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Zhang X, Li Z, Liu X, Qin X, Luo J, Zhang W, Liu B, Wei Y. ZPI prevents ox-LDL-mediated endothelial injury leading to inhibition of EndMT, inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress through activating Pi3k/Akt signal pathway. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:1212-1225. [PMID: 35656597 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-mediated endothelial dysfunction exerts an essential role in the development of atherosclerosis. Protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI), a member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily, could inhibit the function of activated coagulation factor X (FXa) via interaction with protein Z (PZ). Studies have pointed out that ZPI was statistically related to atherosclerotic diseases, which may have a robust cardiovascular protective effect. However, the underlying mechanism of ZPI on ox-LDL-mediated endothelial injury requires further elucidation. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with ox-LDL (100 μg/ml) and ZPI (10 μg/ml). Cell viability was measured by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) were analyzed by immunofluorescence (IF). Cell migration was measured using a wound-healing assay. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were performed to determine messenger RNA and protein expression. Ox-LDL (100 μg/ml, 48 h) significantly reduced cell viability and migration, increased EndMT, inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. The related protein expression of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (Pi3k/Akt) signal pathway in HUVECs was also simultaneously decreased. We also discovered that ZPI treatment could prevent ox-LDL-mediated endothelial injury through the improvement of cell viability and alleviation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, EndMT, and inflammation. Thus, the protective effect of ZPI on HUVECs may be mediated by activation of the Pi3k/Akt signal pathway. ZPI may exert an important protective role in HUVECs dysfunction triggered by ox-LDL via activation of the Pi3k/Akt signal pathway. Therefore, ZPI may possess potential therapeutic effects on atherosclerotic endothelial injury-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiachen Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidong Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Umeda A, Miyagawa K, Mochida A, Takeda H, Takeda K, Okada Y, Gozal D. Effects of Normoxic Recovery on Intima-Media Thickness of Aorta and Pulmonary Artery Following Intermittent Hypoxia in Mice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:583735. [PMID: 33192596 PMCID: PMC7645053 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.583735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients are at risk for increased blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), with pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure potentially developing as well. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) has been used as an OSA model in animals, but its effects on vascular beds have not been evaluated using objective unbiased tools. Previously published and current experimental data in mice exposed to IH were evaluated for IMT in aorta and pulmonary artery (PA) after IH with or without normoxic recovery using software for meta-analysis, Review Manager 5. Because IMT data reports on PA were extremely scarce, atherosclerotic area percentage from lumen data was also evaluated. IH significantly increased IMT parameters in both aorta and PA as illustrated by Forest plots (P < 0.01), which also confirmed that IMT values after normoxic recovery were within the normal range in both vascular beds. One-sided scarce lower areas in Funnel Plots were seen for both aorta and PA indicating the likelihood of significant publication bias. Forest and Funnel plots, which provide unbiased assessments of published and current data, suggest that IH exposures may induce IMT thickening that may be reversed by normoxic recovery in both aorta and PA. In light of the potential likelihood of publication bias, future studies are needed to confirm or refute the findings. In conclusion, OSA may induce IMT thickening (e.g., aorta and/or PA), but the treatment (e.g., nasal continuous positive airway pressure) will likely lead to improvements in such findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Umeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Shioya Hospital, Yaita, Japan
| | - Kazuya Miyagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara, Japan
| | - Atsumi Mochida
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara, Japan
| | - Kotaro Takeda
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, School of Healthcare, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Okada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health and the Child Health Research Institute, MU Women's and Children's Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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