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Carr SR, Villa Hernandez F, Varghese DG, Choo-Wosoba H, Steinberg SM, Teke ME, Del Rivero J, Schrump DS, Hoang CD. Pulmonary Metastasectomy for Adrenocortical Carcinoma-Not If, but When. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:702. [PMID: 38398093 PMCID: PMC10886862 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) commonly metastasizes to the lungs, and pulmonary metastasectomy (PM) is utilized due to limited systemic options. METHODS All ACC patients with initially only lung metastases (LM) from a single institution constituted this observational case series. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard analyses evaluated the association with potential prognostic factors and outcomes. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of the PM or, in those patients who did not undergo surgery, from the development of LM. RESULTS A total of 75 ACC patients over a 45-year period met the criteria; 52 underwent PM, and 23 did not. The patients undergoing PM had a median OS of 3.1 years (95% CI: 2.4, 4.7 years) with the 5- and 10-year OS being 35.5% and 32.8%, respectively. The total resected LM did not impact the OS nor the DFS. The patients who developed LM after 11 months from the initial ACC resection had an improved OS (4.2 years; 95% CI: 3.2, NR; p = 0.0096) compared to those developing metastases earlier (2.4 years; 95% CI: 1.6, 2.8). Patients who underwent PM within 11 months of adrenalectomy demonstrated a reduced OS (2.2 years; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.7) compared to those after 11 months (3.6 years, 95% CI: 2.6, NR; p = 0.0045). PM may provide benefit to those patients with LM at presentation (HR: 0.5; p = 0.2827), with the time to first PM as a time-varying covariate. CONCLUSIONS PM appears to have a role in ACC patients. The number of nodules should not be an exclusion factor. Patients developing LM within a year of primary tumor resection may benefit from waiting before further surgeries, which may provide additional insight into who may benefit from PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamus R. Carr
- Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Frank Villa Hernandez
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (F.V.H.); (M.E.T.)
| | - Diana Grace Varghese
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (D.G.V.)
| | - Hyoyoung Choo-Wosoba
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seth M. Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martha E. Teke
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (F.V.H.); (M.E.T.)
| | - Jaydira Del Rivero
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (D.G.V.)
| | - David S. Schrump
- Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Chuong D. Hoang
- Thoracic Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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Passman JE, Amjad W, Ginzberg SP, Soegaard Ballester JM, Finn C, Wachtel H. Surgical Management of Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma. World J Surg 2024; 48:110-120. [PMID: 38463201 PMCID: PMC10919939 DOI: 10.1002/wjs.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a notoriously aggressive cancer with a dismal prognosis, especially for patients with metastatic disease. Metastatic ACC is classically a contraindication to operative management. Here, we evaluate the impact of primary tumor resection and metastasectomy on survival in metastatic ACC. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with metastatic ACC (2010-2019) utilizing the National Cancer Database. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Cox proportional hazards models were developed to evaluate the associations between surgical management and survival. Propensity score matching (PSM) was utilized to account for selection bias in receipt of surgery. Results Of 976 subjects with metastatic ACC, 38% underwent surgical management. Median OS across all patients was 7.6 months. On multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression, primary tumor resection alone (HR: 0.523; p<0.001) and primary resection with metastasectomy (HR: 0.372; p<0.001) were significantly associated with improved OS. Metastasectomy alone had no association with OS (HR: 0.909; p=0.740). Primary resection with metastasectomy was associated with improved OS over resection of the primary tumor alone (HR: 0.636; p=0.018). After PSM, resection of the primary tumor alone remained associated with improved OS (HR 0.593; p<0.001), and metastasectomy alone had no survival benefit (HR 0.709; p=0.196) compared with non-operative management; combined resection was associated with improved OS over primary tumor resection alone (HR 0.575, p=0.008). Conclusion In metastatic ACC, patients may benefit from primary tumor resection alone or in combination with metastasectomy, however further research is required to facilitate appropriate patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E Passman
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wajid Amjad
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sara P Ginzberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Caitlin Finn
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Heather Wachtel
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Zhang F, Liu Z, Feng D, Tang Y, Liu S, Wu K, Zhang F, Zhu Y, Lu Y. Reoperation for Recurrent Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Population-Based Studies. Front Surg 2022; 9:781406. [PMID: 35252325 PMCID: PMC8892209 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.781406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare neoplasm with a high recurrence rate. This study aimed to assess the role of surgery in the clinical management of recurrent ACC. Methods The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched, and the hazard ratios were pooled. Results Patients who underwent resection for recurrence had significantly better OS or OS after recurrence than those who received only nonsurgical treatments (HR 0.34, p < 0.001). Prognostic factors were associated with decreased OS after recurrence, including multiple recurrence (HR 3.23, p = 0.001), shorter disease-free interval (HR 2.94, p < 0.001), stage III-IV of the original tumor (HR 6.17, p = 0.001), sex of male (HR 1.35, p = 0.04), and initial non-R0 resection (HR 2.13, p = 0.001). Prolonged OS after recurrence was observed in those who experienced incomplete resection (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.31–0.52, I2 = 53%) compared with patients who only received nonsurgical treatments. In the reoperated group, patients who underwent complete resection of recurrence had a prolonged OS after recurrence compared with those who underwent incomplete resection (HR 0.23, p = 0.004). Conclusions We confirmed the role of reoperation in the clinical management of recurrent ACC. Select patients might benefit from debulking surgery. The preoperative evaluation of the complete resection of the recurrence is the key means to decide whether patients should undergo surgery. Other prognostic factors associated with prolonged OS include single recurrence site, relatively longer disease-free interval, stage I-II of the original tumor, and female sex.
