LPO but also a regulatory molecule that is involved in several biochemical pathways. FUTURE DIRECTIONS In the next few years, the refinement of proteomical techniques, allowing the individuation of novel cellular targets of HNE, will lead to a better understanding the role of HNE in human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Barrera
- 1Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Pizzimenti
- 1Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Martina Daga
- 1Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Ullio
- 1Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessia Arcaro
- 2Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute, Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Ferretti
- 4Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- 4Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessio Lepore
- 5Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gentile
- 2Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute, Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Generation of Adducts of 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal with Heat Shock 60 kDa Protein 1 in Human Promyelocytic HL-60 and Monocytic THP-1 Cell Lines. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:296146. [PMID: 26078803 PMCID: PMC4452872 DOI: 10.1155/2015/296146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock 60 kDa protein 1 (HSP60) is a chaperone and stress response protein responsible for protein folding and delivery of endogenous peptides to antigen-presenting cells and also a target of autoimmunity implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. By two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we found that exposure of human promyelocytic HL-60 cells to a nontoxic concentration (10 μM) of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) yielded a HSP60 modified with HNE. We also detected adducts of HNE with putative uncharacterized protein CXorf49, the product of an open reading frame identified in various cell and tissue proteomes. Moreover, exposure of human monocytic THP-1 cells differentiated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate to 10 μM HNE, and to light density lipoprotein modified with HNE (HNE-LDL) or by copper-catalyzed oxidation (oxLDL), but not to native LDL, stimulated the formation of HNE adducts with HSP60, as detected by immunoprecipitation and western blot, well over basal levels. The identification of HNE-HSP60 adducts outlines a framework of mutually reinforcing interactions between endothelial cell stressors, like oxLDL and HSP60, whose possible outcomes, such as the amplification of endothelial dysfunction, the spreading of lipoxidative damage to other proteins, such as CXorf49, the activation of antigen-presenting cells, and the breaking of tolerance to HSP60 are discussed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu A, Ming JY, Fiskesund R, Ninio E, Karabina SA, Bergmark C, Frostegård AG, Frostegård J. Induction of dendritic cell-mediated T-cell activation by modified but not native low-density lipoprotein in humans and inhibition by annexin a5: involvement of heat shock proteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:197-205. [PMID: 25395618 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, where activated immunocompetent cells, including dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells are abundant in plaques. Low-density lipoprotein modified either by oxidation (oxLDL) or by human group X-secreted phospholipase A2 (LDLx) and heat shock proteins (HSP), especially HSP60 and 90, have been implicated in atherosclerosis. We previously reported that Annexin A5 inhibits inflammatory effects of phospholipids, decreases vascular inflammation and improves vascular function in apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice. Here, we focus on the LDLx effects on human DCs and T cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS Human DCs were differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes, stimulated by oxLDL or LDLx. Naive autologous T cells were cocultured with pretreated DCs. oxLDL and LDLx, in contrast to LDL, induced DC-activation and T-cell proliferation. T cells exposed to LDLx-treated DCs produced interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-17 but not IL-4 and IL-10. Annexin A5 abrogated LDLx effects on DCs and T cells and increased production of transforming growth factor-β and IL-10. Furthermore, IL-10 producing T cells suppressed primary T-cell activation via soluble IL-10, transforming growth factor-β, and cell-cell contact. Lentiviral-mediated shRNA knock-down HSP60 and 90 in DCs attenuated the effect of LDLx on DCs and subsequent T-cell proliferation. Experiments on DC and T cells derived from carotid atherosclerotic plaques gave similar results. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that modified forms of LDL such as LDLx but not native LDL activate human T cells through DCs. HSP60 and 90 contribute to such T-cell activation. Annexin A5 promotes induction of regulatory T cells and is potentially interesting as a therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anquan Liu
- From the Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.L., J.Y.M., R.F., A.G.F., J.F.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, Paris, France (E.N.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_933, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France (S.-A.K.); Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.); and Division of Acute Internal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.).
| | - Julia Yue Ming
- From the Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.L., J.Y.M., R.F., A.G.F., J.F.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, Paris, France (E.N.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_933, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France (S.-A.K.); Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.); and Division of Acute Internal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.)
| | - Roland Fiskesund
- From the Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.L., J.Y.M., R.F., A.G.F., J.F.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, Paris, France (E.N.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_933, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France (S.-A.K.); Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.); and Division of Acute Internal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.)
