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Dri E, Lampas E, Lazaros G, Lazarou E, Theofilis P, Tsioufis C, Tousoulis D. Inflammatory Mediators of Endothelial Dysfunction. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1420. [PMID: 37374202 DOI: 10.3390/life13061420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is characterized by imbalanced vasodilation and vasoconstriction, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory factors, as well as deficiency of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. It has been reported that the maintenance of endothelial cell integrity serves a significant role in human health and disease due to the involvement of the endothelium in several processes, such as regulation of vascular tone, regulation of hemostasis and thrombosis, cell adhesion, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and vascular inflammation. Inflammatory modulators/biomarkers, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor α, or alternative anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1), involved in atherosclerosis progression have been shown to predict cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, several signaling pathways, such as NLRP3 inflammasome, that are associated with the inflammatory response and the disrupted H2S bioavailability are postulated to be new indicators for endothelial cell inflammation and its associated endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the knowledge of a plethora of reviews, research articles, and clinical trials concerning the key inflammatory modulators and signaling pathways in atherosclerosis due to endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Dri
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Vas. Sofias 114, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Lampas
- Department of Cardiology, Konstantopouleio General Hospital, 14233 Athens, Greece
| | - George Lazaros
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Vas. Sofias 114, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Emilia Lazarou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Vas. Sofias 114, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Theofilis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Vas. Sofias 114, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Tsioufis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Vas. Sofias 114, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Vas. Sofias 114, 11528 Athens, Greece
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2
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Henein MY, Vancheri S, Longo G, Vancheri F. The Role of Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12906. [PMID: 36361701 PMCID: PMC9658900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, in which the immune system has a prominent role in its development and progression. Inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction results in an increased permeability to lipoproteins and their subendothelial accumulation, leukocyte recruitment, and platelets activation. Recruited monocytes differentiate into macrophages which develop pro- or anti-inflammatory properties according to their microenvironment. Atheroma progression or healing is determined by the balance between these functional phenotypes. Macrophages and smooth muscle cells secrete inflammatory cytokines including interleukins IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-6. Within the arterial wall, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol undergoes an oxidation. Additionally, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and remnant lipoproteins exert pro-inflammatory effects. Macrophages catabolize the oxidized lipoproteins and coalesce into a lipid-rich necrotic core, encapsulated by a collagen fibrous cap, leading to the formation of fibro-atheroma. In the conditions of chronic inflammation, macrophages exert a catabolic effect on the fibrous cap, resulting in a thin-cap fibro-atheroma which makes the plaque vulnerable. However, their morphology may change over time, shifting from high-risk lesions to more stable calcified plaques. In addition to conventional cardiovascular risk factors, an exposure to acute and chronic psychological stress may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease through inflammation mediated by an increased sympathetic output which results in the release of inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation is also the link between ageing and cardiovascular disease through increased clones of leukocytes in peripheral blood. Anti-inflammatory interventions specifically blocking the cytokine pathways reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, although they increase the risk of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y. Henein
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, 90187 Umea, Sweden
- Institute of Environment & Health and Societies, Brunel University, Middlesex SW17 0RE, UK
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University, London UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Sergio Vancheri
- Interventional Neuroradiology Department, Besançon University Hospital, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Giovanni Longo
- Cardiovascular and Interventional Department, S.Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Federico Vancheri
- Department of Internal Medicine, S.Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
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3