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Fuller SN, Shafiei A, Venzon DJ, Liewehr DJ, Mauda Havanuk M, Ilanchezhian MG, Edgerly M, Anderson VL, Levy EB, Hoang CD, Jones EC, Reilly KM, Widemann BC, Wood BJ, Bagheri H, Del Rivero J. Tumor Doubling Time Using CT Volumetric Segmentation in Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4357-4366. [PMID: 34898541 PMCID: PMC8628706 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with an overall unfavorable prognosis. Clinicians treating patients with ACC have noted accelerated growth in metastatic liver lesions that requires rapid intervention compared to other metastatic locations. This study measured and compared the growth rates of metastatic ACC lesions in the lungs, liver, and lymph nodes using volumetric segmentation. A total of 12 patients with metastatic ACC (six male; six female) were selected based on their medical history. Computer tomography (CT) exams were retrospectively reviewed and a sampling of ≤5 metastatic lesions per organ were selected for evaluation. Lesions in the liver, lung, and lymph nodes were measured and evaluated by volumetric segmentation. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the volumetric growth rates of the lesions in each organ system. In this cohort, 5/12 had liver lesions, 7/12 had lung lesions, and 5/12 had lymph node lesions. A total of 92 lesions were evaluated and segmented for lesion volumetry. The volume doubling time per organ system was 27 days in the liver, 90 days in the lungs, and 95 days in the lymph nodes. In this series of 12 patients with metastatic ACC, liver lesions showed a faster growth rate than lung or lymph node lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Fuller
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Rare Tumor Initiative, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.N.F.); (M.G.I.); (K.M.R.); (B.C.W.)
| | - Ahmad Shafiei
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.S.); (E.C.J.); (H.B.)
| | - David J. Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (D.J.V.); (D.J.L.)
| | - David J. Liewehr
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (D.J.V.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Michal Mauda Havanuk
- Center for Interventional Oncology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.M.H.); (V.L.A.); (E.B.L.); (B.J.W.)
| | - Maran G. Ilanchezhian
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Rare Tumor Initiative, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.N.F.); (M.G.I.); (K.M.R.); (B.C.W.)
| | - Maureen Edgerly
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Victoria L. Anderson
- Center for Interventional Oncology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.M.H.); (V.L.A.); (E.B.L.); (B.J.W.)
| | - Elliot B. Levy
- Center for Interventional Oncology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.M.H.); (V.L.A.); (E.B.L.); (B.J.W.)
| | - Choung D. Hoang
- Thoracic Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Elizabeth C. Jones
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.S.); (E.C.J.); (H.B.)
| | - Karlyne M. Reilly
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Rare Tumor Initiative, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.N.F.); (M.G.I.); (K.M.R.); (B.C.W.)
| | - Brigitte C. Widemann
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Rare Tumor Initiative, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.N.F.); (M.G.I.); (K.M.R.); (B.C.W.)
| | - Bradford J. Wood
- Center for Interventional Oncology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.M.H.); (V.L.A.); (E.B.L.); (B.J.W.)
| | - Hadi Bagheri
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.S.); (E.C.J.); (H.B.)
| | - Jaydira Del Rivero
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Rare Tumor Initiative, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.N.F.); (M.G.I.); (K.M.R.); (B.C.W.)
