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Schulz S, Rehm S, Schlitt A, Lierath M, Lüdike H, Hofmann B, Bitter K, Reichert S. C-Reactive Protein Level and the Genetic Variant rs1130864 in the CRP Gene as Prognostic Factors for 10-Year Cardiovascular Outcome. Cells 2023; 12:1775. [PMID: 37443809 PMCID: PMC10341152 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of premature death and disability worldwide. There is extensive evidence that inflammation represents an important pathogenetic mechanism in the development and prognosis of CVD. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a potential marker of vascular inflammation and plays a direct role in CVD by promoting vascular inflammation. The objective of this study (ClinTrials.gov identifier: NCT01045070) was to assess the prognostic impact of CRP protein levels and genetic variants of CRP gene events on cardiovascular (CV) outcome (10-year follow-up) in patients suffering from CVD. METHODS CVD patients were prospectively included in this study (n = 1002) and followed up (10 years) regarding combined CV endpoint (CV death, death from stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA)). CRP protein level (particle-enhanced immunological turbidity test) and genetic variants (rs1130864, rs1417938, rs1800947, rs3093077; polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) after DNA extraction from EDTA-blood) were evaluated. RESULTS In survival analyses, increased CRP protein levels of ≥5 mg/L (log-rank test: p < 0.001, Cox regression: p = 0.002, hazard ratio = 1.49) and CT + TT genotype of rs1130864 (log-rank test: p = 0.041; Cox regression: p = 0.103, hazard ratio = 1.21) were associated with a weaker CV prognosis considering combined CV endpoint. CONCLUSIONS Elevated CRP level and genetic variant (rs1130864) were proven to provide prognostic value for adverse outcome in CVD patients within the 10-year follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schulz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany; (S.R.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (K.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Selina Rehm
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany; (S.R.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (K.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Axel Schlitt
- Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus-Harz-Clinic Bad Suderode, 06485 Quedlinburg, Germany;
- Department of Medicine III, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Madlen Lierath
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany; (S.R.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (K.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Henriette Lüdike
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany; (S.R.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (K.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Britt Hofmann
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany;
| | - Kerstin Bitter
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany; (S.R.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (K.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Stefan Reichert
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany; (S.R.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (K.B.); (S.R.)
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2
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Zha L, Dong J, Chen Q, Liao Y, Zhang H, Xie T, Tang T, Xia N, Zhang M, Jiao J, Zhou Y, Wu J, Yang X, Xu C, Wang QK, Tu X, Cheng X, Nie S. Genetic association analysis between IL9 and coronary artery disease in a Chinese Han population. Cytokine 2021; 150:155761. [PMID: 34814015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) plays important role in coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the exact relationship between them is not explored yet. Here, four tag SNPs covering IL9 (rs31563, rs2069868, rs2069870 and rs31564) were selected to conduct case-control association analyses in a total of 3704 individuals from Chinese Han population (1863 CAD vs 1841 control). Results showed that: first, rs2069868 was associated with CAD combined with hypertension (Padj = 0.027); second, IL9 haplotype (CGAT) was associated with CAD (Padj = 0.035), and the combination genotype of "rs31563_CC/rs31564_TT" would remarkably decrease the risk of CAD (Padj = 0.001); third, significant associations were found between rs2069870 and decreased LDL-c levels and decreased total cholesterol levels, and between rs31563 and increased HDL-c levels (Padj < 0.05). Therefore, we conclude that IL9 might play a causal role in CAD by interacted with CAD traditional risk factors, which might confer a new way to improve the prevention and treatment of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Zha
