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Kaji I, Thiagarajah JR, Goldenring JR. Modeling the cell biology of monogenetic intestinal epithelial disorders. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202310118. [PMID: 38683247 PMCID: PMC11058565 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202310118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Monogenetic variants are responsible for a range of congenital human diseases. Variants in genes that are important for intestinal epithelial function cause a group of disorders characterized by severe diarrhea and loss of nutrient absorption called congenital diarrheas and enteropathies (CODEs). CODE-causing genes include nutrient transporters, enzymes, structural proteins, and vesicular trafficking proteins in intestinal epithelial cells. Several severe CODE disorders result from the loss-of-function in key regulators of polarized endocytic trafficking such as the motor protein, Myosin VB (MYO5B), as well as STX3, STXBP2, and UNC45A. Investigations of the cell biology and pathophysiology following loss-of-function in these genes have led to an increased understanding of both homeostatic and pathological vesicular trafficking in intestinal epithelial cells. Modeling different CODEs through investigation of changes in patient tissues, coupled with the development of animal models and patient-derived enteroids, has provided critical insights into the enterocyte differentiation and function. Linking basic knowledge of cell biology with the phenotype of specific patient variants is a key step in developing effective treatments for rare monogenetic diseases. This knowledge can also be applied more broadly to our understanding of common epithelial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Kaji
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jay R. Thiagarajah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Congenital Enteropathy Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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2
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Tu T, Liu H, Liu Z, Liang Y, Tan C, Feng D, Zou J. Amelioration of Atherosclerosis by lycopene is linked to the modulation of gut microbiota dysbiosis and related gut-heart axis activation in high-fat diet-fed ApoE -/- mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2023; 20:53. [PMID: 38041095 PMCID: PMC10691047 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interplay between gut microbiota and heart, termed "gut-heart" axis, has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Our previous study showed that lycopene possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects, but its link to the gut microbiota is poorly understood. Herein, we surmised that lycopene could regulate the gut microbiota, exert anti-atherosclerotic effect by regulating the "gut-heart" axis. METHODS Male ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without lycopene (0.1% w/w) for 19 weeks. Gut microbiota was analyzed by 16 S rRNA sequencing, the protein levels of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and phospho-nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 were measured by Western blotting, the levels of serum inflammatory factors including monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 were assayed using ELISA kits. Also, the concentrations of serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), D-lactic acid (D-LA) and diamine peroxidase (DAO) were measured through ELISA method. RESULTS The aortic sinus sections revealed that lycopene supplementation significantly reduced the extent of atherosclerotic lesions and inhibited atherosclerosis development caused by HFD. The analysis of gut microbiota showed that lycopene reduced the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroides and increased the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia, Akkermansia and Alloprevotella, which were related to elevated intestinal barrier function and reduced inflammation. Moreover, lycopene up-regulated the expression of intestinal ZO-1 and occludin and decreased serum LPS, D-LA and DAO levels. In addition, lycopene inhibited the expression of TLR4 and phospho-NF-κB p65 in aortic sinus plaque, serum MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were also lowered by lycopene treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated the protective effect of lycopene against atherosclerosis induced by HFD and further revealed that its mechanism might be its prebiotic effect on maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis and improving intestinal barrier function, consequently reducing serum LPS-triggered inflammatory response in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengcan Tu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, 120 Guidan Road, Foshan, 528200, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, 528244, China
| | - Zhenhao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yunyi Liang
- Health Management Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Chujun Tan
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Jun Zou
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, 120 Guidan Road, Foshan, 528200, Guangdong Province, China.
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Panigrahi R, Glover JNM, Nallusamy S. A look into DGAT1 through the EM lenses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184069. [PMID: 36216097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of modern detectors and robust structure solution pipeline, cryogenic electron microscopy has recently proved to be game changer in structural biology. Membrane proteins are challenging targets for structural biologists. This minireview focuses a membrane embedded triglyceride synthesizing machine, DGAT1. Decades of research had built the foundational knowledge on this enzyme's activity. However, recently solved cryo-EM structures of this enzyme, in apo and bound form, has provided critical mechanistic insights. The flipping of the catalytic histidine is critical of enzyme catalysis. The structures explain why the enzyme has preference to long fatty acyl chains over the short forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Panigrahi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - J N Mark Glover
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Saranya Nallusamy
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India.