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence:
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Shariq OA, McKenzie TJ. Adrenocortical carcinoma: current state of the art, ongoing controversies, and future directions in diagnosis and treatment. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2021; 12:20406223211033103. [PMID: 34349894 PMCID: PMC8295938 DOI: 10.1177/20406223211033103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, aggressive malignancy with an annual incidence of ~1 case per million population. Differentiating between ACC and benign adrenocortical tumors can be challenging in patients who present with an incidentally discovered adrenal mass, due to the limited specificity of standard diagnostic imaging. Recently, urine steroid metabolite profiling has been prospectively validated as a novel diagnostic tool for the detection of malignancy with improved accuracy over current modalities. Surgery represents the only curative treatment for ACC, although local recurrence and metastases are common, even after a margin-negative resection is performed. Unlike other intra-abdominal cancers, the role of minimally invasive surgery and lymphadenectomy in ACC is controversial. Adjuvant therapy with the adrenolytic drug mitotane is used to reduce the risk of recurrence after surgery, although evidence supporting its efficacy is limited; it is also currently unclear whether all patients or a subset with the highest risk of recurrence should receive this treatment. Large-scale pan-genomic studies have yielded insights into the pathogenesis of ACC and have defined distinct molecular signatures associated with clinical outcomes that may be used to improve prognostication. For patients with advanced ACC, palliative combination chemotherapy with mitotane is the current standard of care; however, this is associated with poor response rates (RR). Knowledge from molecular profiling studies has been used to guide the development of novel targeted therapies; however, these have shown limited efficacy in early phase trials. As a result, there is an urgent unmet need for more effective therapies for patients with this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis J McKenzie
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
Repeat surgical resection (redo) for pulmonary metastases is a questionable, albeit intriguing topic. We performed an extensive review of the literature, to specifically analyze results of redo pulmonary metastasectomies. We reviewed a total of 3,523 papers. Among these, 2,019 were excluded for redundancy and 1,105 because they were not completely retrievable. Out of 399 eligible papers, 183 had missing information or missing abstract, while 96 lacked data on survival. A total of 120 papers dated from 1991 onwards were finally included. Data regarding mortality, major morbidity, prognostic factors and long-term survivals of the first redo pulmonary metastasectomies were retrieved and analyzed. Homogeneity of data was affected by the lack of guidelines for redo pulmonary metastasectomy and the risks of bias when comparing different studies has to be considered. According to the histology sub-types, redo metastasectomies papers were grouped as: colorectal (n=42), sarcomas (n=36), others (n=20) and all histologies (n=22); the total number of patients was 3,015. Data about chemotherapy were reported in half of the papers, whereas targeted or immunotherapy in 9. None of these associated therapies, except chemotherapy in two records, did significantly modify outcomes. Disease-free interval before the redo procedure was the prevailing prognostic factor and nearly all papers showed a significant correlation between patients’ comorbidities and prognosis. No perioperative mortality was reported, while perioperative major morbidity was overall quite low. Where available, overall survival after the first redo metastasectomy ranged from 10 to 72 months, with a 5-years survival of approximately 50%. The site of first recurrence after the redo procedure was mainly lung. Despite the data retrievable from literature are heterogeneous and confounding, we can state that redo lung metastasectomy is worthwhile when the lesions are resectable and the perioperative risk is low. At present, there are no “non-surgical” therapeutic options to replace redo pulmonary metastasectomies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ambrogi
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Tor Vergata University Polyclinic, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Tajé
- Tor Vergata University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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Adrenal Surgery for Synchronously Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Population-Based Analysis. World J Surg 2021; 45:1457-1465. [PMID: 33481081 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-021-05957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis, with limited treatment options. The survival benefit of adrenal surgery in patients with synchronous metastatic disease has not been well explored. METHODS Patients with ACC with synchronous metastases were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2010-2016). The effect of adrenal surgery on different patterns of distant metastases was assessed. The overall survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors associated with survival outcome. RESULTS A total of 202 patients with synchronous metastatic ACC were identified from the SEER database, 76 (37.6%) patients underwent adrenal surgery. Compared to nonsurgical patients, patients who underwent adrenal surgery had a better survival (median overall survival: 4 vs. 13 months, P < 0.001). In sub-analyses, except for patients with liver metastases (P = 0.670), adrenalectomy could consistently confer a significant survival benefit in patients with lung metastases (P = 0.003), bone metastases (P = 0.020), and multiple metastases (P = 0.002). Cox regression analysis revealed that in addition to adrenalectomy [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45-0.92; P = 0.017], metastasectomy (HR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.26-0.86; P = 0.013), and chemotherapy (HR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.42-0.82; P = 0.002) were also associated with improved survival. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the view that adrenal surgery may be associated with improved survival in patients with synchronous metastatic ACC (except for patients with liver metastases), and the metastatic sites have significant prognostic implications on survival outcomes with adrenal surgery.
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Sinclair TJ, Gillis A, Alobuia WM, Wild H, Kebebew E. Surgery for adrenocortical carcinoma: When and how? Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 34:101408. [PMID: 32265101 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy that is frequently asymptomatic at presentation, yet has a high rate of metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Prognosis is overall poor, particularly with cortisol-producing tumors. While the treatment of ACC is guided by stage of disease, complete surgical resection is the most important step in the management of patients with primary, recurrent, or metastatic ACC. Triphasic chest, abdomen, and pelvis computer tomography (CT) scans and 18F flourodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography CT scanning are essential for accurate staging; moreover, MRI may be helpful to identify liver metastasis and evaluate the involvement of adjacent organs for operative planning. Surgical resection with negative margins is the single most important prognostic factor for survival in patients with ACC. To achieve the highest rate of R0 resection, open adrenalectomy is the gold standard surgical approach for confirmed or highly suspected ACC. It is extremely important that the tumor capsule is not ruptured, regardless of the surgical approach used. The best post-operative outcomes (complications and oncologic) are achieved by high-volume surgeons practicing at high-volume centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J Sinclair