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiangtao Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qianwen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hongsong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ni Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yingchao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiangping Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chengqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qing K Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shaofang Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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3
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Rocha LO, Rocha E, Succi GDM, Brito Junior RBD. Association between Periodontitis, Genetic Polymorphisms and Presence of Coronary Artery Disease in Southern Brazil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2020; 114:268-272. [PMID: 32215496 PMCID: PMC7077581 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20180296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontitis and coronary artery disease (CAD) share an inflammatory etiology; there is a recent concern regarding the investigation of an association between these two conditions. Current theories indicate that cytokines and proteins have an important role in this process. C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 are inflammatory derivatives produced in the presence of periodontitis and in the pathophysiology of coronary disease. The polymorphisms of CRP + 1444 C > T and IL6-174 G > C are recognized in the literature as being related to CAD. Objective This study investigates the association between periodontitis and coronary artery disease, through the presence of PCR and IL-6 polymorphisms. Methods We selected 80 patients who underwent diagnostic catheterization in the HU of UFSM. The presence of periodontitis was determined by the Community Periodontal Index, whereas the CAD was established by the medical report. DNA was collected from a saliva sample and the presence of polymorphism was determined by PCR and restriction enzymes. A significance level of 5% was adopted. Results The mean age of all participants (p = 0.035, OR 2.65; 95%CI: (1.02-6.87) male gender (p = 0.012, OR 3.37; 95% CI: (1.28- (p = 0.013, OR 3.66; 95% CI: (1.27-10.5)), PCR polymorphism + 1444C > T (p = 0.001, OR 6.37; 95% CI:, (2.25-17.9)) and IL6 -174 G > C polymorphism (p = 0.025, OR 2.87, 95% CI: (1.09-7.55)) were statistically associated with the presence of CAD. Age > 60 years and presence of the PCR +1444 C > T polymorphism remained independently associated with CAD after adjustment by logistic regression. Conclusions The presence of the PCR + 1444 C > T polymorphism in this study was independently associated with the presence of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduarda Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS - Brazil
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4
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Amperometric immunosensor based on covalent organic frameworks and Pt/Ru/C nanoparticles for the quantification of C-reactive protein. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:320. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Antiochos P, Marques-Vidal P, Virzi J, Pagano S, Satta N, Hartley O, Montecucco F, Mach F, Kutalik Z, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Vuilleumier N. Impact of CD14 Polymorphisms on Anti-Apolipoprotein A-1 IgG-Related Coronary Artery Disease Prediction in the General Population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2342-2349. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
We aimed to determine whether autoantibodies against apoA-1 (apolipoprotein A-1; anti-apoA-1 IgG) predict incident coronary artery disease (CAD), defined as adjudicated incident myocardial infarction, angina, percutaneous coronary revascularization, or bypass grafting, in the general population. We further investigated whether this association is modulated by a functional CD14 receptor single nucleotide polymorphism.
Approach and Results—
In a prospectively studied, population-based cohort of 5220 subjects (mean age 52.6±10.7 years, 47.4% males), followed over a median period of 5.6 years, subjects positive versus negative for anti-apoA-1 IgG presented a total CAD rate of 3.9% versus 2.8% (
P
=0.077) and a nonfatal CAD rate of 3.6% versus 2.3% (
P
=0.018), respectively. After multivariate adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors, the hazard ratios of anti-apoA-1 IgG for total and nonfatal CAD were: hazard ratio=1.36 (95% confidence interval, 0.94–1.97;
P
=0.105) and hazard ratio=1.53 (95% confidence interval, 1.03–2.26;
P
=0.034), respectively. In subjects with available genetic data for the C260T
rs2569190
single nucleotide polymorphism in the CD14 receptor gene (n=4247), we observed a significant interaction between anti-apoA-1 IgG and
rs2569190
allele status with regards to CAD risk, with anti-apoA-1 IgG conferring the highest risk for total and nonfatal CAD in non-TT carriers, whereas being associated with the lowest risk for total and nonfatal CAD in TT homozygotes (
P
for interaction =0.011 and
P
for interaction =0.033, respectively).