| | - Ewa Ninio
- From the Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.L., J.Y.M., R.F., A.G.F., J.F.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, Paris, France (E.N.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_933, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France (S.-A.K.); Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.); and Division of Acute Internal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.)
| | - Sonia-Athina Karabina
- From the Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.L., J.Y.M., R.F., A.G.F., J.F.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, Paris, France (E.N.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_933, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France (S.-A.K.); Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.); and Division of Acute Internal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.)
| | - Claes Bergmark
- From the Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.L., J.Y.M., R.F., A.G.F., J.F.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, Paris, France (E.N.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_933, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France (S.-A.K.); Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.); and Division of Acute Internal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.)
| | - Anna G Frostegård
- From the Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.L., J.Y.M., R.F., A.G.F., J.F.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, Paris, France (E.N.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_933, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France (S.-A.K.); Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.); and Division of Acute Internal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.)
| | - Johan Frostegård
- From the Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (A.L., J.Y.M., R.F., A.G.F., J.F.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases Team, Paris, France (E.N.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM UMR_933, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France (S.-A.K.); Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (C.B.); and Division of Acute Internal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden (J.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic, multifactorial disease that starts in youth, manifests clinically later in life, and can lead to myocardial infarction, stroke, claudication, and death. Although inflammatory processes have long been known to be involved in atherogenesis, interest in this subject has grown in the past 30-40 years. Animal experiments and human analyses of early atherosclerotic lesions have shown that the first pathogenic event in atherogenesis is the intimal infiltration of T cells at arterial branching points. These T cells recognize heat shock protein (HSP)60, which is expressed together with adhesion molecules by endothelial cells in response to classic risk factors for atherosclerosis. Although these HSP60-reactive T cells initiate atherosclerosis, antibodies to HSP60 accelerate and perpetuate the disease. All healthy humans develop cellular and humoral immunity against microbial HSP60 by infection or vaccination. Given that prokaryotic (bacterial) and eukaryotic (for instance, human) HSP60 display substantial sequence homology, atherosclerosis might be the price we pay for this protective immunity, if risk factors stress the vascular endothelial cells beyond physiological conditions.
Collapse
|
16
|
Frostegård J. Immune mechanisms in atherosclerosis, especially in diabetes type 2. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:162. [PMID: 24194733 PMCID: PMC3810619 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and ensuing cardiovascular disease (CVD) are major complications of diabetes type 2. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition involving immunocompetent cells of different types present in the lesions. Even though inflammation and immune activation may be more pronounced in atherosclerosis in diabetes type 2, there does not appear to be any major differences between diabetics and non-diabetics. Similar factors are thus implicated in atherosclerosis-associated immune activation in both groups. The cause of immune activation is not known and different mutually non-exclusive possibilities exist. Oxidized and/or enzymatically modified forms of low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and dead cells are present in atherosclerotic plaques. OxLDL could play a role, being pro-inflammatory and immunostimulatory as it activates T-cells and is cytotoxic at higher concentrations. Inflammatory phospholipids in OxLDL are implicated, with phosphorylcholine (PC) as one of the exposed antigens. Antibodies against PC (anti-PC) are anti-atherogenic in mouse studies, and anti-PC is negatively associated with development of atherosclerosis and CVD in humans. Bacteria and virus have been discussed as potential causes of immune activation, but it has been difficult to find direct evidence supporting this hypothesis, and antibiotic trials in humans have been negative or inconclusive. Heat shock proteins (HSP) could be one major target for atherogenic immune reactions. More direct causes of plaque rupture include cytokines such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and also lipid mediators as leukotrienes. In addition, in diabetes, hyperglycemia and oxidative stress appear to accelerate the development of atherosclerosis, one mechanism could be via promotion of immune reactions. To prove that immune reactions are causative of atherosclerosis and CVD, further studies with immune-modulatory treatments are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Frostegård
- Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Johan Frostegård, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles v1, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a chronic inflammatory condition with immune competent cells in lesions producing mainly pro-inflammatory cytokines. Dead cells and oxidized forms of low density lipoproteins (oxLDL) are abundant. The major direct cause of CVD appears to be rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. oxLDL has proinflammatory and immune-stimulatory properties, causes cell death at higher concentrations and contains inflammatory phospholipids with phosphorylcholine (PC) as an interesting epitope. Antibodies against PC (anti-PC) may be atheroprotective, one mechanism being anti-inflammatory. Bacteria and virus have been discussed, but it has been difficult to find direct evidence, and antibiotic trials have not been successful. Heat shock proteins could be one major target for atherogenic immune reactions. More direct causes of plaque rupture include pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators. To prove that inflammation is a cause of atherosclerosis and CVD, clinical studies with anti-inflammatory and/or immune-modulatory treatment are needed. The potential causes of immune reactions and inflammation in atherosclerosis and how inflammation can be targeted therapeutically to provide novel treatments for CVD are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Frostegård
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Nobels väg 13, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kreutmayer S, Csordas A, Kern J, Maass V, Almanzar G, Offterdinger M, Öllinger R, Maass M, Wick G. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection acts as an endothelial stressor with the potential to initiate the earliest heat shock protein 60-dependent inflammatory stage of atherosclerosis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:259-68. [PMID: 23192457 PMCID: PMC3631098 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified increased expression and redistribution of the intracellular protein 60-kDa human heat shock protein (hHSP60) (HSPD1) to the cell surface in human endothelial cells subjected to classical atherosclerosis risk factors and subsequent immunologic cross-reactivity against this highly conserved molecule, as key events occurring early in the process of atherosclerosis. The present study aimed at investigating the role of infectious pathogens as stress factors for vascular endothelial cells and, as such, contributors to early atherosclerotic lesion formation. Using primary donor-matched arterial and venous human endothelial cells, we show that infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae leads to marked upregulation and surface expression of hHSP60 and adhesion molecules. Moreover, we provide evidence for an increased susceptibility of arterial endothelial cells for redistribution of hHSP60 to the cellular membrane in response to C. pneumoniae infection as compared to autologous venous endothelial cells. We also show that oxidative stress has a central role to play in endothelial cell activation in response to chlamydial infection. These data provide evidence for a role of C. pneumoniae as a potent primary endothelial stressor for arterial endothelial cells leading to enrichment of hHSP60 on the cellular membrane and, as such, a potential initiator of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kreutmayer
- />Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Peter-Mayr Strasse 4a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adam Csordas
- />Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Peter-Mayr Strasse 4a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- />Division of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Kern
- />Institute of Medical Microbiology, Hygiene and Infectious Diseases, Paracelsus Medical Private University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Viola Maass
- />Institute of Medical Microbiology, Hygiene and Infectious Diseases, Paracelsus Medical Private University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Giovanni Almanzar
- />Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Peter-Mayr Strasse 4a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Offterdinger
- />Biooptics Facility, Division of Neurobiochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Öllinger
- />Division of Visceral, Transplant and Thorax Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Maass
- />Institute of Medical Microbiology, Hygiene and Infectious Diseases, Paracelsus Medical Private University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Georg Wick
- />Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Peter-Mayr Strasse 4a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Almanzar G, Öllinger R, Leuenberger J, Onestingel E, Rantner B, Zehm S, Cardini B, van der Zee R, Grundtman C, Wick G. Autoreactive HSP60 epitope-specific T-cells in early human atherosclerotic lesions. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:441-50. [PMID: 22901435 PMCID: PMC3516706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of T-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the arterial intima. Classical risk factors lead to over-expression of stress proteins, especially heat shock protein 60 (HSP60). HSP60 on the surface of arterial endothelial cells (ECs) then becomes a target for pre-existing adaptive anti-HSP60 immunity resulting in infiltration of the intima by mononuclear cells. In the present study, T-cells derived from early, clinically still inapparent human atherosclerotic lesions were analyzed phenotypically and for their reactivity against HSP60 and HSP60-derived peptides. HSP60 was detected in ECs and CD40- and HLA Class II-positive cells within the intima. Effector memory CD4+ T-cells producing high amounts of interferon-γ and low levels of interleukin-4 were the dominant subpopulation. T-cells derived from late lesions displayed a more restricted T-cell receptor repertoire to HSP60-derived peptides than those isolated from early lesions. Increased levels of soluble HSP60 and circulating anti-human HSP60 autoantibodies were found in donors with late but not early lesions. This is the first functional study of T-cells derived from early human atherosclerotic lesions that supports the previously proposed concept that HSP60-reactive T-cells initiate atherosclerosis by recognition of atherogenic HSP60 epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Almanzar