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Gillis
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Wilson M Alobuia
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Wild
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Lo W, Ayabe RI, Kariya CM, Good ML, Steinberg SM, Davis JL, Ripley RT, Hernandez JM. Stage and disease-free interval help select patients for surgical management of locally recurrent and metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2020; 121:228-233. [PMID: 31808558 PMCID: PMC8189166 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Chemotherapeutic options for patients with recurrent/metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) are limited, leading to consideration for surgical management. We sought to determine characteristics associated with an unequivocal survival benefit amongst patients undergoing re-resection or metastasectomy. METHODS Patients who underwent surgery for recurrent/metastatic ACC were identified and stratified into two groups: those with postoperative survival comparable with what has been reported with chemotherapy alone (<12 months) and those surviving twice that duration (>24 months). Those who survived between 12 and 24 months were excluded, as the objective was to characterize patients who most distinctly benefited from resection. Clinicopathologic and treatment variables were evaluated for associations with survival. RESULTS Forty-three patients survived more than 24 months and 15 patients died less than 12 months after reoperation. Tumor stage (odds ratio [OR], 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45-0.96) and disease-free interval (DFI; OR, 3.23; 95% CI, 1.68-6.22) were associated with prolonged survival. Tumor size, hormonal status, resection margin, and treatment with chemotherapy, radiation, and mitotane were not associated with prolonged survival. Patients who survived more than 24 months underwent more procedures for subsequent recurrences (median 4 vs 2; P < .001). CONCLUSION Stage and DFI can help select optimal candidates for resection of recurrent/metastatic ACC. Patients selected for surgical management should be informed of the likelihood of requiring multiple interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred Lo
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Reed I. Ayabe
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Meghan L. Good
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seth M. Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeremy L. Davis
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert T. Ripley
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Hughes MS, Lo WM, Beresnev T, Merino M, Shutack Y, Ripley RT, Hernandez JM, Davis JL. A Phase II Trial of Cytoreduction and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Recurrent Adrenocortical Carcinoma. J Surg Res 2019; 232:383-388. [PMID: 30463745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive disease with few options offering durable survival benefit. Despite metastasectomy, recurrence is common. Cytoreduction and intraperitoneal chemotherapy have offered improved survival in other advanced cancers. We sought to evaluate the use of cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for the treatment of recurrent intraperitoneal ACC. METHODS A phase II, single institution clinical trial was approved for patients with radiographic evidence of resectable ACC limited to the peritoneum. Patients underwent treatment if optimal cytoreduction was deemed possible at exploratory laparotomy. Primary outcome was intraperitoneal progression-free survival. Secondary outcomes were treatment-related morbidities and overall survival. RESULTS Sixty-three patients were evaluated, of whom 11 met eligibility criteria. Nine patients underwent cytoreduction and HIPEC, including one patient who recurred and was re-treated (n = 10 treatments). One patient could not be optimally cytoreduced for HIPEC and therefore did not receive intraperitoneal chemotherapy. There was no perioperative mortality; perioperative comorbidities were limited to Clavien-Dindo grade 2 or 3 and included hematologic, infectious, and neurologic complications. Seven patients experienced disease recurrence and two patients died of disease during follow-up (median 24 mo). Intraperitoneal progression-free survival was 19 mo, and median overall survival has not yet been reached. CONCLUSIONS Cytoreduction and HIPEC can be performed safely in selected patients. Patients with recurrent ACC confined to the peritoneal cavity can be considered for regional therapy in experienced hands. However, disease recurrence is common, and other treatment options should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth S Hughes
- Department of Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Winifred M Lo
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tatiana Beresnev
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria Merino
- Translational Surgical Pathology Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yvonne Shutack
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R Taylor Ripley
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan M Hernandez
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeremy L Davis
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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11
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Thoracic Manifestations of Genitourinary Neoplasms and Treatment-related Complications. J Thorac Imaging 2019; 34:W36-W48. [PMID: 31009398 DOI: 10.1097/rti.0000000000000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genitourinary (GU) malignancies are a diverse group of common and uncommon neoplasms that may be associated with significant mortality. Metastases from GU neoplasms are frequently encountered in the chest, and virtually all thoracic structures can be involved. Although the most common imaging manifestations include hematogenous dissemination manifesting with peripheral predominant bilateral pulmonary nodules and lymphatic metastases manifesting with mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy, some GU malignancies exhibit unique features. We review the general patterns, pathways, and thoracic imaging features of renal, adrenal, urothelial, prostatic, and testicular metastatic neoplasms, as well as provide a discussion of treatment-related complications that might manifest in the chest. Detailed reporting of these patterns will allow the imager to assist the referring clinicians and surgeons in accurate determination of the stage, prognosis, and treatment options available for the patient. Awareness of specific treatment-related complications further allows the imager to enhance patient safety through accurate and timely reporting of potentially life-threatening consequences of therapies.