Conclusions—
Anti-apoA-1 IgG are independent predictors of nonfatal incident CAD in the general population. The strength of this association is dependent on a functional polymorphism of the CD14 receptor gene, a finding suggesting a gene–autoantibody interaction for the development of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Antiochos
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Julien Virzi
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Sabrina Pagano
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Nathalie Satta
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Oliver Hartley
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - François Mach
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Gerard Waeber
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland (P.A., P.M.-V., G.W., P.V.); Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland (J.V., S.P., N.S., F. Montecucco, N.V.); Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, (J.V., S.P., N.S., N.V.), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (O.H.), and Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches,
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Schulz S, Lüdike H, Lierath M, Schlitt A, Werdan K, Hofmann B, Gläser C, Schaller HG, Reichert S. C-reactive protein levels and genetic variants of CRP as prognostic markers for combined cardiovascular endpoint (cardiovascular death, death from stroke, myocardial infarction, and stroke/TIA). Cytokine 2016; 88:71-76. [PMID: 27580453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the importance of C-reactive protein levels and genetic variants of CRP as prognostic markers for further cardiovascular (CV) events (3-year follow-up) in a cohort of in-patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients with angiographic proven CVD (n=939) were prospectively included. The three-year CV outcome of the patients was evaluated considering the predefined, combined endpoint (CV death, death from stroke, myocardial infarction, and stroke/TIA). Polymorphisms rs1800947, rs1417938, rs1130864, rs3093077 were analysed. In Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Cox regression increased CRP levels of ⩾5mg/l (log-rank test: p=0.001, Cox regression: hazard ratio=1.77, 95% CI: 1.2-2.7) and the GG genotype of rs1800947 (log-rank test: p=0.01, Cox regression: hazard ratio=1.99, 95% CI: 1.1-3.6) were associated with the incidence of the combined endpoint. CONCLUSIONS Both a CRP level ⩾5mg/l and SNP rs1800947 of the CRP gene were independent risk factors for further adverse CV events among patients with CVD within three years follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schulz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
| | - Henriette Lüdike
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Madlen Lierath
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Axel Schlitt
- Department of Medicine III, Heart Centre of the University Clinics Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus-Harz-Clinic Bad Suderode, Germany
| | - Karl Werdan
- Department of Medicine III, Heart Centre of the University Clinics Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Britt Hofmann
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Centre of the University Clinics Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Gläser
- Institute of Human Genetics and Medical Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Günter Schaller
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Reichert
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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7
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Nasibullin TR, Yagafarova LF, Yagafarov IR, Timasheva YR, Erdman VV, Tuktarova IA, Mustafina OE. Association of polymorphic markers of chemokine genes, their receptors, and CD14 gene with coronary atherosclerosis. RUSS J GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795416060090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Yong YK, Shankar EM, Westhorpe CL, Maisa A, Spelman T, Kamarulzaman A, Crowe SM, Lewin SR. Genetic polymorphisms in the CD14 gene are associated with monocyte activation and carotid intima-media thickness in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4477. [PMID: 27495090 PMCID: PMC4979844 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Given the relationship between innate immune activation and CVD, we investigated the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR4 and CD14 and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), a surrogate measurement for CVD, in HIV-infected individuals on ART and HIV-uninfected controls as a cross-sectional, case-control study. We quantified the frequency of monocyte subsets (CD14, CD16), markers of monocyte activation (CD38, HLA-DR), and endothelial adhesion (CCR2, CX3CR1, CD11b) by flow cytometry. Plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide, sCD163, sCD14, sCX3CL1, and sCCL2, were measured by ELISA. Genotyping of TLR4 and CD14 SNPs was also performed. The TT genotype for CD14/-260SNP but not the CC/CT genotype was associated with elevated plasma sCD14, and increased frequency of CD11b+CD14+ monocytes in HIV-infected individuals. The TT genotype was associated with lower cIMT in HIV-infected patients (n = 47) but not in HIV-uninfected controls (n = 37). The AG genotype for TLR4/+896 was associated with increased CX3CR1 expression on total monocytes among HIV-infected individuals and increased sCCL2 and fibrinogen levels in HIV-uninfected controls. SNPs in CD14/-260 and TLR4/+896 were significantly associated with different markers of systemic and monocyte activation and cIMT that differed between HIV-infected participants on ART and HIV-uninfected controls. Further investigation on the relationship of these SNPs with a clinical endpoint of CVD is warranted in HIV-infected patients on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean K. Yong
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA)
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA)
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Division of Infection Biology and Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Neelakudi Campus, Tiruvarur, India
| | | | | | - Tim Spelman
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA)
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suzanne M. Crowe
- Centre for Biomedical Research
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Correspondence: Sharon R. Lewin, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (e-mail: )
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9
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Analysis of the genetic association between IL27 variants and coronary artery disease in a Chinese Han population. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25782. [PMID: 27174010 PMCID: PMC4865940 DOI: 10.1038/srep25782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is an important cytokine in inflammatory diseases, including coronary artery disease (CAD). To explore the precise role of IL-27 in CAD, we investigated the genetic association between IL27 and CAD in the GeneID Chinese Han population. A two-stage case control association analysis was performed for 3075 CAD cases and 2802 controls. Logistic regression analysis was used to adjust the traditional risk factors for CAD. Results showed that a promoter variant, rs153109, tended to be marginally associated with CAD in the discovery population (Padj = 0.028, OR = 1.27, 95%CI: 1.03–1.58). However, this association was not replicated in the validation stage (Padj = 0.559, OR = 1.04, 95%CI: 0.90–1.21). In addition, when we classified the combined population into two subgroups according to the age at disease onset or disease state, we again obtained no significant associations. Finally, we estimated the severity of coronary stenosis using the Gensini Scoring system and determined that the rs153109 genotypes were still not associated with the Gensini scores of the CAD patients. In conclusion, our study failed to find an association between common variants in the functional region of IL27 and CAD in a Chinese Han population, which indicated that IL-27 might only be an inflammatory marker during the development of CAD.