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Spadaccio C, Antoniades C, Nenna A, Chung C, Will R, Chello M, Gaudino MFL. Preventing treatment failures in coronary artery disease: what can we learn from the biology of in-stent restenosis, vein graft failure, and internal thoracic arteries? Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:505-519. [PMID: 31397850 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the availability of percutaneous or surgical revascularization procedures significantly improves survival. However, both strategies are daunted by complications which limit long-term effectiveness. In-stent restenosis (ISR) is a major drawback for intracoronary stenting, while graft failure is the limiting factor for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), especially using veins. Conversely, internal thoracic artery (ITA) is known to maintain long-term patency in CABG. Understanding the biology and pathophysiology of ISR and vein graft failure (VGF) and mechanisms behind ITA resistance to failure is crucial to combat these complications in CAD treatment. This review intends to provide an overview of the biological mechanisms underlying stent and VGF and of the potential therapeutic strategy to prevent these complications. Interestingly, despite being different modalities of revascularization, mechanisms of failure of stent and saphenous vein grafts are very similar from the biological standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Spadaccio
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Agamemnon St, Clydebank, G81 4DY Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Antonio Nenna
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Calvin Chung
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Agamemnon St, Clydebank, G81 4DY Glasgow, UK
| | - Ricardo Will
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Agamemnon St, Clydebank, G81 4DY Glasgow, UK
| | - Massimo Chello
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario F L Gaudino
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Strandberg TE, Urtamo A, Kähärä J, Strandberg AY, Pitkälä KH, Kautiainen H. Statin Treatment Is Associated With a Neutral Effect on Health-Related Quality of Life Among Community-Dwelling Octogenarian Men: The Helsinki Businessmen Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 73:1418-1423. [PMID: 29659717 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Statin treatment is common among 80+ people, but little is known about statin effects on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in this oldest age group. Methods In the Helsinki Businessmen Study (HBS), men born from 1919 to 1934 (original n = 3,490), have been followed-up since the 1960s. In 2015, a questionnaire about lifestyle, diseases, and medications, and including RAND-36/SF-36 HRQoL instrument was mailed to survivors. About 612 men (72.6%) responded, 530 of them reporting their medications (98% community-living). Propensity score analysis was used to compare statin users and nonusers for HRQoL. Results We compared 229 current statin users (median age 85 years, interquartile range 84-88 years) with 301 nonusers (86; 84-89 years). Current statin users had had significantly higher serum cholesterol level in midlife (p < .001), but current lifestyle-related characteristics were similar in users and nonusers. Statin users reported more hypertension (61.1%, p < .001), diabetes (23.6%, p <.001), and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD, 33.6%, p <.001), than nonusers. Statin users reported higher mean scores than nonusers in all eight RAND-36 subscales, but after adjustments for multiplicity and a propensity score we found no significant differences between statin users and nonusers. Stratification for primary (no ASCVD) and secondary (with CVD) prevention supported the main results. Conclusions Our study suggests that statin treatment has no significant effect on health-related quality of life among octogenarian, community-dwelling men. The results contradict concerns about statin treatment in the oldest-old, and may caution against deprescribing of statins due to old age alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo E Strandberg
- University of Helsinki, Clinicum, and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Annele Urtamo
- University of Helsinki, Clinicum, and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Juuso Kähärä
- University of Helsinki, Clinicum, and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Arto Y Strandberg
- University of Helsinki, Clinicum, and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Kaisu H Pitkälä
- University of Helsinki, Clinicum, and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
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Merz T, Stenzel T, Nußbaum B, Wepler M, Szabo C, Wang R, Radermacher P, McCook O. Cardiovascular disease and resuscitated septic shock lead to the downregulation of the H 2S-producing enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase in the porcine coronary artery. Intensive Care Med Exp 2017; 5:17. [PMID: 28321823 PMCID: PMC5359268 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-017-0131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Downregulation of the hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-producing enzymes cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), and/or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) is associated with chronic cardiovascular pathologies. Nevertheless, equivocal data are available on both the expression and function of these enzymes in coronary