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Lo WM, Kariya CM, Hernandez JM. Operative Management of Recurrent and Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Am Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481908500111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is associated with a poor 5-year survival rate and high rate of recurrence. Outcomes after resection for patients with limited disease remain poorly described. We conducted a PubMed search for articles published between 1950 and 2017 using the terms “ACC,” “recurrence,” and “surgery.” Patients with metastatic ACC at any anatomic site who had undergone surgical resection were included. Thirteen studies met the criteria. Patients were grouped according to the recurrence site. Pulmonary metastasectomy was reported in 50 patients with moderate complications and without perioperative mortality. Disease recurrence rates range from 25 to 42 per cent, with median overall survival of 40 to 50 months. Hepatic metastasectomy was reported in 108 patients with a single perioperative mortality. Disease recurrence rates range from 65 to 100 per cent, with median disease-free survival (DFS) and OS of five to nine months and 22 to 76 months. Peritoneal cytoreduction and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy have been reported for 10 patients with minimal morbidity and without perioperative mortality. The disease recurrence rate was 70 per cent, with DFS of 19 months. For selected patients with recurrent ACC in the lungs, liver, or peritoneum, metastasectomy is safe and can be associated with prolonged survival. However, subsequent disease recurrence is common, and patients should be counseled accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred M. Lo
- From the Thoracic and Surgical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christine M. Kariya
- From the Thoracic and Surgical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan M. Hernandez
- From the Thoracic and Surgical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Glenn JA, Else T, Hughes DT, Cohen MS, Jolly S, Giordano TJ, Worden FP, Gauger PG, Hammer GD, Miller BS. Longitudinal patterns of recurrence in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Surgery 2019; 165:186-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Dickson PV, Kim L, Yen TWF, Yang A, Grubbs EG, Patel D, Solórzano CC. Evaluation, Staging, and Surgical Management for Adrenocortical Carcinoma: An Update from the SSO Endocrine and Head and Neck Disease Site Working Group. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:3460-3468. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Fassnacht M, Dekkers O, Else T, Baudin E, Berruti A, de Krijger R, Haak H, Mihai R, Assie G, Terzolo M. European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179:G1-G46. [PMID: 30299884 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and in most cases steroid hormone-producing tumor with variable prognosis. The purpose of these guidelines is to provide clinicians with best possible evidence-based recommendations for clinical management of patients with ACC based on the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system. We predefined four main clinical questions, which we judged as particularly important for the management of ACC patients and performed systematic literature searches: (A) What is needed to diagnose an ACC by histopathology? (B) Which are the best prognostic markers in ACC? (C) Is adjuvant therapy able to prevent recurrent disease or reduce mortality after radical resection? (D) What is the best treatment option for macroscopically incompletely resected, recurrent or metastatic disease? Other relevant questions were discussed within the group. Selected Recommendations: (i) We recommend that all patients with suspected and proven ACC are discussed in a multidisciplinary expert team meeting. (ii) We recommend that every patient with (suspected) ACC should undergo careful clinical assessment, detailed endocrine work-up to identify autonomous hormone excess and adrenal-focused imaging. (iii) We recommend that adrenal surgery for (suspected) ACC should be performed only by surgeons experienced in adrenal and oncological surgery aiming at a complete en bloc resection (including resection of oligo-metastatic disease). (iv) We suggest that all suspected ACC should be reviewed by an expert adrenal pathologist using the Weiss score and providing Ki67 index. (v) We suggest adjuvant mitotane treatment in patients after radical surgery that have a perceived high risk of recurrence (ENSAT stage III, or R1 resection, or Ki67 >10%). (vi) For advanced ACC not amenable to complete surgical resection, local therapeutic measures (e.g. radiation therapy, radiofrequency ablation, chemoembolization) are of particular value. However, we suggest against the routine use of adrenal surgery in case of widespread metastatic disease. In these patients, we recommend either mitotane monotherapy or mitotane, etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin depending on prognostic parameters. In selected patients with a good response, surgery may be subsequently considered. (vii) In patients with recurrent disease and a disease-free interval of at least 12 months, in whom a complete resection/ablation seems feasible, we recommend surgery or alternatively other local therapies. Furthermore, we offer detailed recommendations about the management of mitotane treatment and other supportive therapies. Finally, we suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Dekkers
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Else
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eric Baudin
- Endocrine Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- INSERM UMR 1185, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Université Paris Sud, Paris, France
| | - Alfredo Berruti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Medical Oncology, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ronald de Krijger
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harm Haak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Máxima Medical Centre, Eindhoven/Veldhoven, the Netherlands
- Maastricht University, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Ageing and Long-Term Care, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Radu Mihai
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Churchill Cancer Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Guillaume Assie
- Department of Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Reference Center dor Rare Adrenal Cancers, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Massimo Terzolo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Internal Medicine, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To present an update on the management of and future directions in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). RECENT FINDINGS ACC is a rare malignancy with high morbidity and mortality. Surgery remains the mainstay treatment for localized disease, but it is often not feasible in more advanced cases. There is an ongoing controversy about the routine use of adjuvant treatments after surgery. Hormonal overproduction can complicate the management and worsen the prognosis of the disease. Systemic therapy with multiple cytotoxic drugs is often combined with the adrenolytic agent mitotane. Genomic analyses of ACC revealed numerous signal transduction pathway aberrations (insulin-like growth factor 2 overexpression, TP53 mutations and Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation), but so far, there has been no clinically meaningful breakthrough in targeting these genes. Immunotherapy offers hope for altering the orthodox management of cancer, and its role in ACC is being explored in multiple ongoing trials. SUMMARY Surgery by experienced team is the key treatment for localized ACC, whereas currently used chemotherapy has limited efficacy in advanced ACC. The improved understanding of the molecular pathways involved in ACC has not been translated into effective therapy. The development of new therapies requires collaborative effort to fight this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeena Varghese
