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Nankivell V, Vidanapathirana AK, Hoogendoorn A, Tan JTM, Verjans J, Psaltis PJ, Hutchinson MR, Gibson BC, Lu Y, Goldys E, Zheng G, Bursill CA. Targeting macrophages with multifunctional nanoparticles to detect and prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:819-838. [PMID: 38696700 PMCID: PMC11218693 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the emergence of novel diagnostic, pharmacological, interventional, and prevention strategies, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Nanoparticle (NP)-based platforms encompass diverse imaging, delivery, and pharmacological properties that provide novel opportunities for refining diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for atherosclerosis at the cellular and molecular levels. Macrophages play a critical role in atherosclerosis and therefore represent an important disease-related diagnostic and therapeutic target, especially given their inherent ability for passive and active NP uptake. In this review, we discuss an array of inorganic, carbon-based, and lipid-based NPs that provide magnetic, radiographic, and fluorescent imaging capabilities for a range of highly promising research and clinical applications in atherosclerosis. We discuss the design of NPs that target a range of macrophage-related functions such as lipoprotein oxidation, cholesterol efflux, vascular inflammation, and defective efferocytosis. We also provide examples of NP systems that were developed for other pathologies such as cancer and highlight their potential for repurposing in cardiovascular disease. Finally, we discuss the current state of play and the future of theranostic NPs. Whilst this is not without its challenges, the array of multifunctional capabilities that are possible in NP design ensures they will be part of the next frontier of exciting new therapies that simultaneously improve the accuracy of plaque diagnosis and more effectively reduce atherosclerosis with limited side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Nankivell
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Achini K Vidanapathirana
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Ayla Hoogendoorn
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Joanne T M Tan
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Johan Verjans
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Peter J Psaltis
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Brant C Gibson
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yiqing Lu
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ewa Goldys
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, High Street, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gang Zheng
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Christina A Bursill
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
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Liu C, Chen G, Chen Y, Dang Y, Nie G, Wu D, Li J, Chen Z, Yang H, He D, Li X, Sun J, Lu J, Wang L. Danlou Tablets Inhibit Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice by Inducing Macrophage Autophagy: The Role of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:724670. [PMID: 34566648 PMCID: PMC8455997 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.724670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a type of chronic vascular disease, and its etiology is not yet fully understood. AS is characterized by lipid deposition, atherosclerotic plaque formation, vascular stenosis or even complete blockage of the blood vessel wall. Clinical studies have shown that Danlou tablets (DLTs) can improve the heart function, quality of life, and prognosis of patients with coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. However, its mechanism of action remains unknown. Our study revealed that DLTs ameliorated ApoE−/−AS mouse aortic atherosclerotic plaques [hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and small animal ultrasound] and reduced CD68+ macrophage infiltration, the expression of the inflammatory factor interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), vascular smooth muscle α-actin, and serum lipid levels. In vitro, in the macrophage foaming model, DLTs partially restored the activity of RAW264.7 cells, reduced the uptake of lipid droplets, and inhibited lipid droplet accumulation and apoptosis within BMDMs. We also found that Torin1, an autophagy agonist, reduced intracellular lipid deposition in BMDMs, as did DLTs. Moreover, DLTs upregulated the expression of the autophagy-related protein LC3II and decreased p62 accumulation in RAW264.7 cells. DLTs also inhibited the phosphorylation of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR, leading to upregulated autophagy in RAW264.7 cells. In summary, our results suggested that DLTs can promote autophagy in macrophages by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby reducing foam cell formation and improving atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Guiling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of National Institute of Stem Cell Clinical Research, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfen Chen
- Puning Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Puning, China
| | - Yue Dang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangning Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dinghong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zide Chen
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongyue He
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Trovato GM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and Atherosclerosis at a crossroad: The overlap of a theory of change and bioinformatics. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2020; 11:57-63. [PMID: 32435522 PMCID: PMC7226912 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v11.i3.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (ATH) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are medical conditions that straddle a communal epidemiology, underlying mechanism and a clinical syndrome that has protean manifestations, touching every organ in the body. These twin partners, ATH and NAFLD, are seemingly straightforward and relatively simple topics when considered alone, but their interdependence calls for more thought. The study of the mutual relationship of NAFLD and ATH should involve big data analytics approaches, given that they encompass a constellation of diseases and are related to several recognized risk factors and health determinants and calls to an explicit theory of change, to justify intervention. Research studies on the “association between aortic stiffness and liver steatosis in morbidly obese patients”, published recently, sparsely hypothesize new mechanisms of disease, claiming the “long shadow of NAFLD” as a risk factor, if not as a causative factor of arterial stiffness and ATH. This statement is probably overreaching the argument and harmful for the scientific credence of this area of medicine. Despite the verification that NAFLD and cardiovascular disease are strongly interrelated, current evidence is that NAFLD may be a useful indicator for flagging early arteriosclerosis, and not a likely causative factor. Greater sustainable contribution by precision medicine tools, by validated bioinformatics approaches, is needed for substantiating conjectures, assumptions and inferences related to the management of big data and addressed to intervention for behavioral changes within an explicit theory of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo M Trovato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, the School of Medicine of the University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
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