arteries (CA). We recently reported that atherosclerotic pigs subjected to sepsis developed impaired cardiac function, which coincided with decreased myocardial CSE expression and increased nitrotyrosine formation. To define the endogenous source(s) of H2S in the CA, we studied the expression of CBS, CSE, or 3-MST in the CA of pigs subjected to septic shock with/without pre-existing cardiovascular co-morbidity. METHODS Anesthetized and instrumented FBM "familial hypercholesterolemia Bretoncelles Meishan" pigs with high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis were subjected to polymicrobial septic shock, or sham procedure, and subsequent intensive care therapy for 24 h. Young German domestic pigs were used as naïve controls. CSE, CBS, 3-MST, HO-1, eNOS, and nitrotyrosine expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry of formalin-fixed paraffin sections. RESULTS FBM pigs, in the absence of septic shock, showed decreased CSE expression in the media. This decrease became more pronounced after sepsis. The expression pattern of HO-1 resembled the pattern of CSE expression. CBS protein was not detected in the media of any of the CA examined but was localized to the adventitia and only in the atheromatous plaques containing foam cells of the CA, in regions that also displayed abundant nitrotyrosine formation. The CBS expression in the adventitia was not associated with nitrotyrosine formation. 3-MST expression was not found in any of the CA samples. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that (i) the reduced CSE expression in FBM pigs may contribute to their cardiovascular disease phenotype and moreover (ii) the further decrease in CA CSE expression in sepsis may contribute to the sepsis-associated cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Merz
- Universitätsklinik Ulm, Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Helmholtzstrasse 8, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tatjana Stenzel
- Universitätsklinik Ulm, Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Helmholtzstrasse 8, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benedikt Nußbaum
- Universitätsklinik Ulm, Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Helmholtzstrasse 8, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Universitätsklinik Ulm, Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wepler
- Universitätsklinik Ulm, Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Helmholtzstrasse 8, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Universitätsklinik Ulm, Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 601 Harborside Drive, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Universitätsklinik Ulm, Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Helmholtzstrasse 8, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oscar McCook
- Universitätsklinik Ulm, Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Helmholtzstrasse 8, 89081, Ulm, Germany. .,Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Medical School, Helmholtzstrasse 8-1, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Rasines-Perea Z, Teissedre PL. Grape Polyphenols' Effects in Human Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes. Molecules 2017; 22:E68. [PMID: 28045444 PMCID: PMC6155751 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as foods enriched in bioactive compounds and nutraceuticals, has increased due to consumers' interest in the relevance of food composition for human health. Considerable recent interest has focused on bioactive phenolic compounds in grape, as they possess many biological activities, such as antioxidant, cardioprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-ageing and antimicrobial properties. Observational studies indicate that the intake of polyphenol-rich foods improves vascular health, thereby significantly reducing the risk of hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Other researchers have described the benefits of a grape polyphenol-rich diet for other types of maladies such as diabetes mellitus. This is a comprehensive review on the consumption of polyphenolic grape compounds, concerning their potential benefits for human health in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuriñe Rasines-Perea
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, EA 4577 Œnologie, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France.
- INRA, Instiut National de la Recherche Agronomique, ISVV, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, USC 1366 Œnologie, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France.
| | - Pierre-Louis Teissedre
- Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, EA 4577 Œnologie, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France.
- INRA, Instiut National de la Recherche Agronomique, ISVV, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, USC 1366 Œnologie, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France.
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7