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Gaujoux S, Mihai R. European Society of Endocrine Surgeons (ESES) and European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumours (ENSAT) recommendations for the surgical management of adrenocortical carcinoma. Br J Surg 2017; 104:358-376. [PMID: 28199015 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radical surgery provides the best chance of cure for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), but perioperative surgical care for these patients is yet to be standardized. METHODS A working group appointed jointly by ENSAT and ESES used Delphi methodology to produce evidence-based recommendations for the perioperative surgical care of patients with ACC. Papers were retrieved from electronic databases. Evidence and recommendations were classified according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system, and were discussed until consensus was reached within the group. RESULTS Twenty-five recommendations for the perioperative surgical care of patients with ACC were formulated. The quality of evidence is low owing to the rarity of the disease and the lack of prospective surgical trials. Multi-institutional prospective cohort studies and prospective RCTs are urgently needed and should be strongly encouraged. CONCLUSION The present evidence-based recommendations provide comprehensive advice on the optimal perioperative care for patients undergoing surgery for ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gaujoux
- Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - R Mihai
- Churchill Cancer Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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Tran TB, Maithel SK, Pawlik TM, Wang TS, Hatzaras I, Phay JE, Fields RC, Weber SM, Sicklick JK, Yopp AC, Duh QY, Solorzano CC, Votanopoulos KI, Poultsides GA. Clinical Score Predicting Long-Term Survival after Repeat Resection for Recurrent Adrenocortical Carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 2016; 223:794-803. [PMID: 27618748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.08.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive malignancy typically resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. Surgery, even in the setting of locally recurrent or metastatic disease, remains the only potentially curative option. However, the subset of patients who will benefit from repeat resection in this setting remains ill defined. The objective of this study was to propose a prognostic clinical score that facilitates selection of patients for repeat resection of recurrent ACC. STUDY DESIGN Patients who underwent curative-intent repeat resection for recurrent ACC at 1 of 13 academic medical centers participating in the US ACC Study Group were identified. End points included morbidity, mortality, and overall survival. RESULTS Fifty-six patients underwent repeat curative-intent resection for recurrent ACC (representing 21% of 265 patients who underwent resection for primary ACC) from 1997 to 2014. Median age was 52 years. Sites of resected recurrence included locoregional only (54%), lung only (14%), liver only (12%), combined locoregional and lung (4%), combined liver and lung (4%), and other distant sites (12%). Thirty-day morbidity and mortality rates were 40% and 5.4%, respectively. Cox regression analysis revealed that the presence of multifocal recurrence, disease-free interval <12 months, and extrapulmonary distant metastases were independent predictors of poor survival. A clinical score consisting of 1-point each for the 3 variables demonstrated good discrimination in predicting survival after repeat resection (5-year: 72% for 0 points, 32% for 1 point, 0% for 2 or 3 points; p = 0.0006, area under the curve = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS Long-term survival after repeat resection for recurrent ACC is feasible when 2 of the following factors are present: solitary tumor, disease-free interval >12 months, and locoregional or pulmonary recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy B Tran
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tracy S Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - John E Phay
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Ryan C Fields
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Sharon M Weber
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Adam C Yopp
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX
| | - Quan-Yang Duh
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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19
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Mihai R. Diagnosis, treatment and outcome of adrenocortical cancer. Br J Surg 2015; 102:291-306. [PMID: 25689291 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare disease with a dismal prognosis. The majority of patients are diagnosed with advanced disease and raise difficult management challenges. METHODS All references identified in PubMed, published between 2004 and 2014, using the keywords 'adrenocortical cancer' or 'adrenal surgery' or both, were uploaded into a database. The database was interrogated using keywords specific for each field studied. RESULTS In all, 2049 publications were identified. There is ongoing debate about the feasibility and oncological outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for small ACCs, and data derived from institutional case series have failed to provide an evidence level above expert opinion. The use of mitotane (1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane) in combination with chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic disease has been assessed in an international randomized trial (FIRM-ACT trial) involving patients with ACC. Based on this trial, mitotane plus etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin is now the established first-line cytotoxic therapy owing to a higher response rate and longer median progression-free survival than achieved with streptozocin-mitotane. For patients with tumours smaller than 5 cm and with no signs of lymph node or distant metastases, survival is favourable with a median exceeding 10 years. However, the overall 5-year survival rate for all patients with ACC is only 30 per cent. CONCLUSION Open and potentially laparoscopic adrenalectomy for selected patients is the main treatment for non-metastatic ACC, but the overall 5-year survival rate remains low.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mihai
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
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20
