Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence After the Maze IV Procedure

Comparing mid-term outcomes of Cox-Maze procedure and pulmonary vein isolation for atrial fibrillation after concomitant mitral valve surgery: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Although concomitant pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is used more frequently than the Cox-Maze procedure, which is currently the gold standard treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF), data on the comparative effectiveness of the two procedures after concomitant mitral valve (MV) surgery are still limited.

OBJECTIVE

We conducted a systematic review to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies comparing the mid-term mortality and recurrence of AF after concomitant Cox-Maze and PVI in patients with AF undergoing MV surgery based on 12-month follow-up.

METHODS

Medline, EMBASE databases, and the Cochrane Library were searched from 1987 up to March 2022 for studies comparing concomitant Cox-Maze and PVI. Additionally, a meta-analysis of RCTs was performed to compare the mid-term clinical outcomes between these two surgical ablation techniques.

RESULTS

Three RCTs and three observational studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in this systematic review with 790 patients in total (532 concomitant Cox-Maze and 258 PVI during MV surgery). Most studies reported that the concomitant Cox-Maze procedure was associated with higher freedom from AF at 12-month follow-up than PVI. Regarding AF recurrence, estimates pooled across the three RCTs indicated large heterogeneity and high uncertainty. In the largest and highest quality RCT, 12-month AF recurrence was higher in the PVI arm (risk ratio = 1.58, 95% CI: 0.91-2.73). In two out of three higher-quality observational studies, 12-month AF recurrence was higher in PVI than in the Cox-Maze arm (estimated adjusted probabilities 11% vs. 8% and 35% vs. 17%, respectively). RCTs demonstrated comparable 12-month mortality between concomitant Cox-Maze and PVI, while observational studies demonstrated the survival benefit of Cox-Maze.

CONCLUSIONS

Concomitant Cox-Maze in AF patients undergoing MV surgery is associated with better mid-term freedom from AF when compared to PVI with comparable mid-term survival. Large observational studies suggest that there might be a mid-term survival benefit among patients after concomitant Cox-Maze. Further large RCTs with longer standardized follow-up are required to clarify the benefits of concomitant Cox-Maze in AF patients during MV surgery.

[Circular Sympathetic Pulmonary Artery Denervation in Cardiac Surgery Patients With Mitral Valve Defect, Atrial Fibrillation and High Pulmonary Hypertension]

Objective Investigate the influence of the sympathetic denervation of the pulmonary trunk and the orifices of the pulmonary arteries on the degree of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and outcomes of the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with mitral valve defects, complicated AF, and high PH.Material and methods We analyzed the surgical treatment of 140 patients with mitral valve defect, concomitant AF, and high PH - pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) gradient more than 40 mm Hg. The group of interest included 51 patients (46 patients with severe mitral stenosis and five patients with grade 4 mitral valve regurgitation). All patients underwent mitral valve correction (47 valve replacement surgeries and 4 valve-sparing interventions), biatrial Maze IV procedure, and additionally, denervation of the pulmonary trunk and the orifices of the pulmonary arteries. The control group included 89 patients diagnosed with mitral valve defect, AF, and PH with PASP > 40 mm Hg. However, unlike in patients of interest, denervation of the pulmonary arteries was not performed.Results Circular radiofrequency denervation of the pulmonary trunk and the orifices of the pulmonary arteries using a clamp-destructor is an effective and safe method, significantly reduces secondary PH (p=0.018), promotes reverse remodeling of the heart chambers, left atrium in particular (p=0.01), and improves outcomes of the Maze IV procedure (p=0.022) by restoring sinus rhythm in patients with mitral valve defects, complicated AF, and high PH.Conclusion This technique must be studied further involving a more significant number of patients, analyzing long-term results, and using this technique in patients with non-valvular causes of secondary PH.