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Çelik A, Özçetin M, Ateş Ö, Altunkaş F, Karaman K, Akar İ, İnce İ, Yalçın M, Karayakalı M, Ceyhan K, Koç F. Analyses of C-Reactive Protein, Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Interleukin-6 Gene Polymorphisms in Adolescents with a Family History of Premature Coronary Artery Disease: A Pilot Study. Balkan Med J 2016; 32:397-402. [PMID: 26740900 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2015.151190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family history of premature atherosclerosis imposes a high risk to people. The relationship between atherosclerosis and gene polymorphisms of various biomarkers such as Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has shown in previous studies. AIMS The major aim of the study was to evaluate the CRP, eNOS, and IL-6 gene polymorphisms in a group of adolescents who have a parental history of early coronary artery disease (CAD). STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Thirty-six volunteers with a father with obstructive CAD during the first four decades and 46 subjects with a father with normal coronary arteries documented with coronary angiography were included in the study. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques were used to analyze CRP, eNOS, and IL-6 polymorphisms. RESULTS We did not find any differences between the two groups with regard to age, sex, body mass index, renal functions, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, lipid profile, and fasting glucose, hemoglobin, and high sensitivity CRP. A significant difference was only observed in IL-6-572 G/C genotype distribution and allele frequency between two groups (Pc=0.036 OR=3.48 CI (95%) 1.17-10.32). CONCLUSION The present study showed a significant association between the IL-6-572 G/C gene polymorphism (presence of C allele) and adolescents with a parental history of premature CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ataç Çelik
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Özçetin
- Department of Pediactics, Süleymaniye Obstetrics and Gynecology Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Ateş
- Department of Medical Biology, Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Fatih Altunkaş
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Kayıhan Karaman
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - İlker Akar
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - İlker İnce
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Murat Yalçın
- Department of Cardiology, GATA Haydarpaşa Military Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin Karayakalı
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Köksal Ceyhan
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Fatih Koç
- Department of Cardiology, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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Variants of the Coagulation and Inflammation Genes Are Replicably Associated with Myocardial Infarction and Epistatically Interact in Russians. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144190. [PMID: 26658659 PMCID: PMC4675542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In spite of progress in cardiovascular genetics, data on genetic background of myocardial infarction are still limited and contradictory. This applies as well to the genes involved in inflammation and coagulation processes, which play a crucial role in the disease etiopathogenesis. Methods and Results In this study we found genetic variants of TGFB1, FGB and CRP genes associated with myocardial infarction in discovery and replication groups of Russian descent from the Moscow region and the Republic of Bashkortostan (325/185 and 220/197 samples, correspondingly). We also found and replicated biallelic combinations of TGFB1 with FGB, TGFB1 with CRP and IFNG with PTGS1 genetic variants associated with myocardial infarction providing a detectable cumulative effect. We proposed an original two-component procedure for the analysis of nonlinear (epistatic) interactions between the genes in biallelic combinations and confirmed the epistasis hypothesis for the set of alleles of IFNG with PTGS. The procedure is applicable to any pair of logical variables, e.g. carriage of two sets of alleles. The composite model that included three single gene variants and the epistatic pair has AUC of 0.66 both in discovery and replication groups. Conclusions The genetic impact of TGFB1, FGB, CRP, IFNG, and PTGS and/or their biallelic combinations on myocardial infarction was found and replicated in Russians. Evidence of epistatic interactions between IFNG with PTGS genes was obtained both in discovery and replication groups.