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Section of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3, Schöpfstraße 41/1, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rose-Hill S, Ford PJ, Leishman SJ, Do HL, Palmer JE, Heng NCK, West MJ, Seymour GJ, Cullinan MP. Improved periodontal health and cardiovascular risk. Aust Dent J 2011; 56:352-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2011.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
21
|
Knoflach M, Messner B, Shen YH, Frotschnig S, Liu G, Pfaller K, Wang X, Matosevic B, Willeit J, Kiechl S, Laufer G, Bernhard D. Non-toxic cadmium concentrations induce vascular inflammation and promote atherosclerosis. Circ J 2011; 75:2491-5. [PMID: 21799275 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-11-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium is a potential new risk factor for early atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases in humans, yet pathogenetic mechanisms are still a matter of debate. METHODS AND RESULTS In-depth histological analysis of 18 sections taken from 6 cadmium-fed ApoE-/- mice and 12 sections from 5 litter-mates not exposed to cadmium by light and scanning electron microscopy was performed. Cadmium-fed mice showed a marked increase in lesion load (plaque area) and severity as classified according to the American Heart Association vascular lesion grading. All inflammatory markers studied (CD68, CD3, CD25, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60)) yielded a higher expression in cadmium-fed mice. Statistical difference was achieved for VCAM-1 and Hsp60 (P=0.03 and P=0.02). The shoulder region of atherosclerotic plaques in cadmium-fed mice showed a prominent retraction of endothelial cells on electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that cadmium exposure amplifies the development of vessel pathology in atherosclerosis susceptible ApoE-/- mice and suggests upregulation of VCAM-1 and Hsp60 and endothelial leakage as potential pathomechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Knoflach
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Grundtman C, Kreutmayer SB, Almanzar G, Wick MC, Wick G. Heat shock protein 60 and immune inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:960-8. [PMID: 21508342 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.217877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hallmarks of inflammation in various cardiovascular diseases, notably atherosclerosis, have been observed for a long time. However, evidence for an (auto)antigen-driven process at these sites of inflammation has come forward only recently. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been identified as playing either immunologically mediated disease promoting or protective roles. HSP60 has been shown to trigger innate and adaptive immune responses that initiate the earliest still reversible inflammatory stage of atherosclerosis. HSP60 is structurally highly conserved and abundantly expressed by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells under stressful conditions. Beneficial protective immunity to microbial HSP60 acquired by infection or vaccination and bona fide autoimmunity to biochemically altered autologous HSP60 is present in all humans. In vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that classical atherosclerosis risk factors can act as endothelial stressors that provoke the simultaneous expression of adhesion molecules and of HSP60 in mitochondria, in cytoplasm, and on the cell surface, where it acts as a "danger signal" for cellular and humoral immune reactions. Hence, protective, preexisting anti-HSP60 immunity may have to be "paid for" by harmful (auto)immune cross-reactive attack on arterial endothelial cells maltreated by atherosclerosis risk factors. These experimentally and clinically proven findings are the basis for the autoimmune concept of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Grundtman
- Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Biocenter, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Schöpfstraße 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Azizi-Semrad U, Grillari J, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Pietschmann P. Biogerontology in Austria. Biogerontology 2010; 12:3-10. [PMID: 20195756 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-010-9267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In Austria significant progress in the field of biogerontology has been achieved in the past years. Biogerontological research is performed in academic and extramural institutions. The Institute for Biomedical Aging Research of the Austrian Academy of Science at Innsbruck is the largest institution dealing with biogerontology in Austria. Moreover, gerontologic research is performed at the Universities of Salzburg and Graz, the Medical Universities of Vienna, Innsbruck and Graz, the University of Veterinary Medicine (Vienna) and the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (Vienna). This article describes the work of selected research groups involved in biogerontology in a geographic arrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Azizi-Semrad