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Fay AP, Signoretti S, Callea M, Telό GH, McKay RR, Song J, Carvo I, Lampron ME, Kaymakcalan MD, Poli-de-Figueiredo CE, Bellmunt J, Hodi FS, Freeman GJ, Elfiky A, Choueiri TK. Programmed death ligand-1 expression in adrenocortical carcinoma: an exploratory biomarker study. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:3. [PMID: 25767716 PMCID: PMC4357210 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-015-0047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor in which prognostic factors are still not well established. Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in ACC and its association with clinico-pathological features and survival outcomes are unknown. METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens were obtained from 28 patients with ACC. PD-L1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in both tumor cell membrane and tumor infiltrating mononuclear cells (TIMC). PD-L1 positivity on tumor cells was defined as ≥5% tumor cell membrane staining. TIMC were evaluated by IHC using a CD45 monoclonal antibody. For PD-L1 expression in TIMC, a combined score based on the extent of infiltrates and percentage of positive cells was developed. Any score greater that zero was considered PD-L1 positive. Baseline clinico-pathological characteristics and follow up data were retrospectively collected. Comparisons between PD-L1 expression and clinico-pathological features were evaluated using unpaired t-test and Fisher's exact test. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to assess association between PD-L1 expression and 5-year overall survival (OS). RESULTS Among 28 patients with surgically treated ACC, 3 (10.7%) were considered PD-L1 positive on tumor cell membrane. On the other hand, PD-L1 expression in TIMC was performed in 27 specimens and PD-L1 positive staining was observed in 19 (70.4%) patients. PD-L1 positivity in either tumor cell membrane or TIMC was not significantly associated with higher stage at diagnosis, higher tumor grade, excessive hormone secretion, or OS. CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 expression can exist in ACC in both tumor cell membrane and TIMC with no relationship to clinico-pathologic parameters or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- André P Fay
- />Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue (DANA 1230), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- />Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street (Thorn Building 504A), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Marcella Callea
- />Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street (Thorn Building 504A), Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Gabriela H Telό
- />Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Rana R McKay
- />Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue (DANA 1230), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street (Thorn Building 504A), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jiaxi Song
- />Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street (Thorn Building 504A), Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Ingrid Carvo
- />Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street (Thorn Building 504A), Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Megan E Lampron
- />Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue (DANA 1230), Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Marina D Kaymakcalan
- />Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue (DANA 1230), Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Carlos E Poli-de-Figueiredo
- />Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil
| | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- />Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue (DANA 1230), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street (Thorn Building 504A), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - F Stephen Hodi
- />Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue (DANA 1230), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- />Center of Immuno-Oncology, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- />Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue (DANA 1230), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Aymen Elfiky
- />Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue (DANA 1230), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street (Thorn Building 504A), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- />Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue (DANA 1230), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street (Thorn Building 504A), Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Aufforth RD, Nilubol N. Emerging therapy for adrenocortical carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2014; 1:173-182. [PMID: 25635221 DOI: 10.2217/ije.14.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a very rare and aggressive tumor with dismal outcomes. Best current treatments include complete surgical resection for localized resectable disease and systemic therapy with mitotane alone or in combination for advanced ACC. Advances in molecular genetic profiling of ACC have created multiple new targets for potential treatment options in ACC. This article reviews the current treatment options available for ACC and discusses the potential new targets identified through molecular profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Aufforth
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Naris Nilubol
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Dy BM, Strajina V, Cayo AK, Richards ML, Farley DR, Grant CS, Harmsen WS, Evans DB, Grubbs EG, Bible KC, Young WF, Perrier ND, Que FG, Nagorney DM, Lee JE, Thompson GB. Surgical resection of synchronously metastatic adrenocortical cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 22:146-51. [PMID: 25092161 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is rapidly fatal, with few options for treatment. Patients with metachronous recurrence may benefit from surgical resection. The survival benefit in patients with hematogenous metastasis at initial presentation is unknown. METHODS A review of all patients undergoing surgery (European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors) stage IV ACC between January 2000 and December 2012 from two referral centers was performed. Kaplan-Meier estimates were analyzed for disease-free and overall survival (OS). RESULTS We identified 27 patients undergoing surgery for stage IV ACC. Metastases were present in the lung (19), liver (11), and brain (1). A complete resection (R0) was achieved in 11 patients. The median OS was improved in patients undergoing R0 versus R2 resection (860 vs. 390 days; p = 0.02). The 1- and 2-year OS was also improved in patients undergoing R0 versus R2 resection (69.9 %, 46.9 % vs. 53.0 %, 22.1 %; p = 0.02). Patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy (eight patients) had a trend towards improved survival at 1, 2, and 5 years versus no neoadjuvant therapy (18 patients) [83.3 %, 62.5 %, 41.7 % vs. 56.8 %, 26.6 %, 8.9 %; p = 0.1]. Adjuvant therapy was associated with improved recurrence-free survival at 6 months and 1 year (67 %, 33 % vs. 40 %, 20 %; p = 0.04) but not improved OS (p = 0.63). Sex (p = 0.13), age (p = 0.95), and location of metastasis (lung, p = 0.51; liver, p = 0.67) did not correlate with OS after operative intervention. Symptoms of hormonal excess improved in 86 % of patients. CONCLUSION Operative intervention, especially when an R0 resection can be achieved, following systemic therapy may improve outcomes, including OS, in select patients with stage IV ACC. Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be of use in defining which patients may benefit from surgical intervention. Adjuvant therapy was associated with decreased recurrence but did not improve OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benzon M Dy
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,