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Konca Y, Yalcin H, Karabacak M, Kaliber M, Durmuscelebi FZ. Effect of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) on performance, egg traits and blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity in laying Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Br Poult Sci 2015; 55:785-94. [PMID: 25333932 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.978264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1. This study was conducted to determine the effects of hempseed (HS) on performance, egg traits, serum lipid profile and antioxidant activity in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). 2. A total of 120 eight-week-old laying quail were divided into 4 experimental groups with 10 replicates. The treatments were as follows: (1) control diet (C, no HS in the diet); (2) 5% HS in the diet (HS5); (3) 10% HS in the diet (HS10); and (4) 20% HS in the diet (HS20). The quail were fed the experimental diets from 8 to 14 weeks of age. 3. There was no significant difference in body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the birds overall in the experiment. The egg production was not influenced by the HS contents in the diet; however the HS10 diet increased egg weight and egg-specific gravity. The carcass traits were not affected by the HS contents. 4. The serum triglyceride, cholesterol and the high density lipoprotein were not significantly altered; however, low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration in HS-supplemented groups were lower than that of the C group. 5. The malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and nitrogen oxide concentrations were not significantly affected, but in the HS10 and HS20, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) concentration was higher than in the C and HS5 groups. 6. The omega-3 fatty acid content of eggs increased linearly with increasing dietary HS content in the diet. 7. In conclusion, HS could be a potential feed and health benefit as a natural antioxidant in relation to decreasing serum LDL and increasing GSH-Px concentration in the liver of laying quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Konca
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science , Erciyes University , Kayseri , Turkey
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Wightman JD, Heuberger RA. Effect of grape and other berries on cardiovascular health. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1584-1597. [PMID: 25171728 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death globally. Many cardiovascular risk factors can be modified through lifestyle modification, including dietary patterns that emphasize daily consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables. Recent observational and clinical studies suggest that flavonoids, especially those abundant in grapes and other berries, may be associated with health benefits, particularly cardiovascular benefits. Human clinical data support cardioprotective benefits of grapes through inhibition of platelet aggregation, decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, reduction in oxidative stress and improvements in endothelial function. Emerging evidence suggests that grapes may also have a favorable effect on blood lipids, decrease inflammation and reduce blood pressure in certain populations. Studies to date have shown that berries can have a beneficial effect on reducing LDL oxidation. Limited data suggest that berries may have a favorable effect on endothelial health and blood pressure. This review summarizes the current literature on human clinical studies examining the cardioprotective benefits of grapes and berries. Collectively, these data support the recommendation to incorporate products made with grapes and other berries into a heart-healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoLynne D Wightman
- JD Wightman was employed by Welch Foods Inc. while this work was done and has a permanent address of: Welch Foods, Inc., 300 Baker Avenue, Suite 101, Concord, MA, 01742, USA
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9
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Rossi SH, McQuarrie EP, Miller WH, Mackenzie RM, Dymott JA, Moreno MU, Taurino C, Miller AM, Neisius U, Berg GA, Valuckiene Z, Hannay JA, Dominiczak AF, Delles C. Impaired renal function impacts negatively on vascular stiffness in patients with coronary artery disease. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14:173. [PMID: 23937620 PMCID: PMC3751647 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are independently associated with increased vascular stiffness. We examined whether renal function contributes to vascular stiffness independently of CAD status. METHODS We studied 160 patients with CAD and 169 subjects without CAD. The 4-variable MDRD formula was used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); impaired renal function was defined as eGFR <60 mL/min. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured with the SphygmoCor® device. Circulating biomarkers were assessed in plasma using xMAP® multiplexing technology. RESULTS Patients with CAD and impaired renal function had greater PWV compared to those with CAD and normal renal function (10.2 [9.1;11.2] vs 7.3 [6.9;7.7] m/s; P < 0.001). In all patients, PWV was a function of eGFR (β = -0.293; P < 0.001) even after adjustment for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, body mass index and presence or absence of CAD. Patients with CAD and impaired renal function had higher levels of adhesion and inflammatory molecules including E-selectin and osteopontin (all P < 0.05) compared to those with CAD alone, but had similar levels of markers of oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Renal function is a determinant of vascular stiffness even in patients with severe atherosclerotic disease. This was paralleled by differences in markers of cell adhesion and inflammation. Increased vascular stiffness may therefore be linked to inflammatory remodeling of the vasculature in people with impaired renal function, irrespective of concomitant atherosclerotic disease.