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Knowlton AA, Srivatsa U. Heat-shock protein 60 and cardiovascular disease: a paradoxical role. Future Cardiol 2009; 4:151-61. [PMID: 19804293 DOI: 10.2217/14796678.4.2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are members of a highly conserved group of proteins that are induced in response to stress and injury. These proteins have protective properties, and can protect the heart from injury. HSP60 is found in the mitochondria and cytosol, and has essential intracellular functions including folding key proteins after their import into the mitochondria. In the cytosol, HSP60 binds to proapoptotic proteins, sequestering them. HSPs are highly conserved and, thus, are similar to bacterial proteins. Many individuals have antibodies to HSP60, possibly from prior infections. HSP60 can be found in the plasma membrane and in the serum in disease states. Serum HSP60 may be a marker for coronary artery disease. Once extracellular, HSP60 can cause cell injury. Thus, this protein has dichotomous functions for which the role in disease remains to be fully elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne A Knowlton
- University of California, Molecular & Cellular Cardiology, Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA, and Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern california Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang Y, Chen L, Hagiwara N, Knowlton AA. Regulation of heat shock protein 60 and 72 expression in the failing heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 48:360-6. [PMID: 19945465 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure, a progressive, fatal disease of the heart muscle, is a state of chronic inflammation and injury. Heat shock protein (HSP) 72, a ubiquitous protective protein that is well-established as cardioprotective, is not increased in heart failure. In contrast, HSP60 levels are doubled in the failing heart. We hypothesized that HSF-1 is not activated in heart failure and that the increased expression of HSP60 was driven by NFkappaB activation. To test this hypothesis, we measured levels of heat shock factor (HSF) -1 and -2, the transcription factors controlling HSP expression, which were increased in heart failure. There was no increased phosphorylation of serine 230 or serine 303/307 in HSF-1, which are thought to regulate its activity; EMSA showed no increase in HSF binding activity with heart failure. Nonetheless, mRNA was increased for HSP60, but not HSP72. In contrast to HSF, NFkappaB activity was increased in heart failure. HSP60, but not HSP72, contained NFkappaB binding elements. ChIP assay demonstrated increased binding of NFkappaB to both of the NFkappaB binding elements in the heart failure HSP60 gene. TNFalpha treatment was used to test the role of NFkappaB activation in HSP60 expression in a cardiac cell line. TNFalpha increased HSP60 expression, and this could be prevented by pretreatment with siRNA inhibiting p65 expression. In conclusion, HSP72 is not increased in heart failure because HSF activity is not changed; increased expression of HSP60 may be driven by NFkappaB activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Cardiovascular Division, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bottoni P, Giardina B, Scatena R. Proteomic profiling of heat shock proteins: An emerging molecular approach with direct pathophysiological and clinical implications. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 3:636-53. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
27
|
Knoflach M, Kiechl S, Penz D, Zangerle A, Schmidauer C, Rossmann A, Shingh M, Spallek R, Griesmacher A, Bernhard D, Robatscher P, Buchberger W, Draxl W, Willeit J, Wick G. Cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in young women: atherosclerosis risk factors in female youngsters (ARFY study). Stroke 2009; 40:1063-9. [PMID: 19211497 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.525675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Little research has been conducted into risk factors of atherosclerosis development in young women. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 205 18- to 22-year-old female students from the Educational Centre for Allied Health Professions. A broad array of risk conditions and lifestyle behaviors was carefully assessed. Intima media thickness (IMT) was used as a well-established surrogate for atherosclerosis and a predictor of vascular risk. High IMT was defined as levels exceeding the 90th percentile in the common and/or internal carotid arteries. RESULTS In multivariable logistic regression analysis, systolic blood pressure, family history for hypertension, lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, T-cell immune reaction against human heat shock protein 60, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and exhaust gases emerged as independent predictors of high IMT. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and classical risk factors other than high blood pressure were rare and unrelated to IMT. Findings were similar once focusing on IMT as a continuous variable. CONCLUSIONS In female youngsters displaying initiating stages of vascular pathology, blood pressure level and numerous nontraditional risk conditions showed a significant relation to high IMT. Our study indicates that (auto)immune processes, high lipoprotein(a), and environmental exposure to tobacco smoke and traffic exhaust may play a role in early atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Knoflach
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Bibliography. Current world literature. Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:525-35. [PMID: 18769235 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328312bffc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
30
|
