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Tricomi BJ, Dias AD, Corr DT. Stem cell bioprinting for applications in regenerative medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1383:115-124. [PMID: 27870077 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many regenerative medicine applications seek to harness the biologic power of stem cells in architecturally complex scaffolds or microenvironments. Traditional tissue engineering methods cannot create such intricate structures, nor can they precisely control cellular position or spatial distribution. These limitations have spurred advances in the field of bioprinting, aimed to satisfy these structural and compositional demands. Bioprinting can be defined as the programmed deposition of cells or other biologics, often with accompanying biomaterials. In this concise review, we focus on recent advances in stem cell bioprinting, including performance, utility, and applications in regenerative medicine. More specifically, this review explores the capability of bioprinting to direct stem cell fate, engineer tissue(s), and create functional vascular networks. Furthermore, the unique challenges and concerns related to bioprinting living stem cells, such as viability and maintaining multi- or pluripotency, are discussed. The regenerative capacity of stem cells, when combined with the structural/compositional control afforded by bioprinting, provides a unique and powerful tool to address the complex demands of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J Tricomi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Andrew D Dias
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David T Corr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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Suchá D, Symersky P, Tanis W, Mali WP, Leiner T, van Herwerden LA, Budde RP. Multimodality Imaging Assessment of Prosthetic Heart Valves. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 8:e003703. [DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.115.003703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Echocardiography and fluoroscopy are the main techniques for prosthetic heart valve (PHV) evaluation, but because of specific limitations they may not identify the morphological substrate or the extent of PHV pathology. Cardiac computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have emerged as new potential imaging modalities for valve prostheses. We present an overview of the possibilities and pitfalls of CT and MRI for PHV assessment based on a systematic literature review of all experimental and patient studies. For this, a comprehensive systematic search was performed in PubMed and Embase on March 24, 2015, containing CT/MRI and PHV synonyms. Our final selection yielded 82 articles on surgical valves. CT allowed adequate assessment of most modern PHVs and complemented echocardiography in detecting the obstruction cause (pannus or thrombus), bioprosthesis calcifications, and endocarditis extent (valve dehiscence and pseudoaneurysms). No clear advantage over echocardiography was found for the detection of vegetations or periprosthetic regurgitation. Whereas MRI metal artifacts may preclude direct prosthesis analysis, MRI provided information on PHV-related flow patterns and velocities. MRI demonstrated abnormal asymmetrical flow patterns in PHV obstruction and allowed prosthetic regurgitation assessment. Hence, CT shows great clinical relevance as a complementary imaging tool for the diagnostic work-up of patients with suspected PHV obstruction and endocarditis. MRI shows potential for functional PHV assessment although more studies are required to provide diagnostic reference values to allow discrimination of normal from pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Suchá
- From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., W.P.Th.M.M., T.L., R.P.J.B.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (L.A.v.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Cardiology, HagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands (W.T.); and Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.P.J.B.)
| | - Petr Symersky
- From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., W.P.Th.M.M., T.L., R.P.J.B.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (L.A.v.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Cardiology, HagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands (W.T.); and Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.P.J.B.)
| | - W. Tanis
- From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., W.P.Th.M.M., T.L., R.P.J.B.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (L.A.v.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Cardiology, HagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands (W.T.); and Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.P.J.B.)
| | - Willem P.Th.M. Mali
- From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., W.P.Th.M.M., T.L., R.P.J.B.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (L.A.v.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Cardiology, HagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands (W.T.); and Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.P.J.B.)
| | - Tim Leiner
- From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., W.P.Th.M.M., T.L., R.P.J.B.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (L.A.v.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Cardiology, HagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands (W.T.); and Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.P.J.B.)
| | - Lex A. van Herwerden
- From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., W.P.Th.M.M., T.L., R.P.J.B.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (L.A.v.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Cardiology, HagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands (W.T.); and Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.P.J.B.)
| | - Ricardo P.J. Budde
- From the Departments of Radiology (D.S., W.P.Th.M.M., T.L., R.P.J.B.) and Cardiothoracic Surgery (L.A.v.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Cardiology, HagaZiekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands (W.T.); and Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.P.J.B.)