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Bioinformatics approach to evaluate differential gene expression of M1/M2 macrophage phenotypes and antioxidant genes in atherosclerosis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:831-9. [PMID: 24771407 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a pro-inflammatory process intrinsically related to systemic redox impairments. Macrophages play a major role on disease development. The specific involvement of classically activated, M1 (pro-inflammatory), or the alternatively activated, M2 (anti-inflammatory), on plaque formation and disease progression are still not established. Thus, based on meta-data analysis of public micro-array datasets, we compared differential gene expression levels of the human antioxidant genes (HAG) and M1/M2 genes between early and advanced human atherosclerotic plaques, and among peripheric macrophages (with or without foam cells induction by oxidized low density lipoprotein, oxLDL) from healthy and atherosclerotic subjects. Two independent datasets, GSE28829 and GSE9874, were selected from gene expression omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) repository. Functional interactions were obtained with STRING (http://string-db.org/) and Medusa (http://coot.embl.de/medusa/). Statistical analysis was performed with ViaComplex(®) (http://lief.if.ufrgs.br/pub/biosoftwares/viacomplex/) and gene score enrichment analysis (http://www.broadinstitute.org/gsea/index.jsp). Bootstrap analysis demonstrated that the activity (expression) of HAG and M1 gene sets were significantly increased in advance compared to early atherosclerotic plaque. Increased expressions of HAG, M1, and M2 gene sets were found in peripheric macrophages from atherosclerotic subjects compared to peripheric macrophages from healthy subjects, while only M1 gene set was increased in foam cells from atherosclerotic subjects compared to foam cells from healthy subjects. However, M1 gene set was decreased in foam cells from healthy subjects compared to peripheric macrophages from healthy subjects, while no differences were found in foam cells from atherosclerotic subjects compared to peripheric macrophages from atherosclerotic subjects. Our data suggest that, different to cancer, in atherosclerosis there is no M1 or M2 polarization of macrophages. Actually, M1 and M2 phenotype are equally induced, what is an important aspect to better understand the disease progression, and can help to develop new therapeutic approaches.
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Rajasuriar R, Kong YY, Nadarajah R, Abdullah NK, Spelman T, Yuhana MY, Ponampalavanar S, Kamarulzaman A, Lewin SR. The CD14 C-260T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) modulates monocyte/macrophage activation in treated HIV-infected individuals. J Transl Med 2015; 13:30. [PMID: 25622527 PMCID: PMC4311493 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-infected individuals have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). T-allele carriers of the CD14 C-260T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) have reported increased expression of the LPS-binding receptor, CD14 and inflammation in the general population. Our aim was to explore the relationship of this SNP with monocyte/macrophage activation and inflammation and its association with sub-clinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected individuals. Methods Patients with no pre-existing CVD risk factors on suppressive antiretroviral therapy were recruited from University Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia (n = 84). The CD14 C-260T and TLR4 SNPs, Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile were genotyped and soluble(s) CD14 and sCD163 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hsCRP were measured in plasma. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by measuring carotid intima media thickness (cIMT). The association between CD14 C-260T SNP carriage and cIMT was assessed in a multivariable quantile regression model where a p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results We found the CD14 C-260T T-allele in 56% of the cohort and evidence of subclinical atherosclerosis in 27%. TT genotype was associated with higher sCD163 (p = 0.009) but only marginally higher sCD14 (p = 0.209) and no difference in hsCRP (p = 0.296) compared to CC/CT. In multivariable analysis, only Framingham risk score was independently associated with higher cIMT while lower sCD163 was trending towards significance. No association was found in TT-genotype carriers and cIMT measurements. Conclusion The CD14 C-260T SNP was associated with increased monocyte activation but not systemic inflammation or cIMT in this HIV-infected cohort with low CVD risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Rajasuriar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, 3004, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Yong Yean Kong
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Reshika Nadarajah
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Kamila Abdullah
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Tim Spelman
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, 3004, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Muhamad Yazli Yuhana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Medicine, University Teknologi MARA, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sasheela Ponampalavanar
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, 3004, Melbourne, Australia. .,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, 3004, Melbourne, Australia. .,Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