Wick MC, Mayerl C, Backovic A, van der Zee R, Jaschke W, Dietrich H, Wick G. In vivo imaging of the effect of LPS on arterial endothelial cells: molecular imaging of heat shock protein 60 expression. Cell Stress Chaperones 2008; 13:275-85. [PMID: 18465205 PMCID: PMC2673942 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endotoxins are known as stress factors for endothelial cells. In 20 normocholesterolemic New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits, endothelial stress was induced by intravenous (i.v.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while eight NZW rabbits were sham-treated or served as untreated controls. In vivo molecular imaging was performed using co-registered computer tomography and positron emission tomography 24 h after i.v. injection of (124)I-labeled monoclonal anti-HSP60 or (124)I-radiolabelled isotype control antibodies. Compared to control animals, in vivo images of rabbit aortae revealed significantly increased endothelial binding of (124)I-labeled anti-HSP60 antibodies upon LPS, especially at sites of aortal branching. This was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and autoradiography data. Our results showed, as proof-of-principle, that HSP60-expression in normocholesterolemic rabbits is significantly increased after induction of endothelial stress and that non-invasive in vivo molecular imaging of early aortal HSP60-expression using (124)I-labeled anti-HSP60 monoclonal antibodies is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius C Wick
- Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wick MC, Kremser C, Frischauf S, Wick G. In vivo molecular imaging of vascular stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2008; 13:263-73. [PMID: 18465206 PMCID: PMC2673941 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive in vivo imaging is an emerging specialty in experimental radiology aiming at developing hardware and appropriate contrast agents to visualize the molecular basis and pathophysiological processes of many pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis. The list of potentially useful tracers and targets for in vivo molecular imaging in the cascade of early atherosclerotic events has been narrowed down to some very promising endothelial factors, i.e., cell adhesion molecules, macrophages, apoptosis, lipoproteins, heat shock proteins, and others. In this review, we will update on the progress of recent developments in the field of noninvasive molecular imaging in experimental atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius C Wick
- Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Okada T, Ayada K, Usui S, Yokota K, Cui J, Kawahara Y, Inaba T, Hirohata S, Mizuno M, Yamamoto D, Kusachi S, Matsuura E, Oguma K. Antibodies against heat shock protein 60 derived from Helicobacter pylori: diagnostic implications in cardiovascular disease. J Autoimmun 2007; 29:106-15. [PMID: 17606364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses against heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) of pathogen-origin are thought to be defensive events which, due to molecular mimicry, misdirect to a human counterpart. Therefore, atherosclerosis may be serologically predicted by anti-HSP60 antibodies (Abs). In the present study, we analyzed the clinical prevalence of the serum IgG Abs against Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-derived HSP60 (Hp-HSP60) or its peptide fragments in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD; n=250), as compared to those in age- and gender-matched non-CVD patients (n=293). Anti-Hp cell lysate Abs frequently appeared in Hp-infected patients who were not associated with CVD. In contrast, Abs against the particular amino acid sequence Hp-HSP60(II3) (II3 region, Glu(141)-Leu(160), in Hp-HSP60) predominantly appeared in CVD patients, as well as IgG anti-human HSP60 (Hu-HSP60(w)). Furthermore, neither titer of anti-Hp-HSP60(II3) nor anti-Hu-HSP60(w) Abs was correlated with the levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). This data strongly suggested that IgG anti-Hp-HSP60(II3) Abs cross-reacted with Hu-HSP60(w) were independent diagnostic markers relevant to CVD. Further, the 20 amino acid residues (Glu(141)-Leu(160)) might be predominant CVD-associated epitopes that induce anti-Hu-HSP60 auto-Abs, whose location was predicted in the tertiary structure of Hu-HSP60.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Okada
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Alard JE, Dueymes M, Youinou P, Jamin C. Modulation of endothelial cell damages by anti-Hsp60 autoantibodies in systemic autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2007; 6:438-43. [PMID: 17643930 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock protein (Hsp) family is made up of heterogeneous proteins of which Hsp60 members are the most studied. It is now generally admitted that Hsp60 is not only a mitochondrial component but can be localized on the membrane cell surface. Considered as a signal danger following infections, Hsp60 can induce the production of anti-Hsp60 antibodies as defense mechanisms against pathogens. However, endogenous Hsp60 is also a target of autoantibodies in autoimmune disorders, atherosclerosis and vascular diseases, in which anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) are generated. Hsp60 is one of the endothelial cell autoantigens able to trigger cytotoxic and apoptotic responses when recognized by the related autoantibodies. Depending on the Hsp60 epitope specificity, it appears that AECA with Hsp60 reactivity may differ in their functional effects. These observations suggest that new therapeutic approach to avoid endothelial cell damages due to anti-Hsp60 autoantibodies would be successful provided that specific Hsp60 epitopes would have been precisely characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Eric Alard
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brest University Medical School, BP 824, F 29609, Brest, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|