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Miceli A, Gilmanov D, Murzi M, Parri MS, Cerillo AG, Bevilacqua S, Farneti PA, Glauber M. Evaluation of platelet count after isolated biological aortic valve replacement with Freedom Solo bioprosthesis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 41:69-73. [PMID: 21664141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The risk of thrombocytopenia in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR) with the Freedom Solo (FS) bioprosthesis is controversial. The aim of our study was to evaluate the postoperative evolution of platelet count and function after AVR in patients undergoing isolated biological AVR with FS. METHODS Between May 2005 and June 2010, 322 patients underwent isolated biological AVR. Of these, 116 patients received FS and were compared with 206 patients who received biological valves. Platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet distribution width (PDW) were evaluated at baseline (T0), first (T1), second (T2), and fifth (T3) postoperative days, respectively. RESULTS Overall in-hospital mortality was 1.5% with no difference between the two groups. Thirty-seven (11.5%) patients developed thrombocytopenia. FS implantation was associated with a higher incidence of thrombocytopenia compared with the control group (24.1% vs 4.4%, p<0.0001). Patients in the FS group showed a lower platelet count than the control group at T1 (99.4±38×10(3) μl(-1) vs 122.5±41.6×10(3) μl(-1), p<0.001), T2 (79.7±36.3×10(3) μl(-1) vs 122.5±43.3×10(3) μl(-1), p<0.001) and T3 (86.6±57.4×10(3) μl(-1) vs 158.4±55.8×10(3) μl(-1), p<0.001). Moreover, the FS group also had a higher MPV (11.6±0.9 fl vs 11±1 fl, p<0.001) and higher PDW (15.1±2.3 fl vs 13.9±2.1 fl, p<0.001) at T3. In a multivariable analysis, FS (p<0.0001), body surface area (p<0.0001), cardiopulmonary bypass time (p=0.003), and lower preoperative platelet counts (p=0.006) were independent predictors of thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSIONS The FS valve might increase the risk of thrombocytopenia and platelet activation, in the absence of adverse clinical events. Prospective randomized studies on platelet function need to confirm our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Miceli
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Via Aurelia Sud, 54100 Massa, Italy.
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Abstract
Although porcine aortic valves or pericardial tissue mounted on a stent have made implantation techniques easier, these valves sacrifice orifice area and increase stress at the attachment of the stent, which causes primary tissue failure. Optimizing hemodynamics to prevent patient–prosthetic mismatch and improve durability, stentless bioprostheses use was revived in the early 1990s. The purpose of this review is to provide a current overview of stentless valves in the aortic position. Retrospective and prospective randomized controlled studies showed similar operative mortality and morbidity in stented and stentless aortic valve replacement (AVR), though stentless AVR required longer cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass time. Several cohort studies showed improved survival after stentless AVR, probably due to better hemodynamic performance and earlier left ventricular (LV) mass regression compared with stented AVR. However, there was a bias of operation age and nonrandomization. A randomized trial supported an improved 8-year survival of patients with the Freestyle or Toronto valves compared with Carpentier–Edwards porcine valves. On the contrary, another randomized study did not show improved clinical outcomes up to 12 years. Freedom from reoperation at 12 years in Toronto stentless porcine valves ranged from 69% to 75%, which is much lower than for Carpentier–Edwards Perimount valves. Cusp tear with consequent aortic regurgitation was the most common cause of structural valve deterioration. Cryolife O’Brien valves also have shorter durability compared with stent valves. Actuarial freedom from reoperation was 44% at 10 years. Early prosthetic valve failure was also reported in patients who underwent root replacement with Shelhigh stentless composite grafts. There was no level I or IIa evidence of more effective orifice area, mean pressure gradient, LV mass regression, surgical risk, durability, and late outcomes in stentless bioprostheses. There is no general recommendation to prefer stentless bioprostheses in all patients. For new-generation pericardial stentless valves, follow-up over 15 years is necessary to compare the excellent results of stented valves such as the Carpentier–Edwards Perimount and Hancock II valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjiro Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.