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Ghanem M, Lewis GF, Xiao C. Recent advances in cytoplasmic lipid droplet metabolism in intestinal enterocyte. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159197. [PMID: 35820577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Processing of dietary fats in the intestine is a highly regulated process that influences whole-body energy homeostasis and multiple physiological functions. Dysregulated lipid handling in the intestine leads to dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In intestinal enterocytes, lipids are incorporated into lipoproteins and cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs). Lipoprotein synthesis and CLD metabolism are inter-connected pathways with multiple points of regulation. This review aims to highlight recent advances in the regulatory mechanisms of lipid processing in the enterocyte, with particular focus on CLDs. In-depth understanding of the regulation of lipid metabolism in the enterocyte may help identify therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murooj Ghanem
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Gary F Lewis
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Changting Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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SCD1 is nutritionally and spatially regulated in the intestine and influences systemic postprandial lipid homeostasis and gut-liver crosstalk. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159195. [PMID: 35718096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-membrane resident protein that inserts a double bond into saturated fatty acids, converting them into their monounsaturated counterparts. Previous studies have demonstrated an important role for SCD1 in modulating tissue and systemic health. Specifically, lack of hepatic or cutaneous SCD1 results in significant reductions in tissue esterified lipids. While the intestine is an important site of lipid esterification and assimilation into the body, the regulation of intestinal SCD1 or its impact on lipid composition in the intestine and other tissues has not been investigated. Here we report that unlike other lipogenic enzymes, SCD1 is enriched in the distal small intestine and in the colon of chow-fed mice and is robustly upregulated by acute refeeding of a high-sucrose diet. We generated a mouse model lacking SCD1 specifically in the intestine (iKO mice). These mice have significant reductions not only in intestinal lipids, but also in plasma triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, cholesterol esters, and free cholesterol. Additionally, hepatic accumulation of diacylglycerols is significantly reduced in iKO mice. Comprehensive targeted lipidomic profiling revealed a consistent reduction in the myristoleic (14:1) to myristic (14:0) acid ratios in intestine, liver, and plasma of iKO mice. Consistent with the reduction of the monounsaturated fatty acid myristoleic acid in hepatic lipids of chow fed iKO mice, hepatic expression of Pgc-1α, Sirt1, and related fatty acid oxidation genes were reduced in chow-fed iKO mice. Further, lack of intestinal SCD1 reduced expression of de novo lipogenic genes in distal intestine of chow-fed mice and in the livers of mice fed a lipogenic high-sucrose diet. Taken together, these studies reveal a novel pattern of expression of SCD1 in the intestine. They also demonstrate that intestinal SCD1 modulates lipid content and composition of not only intestinal tissues, but also that of plasma and liver. Further, these data point to intestinal SCD1 as a modulator of gut-liver crosstalk, potentially through the production of novel signaling lipids such as myristoleic acid. These data have important implications to understanding how intestinal SCD1 may modulate risk for post-prandial lipemia, hepatic steatosis, and related pathologies.
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Stone SJ. Mechanisms of intestinal triacylglycerol synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159151. [PMID: 35296424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols are a major source of stored energy that are obtained either from the diet or can be synthesized to some extent by most tissues. Alterations in pathways of triacylglycerol metabolism can result in their excessive accumulation leading to obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Most tissues in mammals synthesize triacylglycerols via the glycerol 3-phosphate pathway. However, in the small intestine the monoacylglycerol acyltransferase pathway is the predominant pathway for triacylglycerol biosynthesis where it participates in the absorption of dietary triacylglycerol. In this review, the enzymes that are part of both the glycerol 3-phosphate and monoacylglycerol acyltransferase pathways and their contributions to intestinal triacylglycerol metabolism are reviewed. The potential of some of the enzymes involved in triacylglycerol synthesis in the small intestine as possible therapeutic targets for treating metabolic disorders associated with elevated triacylglycerol is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scot J Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
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Liu H, Liu J, Liu Z, Wang Q, Liu J, Feng D, Zou J. Lycopene Reduces Cholesterol Absorption and Prevents Atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- Mice by Downregulating HNF-1α and NPC1L1 Expression. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10114-10120. [PMID: 34428895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that lycopene reduced the absorption of cholesterol in Caco-2 cells through inhibiting Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) expression. Herein, we aimed to explore whether lycopene supplementation can decrease cholesterol absorption in the intestine and prevent atherosclerosis progression in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. Male ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet with or without lycopene for 19 weeks. Supplementation of lycopene markedly lowered serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Additionally, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were increased after lycopene administration. Lycopene also downregulated the expression of NPC1L1 and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF-1α) in the small intestine. Furthermore, the Oil Red O staining of the aorta and aortic sinus showed that lycopene supplementation remarkably reduced atherosclerotic lesions. These results indicated that lycopene inhibited intestinal cholesterol absorption and protected against HFD-induced atherosclerosis through inhibiting HNF-1α and NPC1L1 expression. Lycopene exhibits a potential antiatherosclerotic effect through suppressing intestinal cholesterol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Zhenhao Liu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Junqiang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jun Zou
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Foshan 528200, China
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Binder CJ, Borén J, Catapano A, Kronenberg F, Mallat Z, Negrini S, Öörni K, Raggi P, von Eckardstein A. The year 2020 in Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2021; 326:35-44. [PMID: 33958158 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alberico Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; University of Paris, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Simona Negrini
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paolo Raggi
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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