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10
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Alterations in vascular function in primary aldosteronism: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging study. J Hum Hypertens 2013; 28:92-7. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2013.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Xie X, Tan J, Wei D, Lei D, Yin T, Huang J, Zhang X, Qiu J, Tang C, Wang G. In vitro and in vivo investigations on the effects of low-density lipoprotein concentration polarization and haemodynamics on atherosclerotic localization in rabbit and zebrafish. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20121053. [PMID: 23449959 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) commonly occurs in the regions of the arterial tree with haemodynamic peculiarities, including local flow field disturbances, and formation of swirling flow and vortices. The aim of our study was to confirm low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration polarization in the vascular system in vitro and in vivo, and investigate the effects of LDL concentration polarization and flow field alterations on atherosclerotic localization. Red fluorescent LDL was injected into optically transparent Flk1: GFP zebrafish embryos, and the LDL distribution in the vascular lumen was investigated in vivo using laser scanning confocal microscopy. LDL concentration at the vascular luminal surface was found to be higher than that in the bulk. The flow field conditions in blood vessel segments were simulated and measured, and obvious flow field disturbances were found in the regions of vascular geometry change. The LDL concentration at the luminal surface of bifurcation was significantly higher than that in the straight segment, possibly owing to the atherogenic effect of disturbed flow. Additionally, a stenosis model of rabbit carotid arteries was generated. Atherosclerotic plaques were found to have occurred in the stenosis group and were more severe in the stenosis group on a high-fat diet. Our findings provide the first ever definite proof that LDL concentration polarization occurs in the vascular system in vivo. Both lipoprotein concentration polarization and flow field changes are involved in the infiltration/accumulation of atherogenic lipids within the location of arterial luminal surface and promote the development of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xie
- Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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12
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Freel EM, Mark PB, Weir RA, McQuarrie EP, Allan K, Dargie HJ, McClure JD, Jardine AG, Davies E, Connell JM. Demonstration of Blood Pressure-Independent Noninfarct Myocardial Fibrosis in Primary Aldosteronism. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:740-7. [DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.112.974576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is common and associates with excess cardiovascular morbidity independent of blood pressure. Exposure to aldosterone and sodium leads to cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in humans and animals possibly mediated by inflammation and oxidative stress. We aimed to clarify the effects of aldosterone excess on myocardial structure and composition in human subjects with PA and essential hypertension using contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging as well as explore the mechanistic basis for any observed differences.
Methods and Results—
Twenty-seven subjects with recently diagnosed PA and 54 essential hypertension controls were recruited. Subjects underwent gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance; noninfarct related myocardial fibrosis was identified by a diffuse pattern of late gadolinium enhancement. Patients also underwent assessment of pulse wave velocity, measurement of circulating superoxide anion and C-reactive protein, as well as blood pressure and biochemical assessment. Subjects were well matched with no difference in severity or duration of hypertension. There was a significant increase in the frequency of noninfarct late gadolinium enhancement in PA (70%) when compared with essential hypertension subjects (13%;
P
<0.0001) with no difference in left ventricular mass. Pulse wave velocity, superoxide, and C-reactive protein were significantly higher in subjects with PA.
Conclusions—
These data illustrate that patients with PA exhibit frequent myocardial fibrosis as demonstrated by late gadolinium enhancement using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; this finding is independent of blood pressure. This may be mediated partly through inflammation and oxidative stress. This study highlights the importance of specific targeting of aldosterone excess as well as blood pressure reduction to minimize cardiac morbidity in PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Marie Freel
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (E.M.F., P.B.M., E.P.M.Q., K.A., H.J.D., J.D.M.C., A.G.J., E.D.); Department of Cardiology, Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.P.W.); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (J.M.C.C.)
| | - Patrick B. Mark
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (E.M.F., P.B.M., E.P.M.Q., K.A., H.J.D., J.D.M.C., A.G.J., E.D.); Department of Cardiology, Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.P.W.); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (J.M.C.C.)
| | - Robin A.P. Weir
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (E.M.F., P.B.M., E.P.M.Q., K.A., H.J.D., J.D.M.C., A.G.J., E.D.); Department of Cardiology, Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.P.W.); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (J.M.C.C.)
| | - Emily P. McQuarrie
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (E.M.F., P.B.M., E.P.M.Q., K.A., H.J.D., J.D.M.C., A.G.J., E.D.); Department of Cardiology, Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.P.W.); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (J.M.C.C.)
| | - Karen Allan
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (E.M.F., P.B.M., E.P.M.Q., K.A., H.J.D., J.D.M.C., A.G.J., E.D.); Department of Cardiology, Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.P.W.); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (J.M.C.C.)
| | - Henry J. Dargie
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (E.M.F., P.B.M., E.P.M.Q., K.A., H.J.D., J.D.M.C., A.G.J., E.D.); Department of Cardiology, Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.P.W.); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (J.M.C.C.)