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Dy BM, Wise KB, Richards ML, Young WF, Grant CS, Bible KC, Rosedahl J, Harmsen WS, Farley DR, Thompson GB. Operative intervention for recurrent adrenocortical cancer. Surgery 2014; 154:1292-9; discussion 1299. [PMID: 24238048 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) recurs despite apparent complete resection. We examined the survival and palliative benefit of resection for recurrent ACC. METHODS A review of all patients undergoing operation for ACC between 1980 and 2010 at our institution was performed in which we compared resection with nonoperative therapy. RESULTS Overall, 164 patients underwent operation for ACC, 125 of whom underwent a complete resection (R0). Recurrence occurred in 93 R0 patients (median, 15 months; range, 1.5-150 months). Symptoms at recurrence were present in 71% (66/93), including pain (34%) and hormone excess (43%). There were 67 patients who underwent reoperation for recurrence. Forty-eight of 67 patients underwent R0 resection for recurrence. Operative patients had a greater overall operative versus nonoperative management or no therapy (65 months vs 6 months, P < .01). Median survival for nonoperatively managed patients (226 days) and those undergoing no therapy (179 days) was less than for debulking (1,272 days, P = .002). R0 for recurrence (P = .005) and a disease-free interval >6 months (P < .001) were associated with survival after operation, whereas original tumor size (P = .47), grade (P = .8), and stage (P = .23) were not. Pain and hormonal symptoms improved in 84% of operative patients versus 29% of nonoperatively managed patients (P = .005). Debulking had similar symptomatic improvement to R0 resection (P = .52). CONCLUSION Patients with recurrent ACC can benefit from operative intervention with improvement in survival and symptoms. Patients with a disease-free interval >6 months and complete resection are likely to benefit from resection of the recurrence, but the near universal improvement in symptoms may expand the criteria for operation in recurrent ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benzon M Dy
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Gastroenterologic and General Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an orphan malignancy that has attracted increasing attention during the last decade. Here we provide an update on advances in the field since our last review published in this journal in 2006. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway and IGF-2 signaling have been confirmed as frequently altered signaling pathways in ACC, but recent data suggest that they are probably not sufficient for malignant transformation. Thus, major players in the pathogenesis are still unknown. For diagnostic workup, comprehensive hormonal assessment and detailed imaging are required because in most ACCs, evidence for autonomous steroid secretion can be found and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (if necessary, combined with functional imaging) can differentiate benign from malignant adrenocortical tumors. Surgery is potentially curative in localized tumors. Thus, we recommend a complete resection including lymphadenectomy by an expert surgeon. The pathology report should demonstrate the adrenocortical origin of the lesion (eg, by steroidogenic factor 1 staining) and provide Weiss score, resection status, and quantitation of the proliferation marker Ki67 to guide further treatment. Even after complete surgery, recurrence is frequent and adjuvant mitotane treatment improves outcome, but uncertainty exists as to whether all patients benefit from this therapy. In advanced ACC, mitotane is still the standard of care. Based on the FIRM-ACT trial, mitotane plus etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin is now the established first-line cytotoxic therapy. However, most patients will experience progress and require salvage therapies. Thus, new treatment concepts are urgently needed. The ongoing international efforts including comprehensive "-omic approaches" and next-generation sequencing will improve our understanding of the pathogenesis and hopefully lead to better therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336 München, Germany.
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Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and salvage surgery for an aldosterone-producing adrenal carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus: Case report and literature review. Asian J Surg 2013; 36:134-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Glover AR, Ip JCY, Zhao JT, Soon PSH, Robinson BG, Sidhu SB. Current management options for recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:635-43. [PMID: 23776337 PMCID: PMC3681406 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s34956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer that poses a number of management challenges due to the limited number of effective systemic treatments. Complete surgical resection offers the best chance of long-term survival. However, despite complete resection, ACC is associated with high recurrence rates. This review will discuss the management of recurrent ACC in adults following complete surgical resection. Management should take place in a specialist center and treatment decisions must consider the individual tumor biology of each case of recurrence. Given the fact that ACC commonly recurs, management to prevent recurrence should be considered from initial diagnosis with the use of adjuvant mitotane. Close follow up with clinical examination and imaging is important for early detection of recurrent disease. Locoregional recurrence may be isolated, and repeat surgical resection should be considered along with mitotane. The use of radiotherapy in ACC remains controversial. Systemic recurrence most often involves liver, pulmonary, and bone metastasis and is usually managed with mitotane, with or without combination chemotherapy. There is a limited role for surgical resection in systemic recurrence in selected patients. In all patients with recurrent disease, control of excessive hormone production is an important part of management. Despite intensive management of recurrent ACC, treatment failure is common and the use of clinical trials and novel treatment is an important part of management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Glover
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, Australia
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Bourdeau I, MacKenzie-Feder J, Lacroix A. Recent advances in adrenocortical carcinoma in adults. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2013; 20:192-7. [PMID: 23549307 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283602274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare and often aggressive malignancy. The overall 5-year survival rate of ACC is less than 30% in part owing to advanced stage of the disease at diagnosis and limited efficiency of therapies when initial surgery is not curative. So far, studies with large cohorts of patients affected by ACC were lacking because of the rarity of the disease; however, recent international and multicenter collaborative studies provide new insights in the management of ACC. RECENT FINDINGS This review summarizes recent findings in the genetic, hormonal evaluation, imaging, and therapies of ACC in adults. There is new promise for the use of 2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography and metomidate in initial diagnosis and follow-up. Limited studies support benefit of specific surgical approaches such as loco-regional lymph node dissection and metastasectomy in specific subgroups. New developments in the use of mitotane therapy and its drug interactions, on adjuvant radiotherapy and prospective data on combined chemotherapy, have appeared recently. SUMMARY These recent findings will provide more evidence-based recommendations in the future to better assist clinicians in the management of patients with ACC. However, there is still an important need to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease to design better therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bourdeau
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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