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Pavoni D, Badano LP, Ius F, Mazzaro E, Frassani R, Gelsomino S, Livi U. Limited long-term durability of the Cryolife O'Brien stentless porcine xenograft valve. Circulation 2007; 116:I307-13. [PMID: 17846322 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.688564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the fact that early and midterm hemodynamic and clinical results of the Cryolife O'Brien (CLOB) stentless valve have been reported to be favorable, the long-term durability and clinical results of this valve are largely unknown. Accordingly, we analyzed 10-year outcomes after aortic valve replacement with this valve. METHODS AND RESULTS From January 1994 to September 2004, 185 patients (67, 73, and 75 years, 25th, 50th, and 75th quartiles, respectively; 38% older than 75 years; 56% females) underwent aortic valve replacement with the CLOB valve. Sixty-eight percent of patients were in NYHA class 3 to 4. Standard EuroSCORE was 7.1+/-2.7. Pure aortic stenosis accounted for 42% (n=79), and pure insufficiency for 12% of cases (n=22). Concomitant surgery: 28% coronary artery bypass (n=51), 11% mitral valve replacement/annuloplasty (n=21), and 2% ascending aorta replacement (n=3). Sixty-one percent of patients received a 23-mm valve or smaller size. Follow-up was 100% completed, and cumulative follow-up was 65 months/patient. The 30-day mortality was 5.4% (none were valve related). Actuarial survival at 5 and 10 years were 68% and 40%, respectively. Actuarial freedom from structural valve deterioration was 91% at 5 years and dropped to 44% at 10 years. Actuarial freedom from reoperation was 94% at 5 years and declined to 57% at 10 years. CONCLUSIONS In a population with a high prevalence of elderly females with small aortic root, the CLOB valve demonstrated satisfactory clinical results till 8-years. Afterward, a significant increase in hazard for structural valve deterioration and reoperation occurred in late follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Pavoni
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia, P.le S Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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Chambers JB, Rimington HM, Rajani R, Hodson F, Shabbo F. A randomized comparison of the Cryolife O'Brien and Toronto stentless replacement aortic valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 133:1045-50. [PMID: 17382651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A composite stentless valve might be less obstructive than a preparation incorporating the porcine right coronary muscle bar. The aim of this study was to compare early hemodynamic function in a prospective series of 78 patients randomized to receive either a Toronto or Cryolife O'Brien stentless valve. METHODS Echocardiography was performed early after surgery, between 3 and 6 months, and at 1 year after surgery. RESULTS The groups were matched demographically. The Cryolife O'Brien valve was significantly less obstructive in terms of effective orifice area (1.81 vs 1.30 cm2; P < .0001), mean pressure difference (7.1 vs 11.7 mm Hg; P < .0001), and peak velocity (1.7 vs 2.2 m/s) assessed at 1 year (P = .001). Bypass time was 91 (SD 22) minutes for the Cryolife O'Brien compared with 125 (SD 22) minutes (P < .0001) for the Toronto. There was a higher incidence of paraprosthetic regurgitation in the Cryolife O'Brien valve (16.7% vs 3.2%). Mortality and clinical events were similar. CONCLUSION The composite valve was less obstructive than the porcine valve, suggesting that stentless valves cannot be considered as a homogeneous class.
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de Kerchove L, Glineur D, El Khoury G, Noirhomme P. Stentless valves for aortic valve replacement: where do we stand? Curr Opin Cardiol 2007; 22:96-103. [PMID: 17284987 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e328014670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Following more than a decade's experience with stentless valves and the development of better profiled stented valves, the article discusses the advantages of stentless valves regarding hemodynamic performance, left ventricular mass regression, durability and survival. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies show that stentless valves remain hemodynamically superior compared with modern porcine stented valves. This superiority is, however, rarely reported in comparison with modern pericardial stented valves. In general, patient-prosthesis mismatch is less frequent in stentless vs. stented valves. Recent randomized trials comparing stentless valves and modern stented valves show equivalent left ventricular mass regression at 1 year. At 10 years, stentless valve durability is excellent and comparable with that of stented valves. Recent comparative studies do not confirm the previously reported midterm survival advantages of stentless valves. SUMMARY Improvement of stented valves has significantly reduced the hemodynamic differences between them and their stentless counterpart. Patients with small aortic annulus, however, should benefit from a stentless valve due to the better expected gradients and lower risk of patient-prosthesis mismatch. Midterm results suggest equivalent durability and survival for both prosthesis types but additional and longer-term trials are necessary to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent de Kerchove
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Luciani GB, Santini F, Mazzucco A. Autografts, homografts, and xenografts: overview on stentless aortic valve surgery. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2007; 8:91-6. [PMID: 17299289 DOI: 10.2459/01.jcm.0000260208.98246.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Stentless valves, either human (autografts, homografts) or animal (porcine xenografts), were historically among the first substitutes to be used to replace the diseased aortic valve. Forty years after those pioneering days and 15 years after revival of such valves, stentless grafts have become a mainstay in aortic surgery. Although limitations associated with the use of autografts, homografts and xenografts remain, stentless valves have profoundly improved quality of life after aortic valve/root replacement. In addition, stentless surgery has greatly advanced the understanding of aortic root anatomy, physiology and pathology among surgeons.
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