| | - John D. McClure
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (E.M.F., P.B.M., E.P.M.Q., K.A., H.J.D., J.D.M.C., A.G.J., E.D.); Department of Cardiology, Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.P.W.); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (J.M.C.C.)
| | - Alan G. Jardine
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (E.M.F., P.B.M., E.P.M.Q., K.A., H.J.D., J.D.M.C., A.G.J., E.D.); Department of Cardiology, Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.P.W.); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (J.M.C.C.)
| | - Eleanor Davies
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (E.M.F., P.B.M., E.P.M.Q., K.A., H.J.D., J.D.M.C., A.G.J., E.D.); Department of Cardiology, Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.P.W.); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (J.M.C.C.)
| | - John M.C. Connell
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (E.M.F., P.B.M., E.P.M.Q., K.A., H.J.D., J.D.M.C., A.G.J., E.D.); Department of Cardiology, Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.P.W.); and Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (J.M.C.C.)
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Statins and vein graft failure in coronary bypass surgery. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:172-80. [PMID: 22326889 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Saphenous vein grafts used in coronary artery bypass graft surgery suffer from lower patency rates compared to left internal mammary artery. A number of clinical trials and observational studies have demonstrated a significant benefit of statin treatment on vein graft patency. Aside from their well-known lipid-lowering capacities, statins exert pleiotropic effects by direct inhibition of the mevalonate pathway in the wall of these grafts. This leads to reduced geranylgeranylation of small GTPases such as Rho and Rac. Through this LDL-independent mechanism, statins improve endothelial function and reduce vascular inflammation and oxidative stress, inhibiting also smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Although the existing evidence supports a beneficial effect of statins on vein grafts biology, more clinical trials focused on the effect of aggressive statin treatment on vein graft patency are required, in order to safely translate this strategy into clinical practice.
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Amin NP, Blaha MJ, Chow GV, Blumenthal RS, Ashen D. Comprehensive Lipid Management in the Coronary Artery Disease Patient. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-011-0191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Basu A, Fu DX, Wilkinson M, Simmons B, Wu M, Betts NM, Du M, Lyons TJ. Strawberries decrease atherosclerotic markers in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Nutr Res 2010; 30:462-9. [PMID: 20797478 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Strawberries have been reported to be potent antioxidants and reduce cardiovascular risk factors, such as elevated blood pressure, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in limited studies. We hypothesized that freeze-dried strawberry supplementation will improve blood pressure, impaired glucose, dyslipidemia, or circulating adhesion molecules in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome, thereby lowering cardiovascular risk factors in these subjects. Twenty-seven subjects with metabolic syndrome (2 males and 25 females; body mass index, 37.5 +/- 2.15 kg/m(2); age, 47.0 +/- 3.0 years [means +/- SE]) consumed 4 cups of freeze-dried strawberry beverage (50 g freeze-dried strawberries approximately 3 cups fresh strawberries) or equivalent amounts of fluids (controls, 4 cups of water) daily for 8 weeks in a randomized controlled trial. Anthropometrics and blood pressure measurements, assessment of dietary intakes, and fasting blood draws were conducted at screen and 8 weeks of the study. Strawberry supplementation significantly decreased total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (5.8 +/- 0.2 to 5.2 +/- 0.2 mmol/L and 3.5 +/- 0.2 to 3.1 +/- 0.1 mmol/L, respectively [means +/- SE], P < .05) and small low-density lipoprotein particles using nuclear magnetic resonance-determined lipoprotein subclass profile vs controls at 8 weeks (794.6 +/- 94.0 to 681.8 +/- 86.0 nmol/L [means +/- SE], P < .05). Strawberry supplementation further decreased circulating levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 vs controls at 8 weeks (272.7 +/- 17.4 to 223.0 +/- 14.0 ng/mL [means +/- SE], P < .05). Serum glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, and waist circumference were not affected. Thus, short-term freeze-dried strawberry supplementation improved selected atherosclerotic risk factors, including dyslipidemia and circulating adhesion molecules in subjects with metabolic syndrome, and these results need confirmation in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Basu
- Nutritional Sciences, 301 Human Environmental Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-6141, USA.
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