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ŠTULC T, SVOBODOVÁ H, KRUPIČKOVÁ Z, DOLEŽALOVÁ R, MARINOV I, ČEŠKA R. Rosiglitazone Influences the Expression of Leukocyte Adhesion Molecules and CD14 Receptor in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Physiol Res 2014; 63:S293-8. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased inflammatory response, which may contribute to atherosclerosis progression. Experimental results demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity of glitazones; their effect on leukocyte adhesion molecules has not been studied to date. We therefore studied the effect of rosiglitazone treatment on leukocyte surface expression of adhesion molecules in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and compared our results with findings in healthy subjects. 33 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 32 healthy controls were included; patients were examined at baseline and after 5 months of rosiglitazone treatment (4 mg/d). Leukocyte expression of adhesion molecules LFA-1, CD18 and ICAM-1 was quantified using flow cytometry; in addition, CD14 (lipopolysaccharide receptor) expression was analyzed as a marker of nonspecific immunity. The expression of examined molecules at baseline was higher in patients compared to controls. Despite only mild decrease in blood glucose, rosiglitazone treatment induced substantial decrease of CD18 and CD14 expression and borderline decrease of LFA-1 and ICAM-1 expression (on monocytes only). We thus observed improvement in the expression of leukocyte inflammatory markers after rosiglitazone treatment. This effect is supposed to be mediated by direct effect of rosiglitazone on PPAR-γ receptors on leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. ŠTULC
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, First School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Lin YJ, Yang JY, Shu TY, Lin TY, Chen YY, Su MY, Li WJ, Liu MY. Detection of C-reactive protein based on magnetic nanoparticles and capillary zone electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1315:188-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Use of Magnetic Nanoparticles and a Microplate Reader with Fluorescence Detection to Detect C-reactive Protein. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201300377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Lin YT, Verma A, Hodgkinson CP. Toll-like receptors and human disease: lessons from single nucleotide polymorphisms. Curr Genomics 2013; 13:633-45. [PMID: 23730203 PMCID: PMC3492803 DOI: 10.2174/138920212803759712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a large group of proteins which recognize various pathogen-associated molecular patterns, are critical for the normal function of the innate immune system. Following their discovery many single nucleotide polymorphisms within TLRs and components of their signaling machinery have been discovered and subsequently implicated in a wide range of human diseases including atherosclerosis, sepsis, asthma, and immunodeficiency. This review discusses the effect of genetic variation on TLR function and how they may precipitate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tzu Lin
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center & Mandel Center for Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Research, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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CD14 and IL6 polymorphisms are associated with a pro-atherogenic profile in young adults with acute myocardial infarction. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2012; 36:332-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-012-0841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Tsai MH, Chang CL, Yu YS, Lin TY, Chong CP, Lin YS, Su MY, Yang JY, Shu TY, Lu X, Chen CH, Liu MY. Chemical analysis of C-reactive protein synthesized by human aortic endothelial cells under oxidative stress. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9646-54. [PMID: 23046186 DOI: 10.1021/ac302856v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a clinical biomarker of inflammation, and high levels of CRP correlate with cardiovascular disease. The objectives of this study were to test our hypothesis that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) induces the release of CRP from human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and to optimize several analytical methods to identify CRP released from cultured cells in a model of atherogenic stress. HAECs were incubated with copper-oxidized LDL, and the supernatant was subsequently purified by diethylaminoethyl chromatography and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We identified an optimal buffer for the elution of CRP, which contained 0.05 M sodium phosphate and 2.0 M NaCl (pH 4.5). Purified CRP was digested with trypsin and subjected to high-performance LC with an optimal mobile phase of acetonitrile-water containing 0.1% formic acid (50:50, v/v) and an optimal mobile phase flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. We identified optimal parameters for MS/MS analysis of CRP, including sheath gas pressure (80 psi), capillary temperature (275 °C), collision energy (25%), tube lens offset (-5 V), auxiliary gas pressure (0 psi), and isolation width of parent ion (m/z value = 3). Characterization of CRP was based on the extracted ion chromatograms and selected multiple-reaction monitoring spectra of three peptides (peptide-1, -2, and -3) derived from trypsin-digested intact CRP standard. CRP peptide-2 and peptide-3 were identified in the supernatant of ox-LDL-treated HAECs. Confirmation of CRP was based on LC-MS/MS and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of CRP in purified HAEC supernatant, as well as real-time PCR analysis of CRP mRNA levels in HAECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan 50058
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