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Devara P, Raju M, Sonbawne S, Vijayakumar K. Three-year black carbon aerosol synthesis over a pristine location surrounded by hillocks in Haryana state, India. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25128. [PMID: 38317908 PMCID: PMC10839623 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The three-year Black Carbon (BC) aerosol measurements made during 2020, 2021, and 2022 over a rural location, namely, Panchgaon, surrounded by Aravali hillocks (elevation of about 400-600 m) have been analyzed with an aim to determine their optical and radiative characteristics, seasonal and long-term variations in mass concentration. The affinity between these parameters and associated pollutants and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH), affected by the orography, to delineate their role in mass concentration changes with time have been investigated. The coincident OPAC (Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds) Model-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD), and single scattering albedo (SSA) have been compared with the observed BC mass concentration, and also with synchronous satellite measurements. The year-to-year variability analysis of the data reveals that the rate of increase of BC concentration is high. The variability was low due to the reasons explained. It implies that the year-to-year variability in BC concentration at the study site depends on the source strength modulated by the valley-driven meteorology. Added, the percentage departures of BC concentration show positive values (higher concentration) during morning and evening hours, which could be due to more anthropogenic activities while it shows negative values during afternoon hours and lower boundary layer heights. The force exerted by the radiation due to BC aerosols at the bottom of the atmosphere (BOA), and in the atmosphere (ATM) are almost equal in magnitude and negative, while that at the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) is smaller and positive, indicating that BC aerosols in the study region cools the atmosphere at the BOA and warms the ATM and TOA, which indirectly reveals the dominant role of long-range transport phenomenon at higher levels as compared to the surface level.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.C.S. Devara
- Centre of Excellence in Ocean-Atmospheric Science and Technology (ACOAST) & Environmental Science and Health (ACESH) & Air Pollution Control (ACAPC), Amity University Haryana (AUH), Gurugram, India
| | - M.P. Raju
- Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida, India
| | - S.M. Sonbawne
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, India
| | - K. Vijayakumar
- Humanities and Sciences Department, Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Rajampet, AP, India
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Gamelas CA, Canha N, Vicente A, Silva A, Borges S, Alves C, Kertesz Z, Almeida SM. Source apportionment of PM 2.5 before and after COVID-19 lockdown in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon metropolitan area, Portugal. URBAN CLIMATE 2023; 49:101446. [PMID: 36820273 PMCID: PMC9932663 DOI: 10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The lockdowns held due to the COVID-19 pandemic conducted to changes in air quality. This study aimed to understand the variability of PM2.5 levels and composition in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and to identify the contribution of the different sources. The composition of PM2.5 was assessed for 24 elements (by PIXE), secondary inorganic ions and black carbon. The PM2.5 mean concentration for the period (December 2019 to November 2020) was 13 ± 11 μg.m-3. The most abundant species in PM2.5 were BC (19.9%), SO4 2- (15.4%), NO3 - (11.6%) and NH4 + (5.3%). The impact of the restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic on the PM levels was found by comparison with the previous six years. The concentrations of all the PM2.5 components, except Al, Ba, Ca, Si and SO4 2-, were significantly higher in the winter/pre-confinement than in post-confinement period. A total of seven sources were identified by Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF): soil, secondary sulphate, fuel-oil combustion, sea, vehicle non-exhaust, vehicle exhaust, and industry. Sources were greatly influenced by the restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, with vehicle exhaust showing the sharpest decrease. Secondary sulphate predominated in summer/post-confinement. PM2.5 levels and composition also varied with the types of air mass trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Gamelas
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal, Centro de Investigação em Energia e Ambiente, IPS Campus, 2914-508 Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Nuno Canha
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Ana Vicente
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Anabela Silva
- Câmara Municipal do Seixal, Divisão de Desenvolvimento Estratégico, Gabinete Seixal Sustentável e Inovação, 2844-001 Seixal, Portugal
| | - Sónia Borges
- Câmara Municipal do Seixal, Divisão de Desenvolvimento Estratégico, Gabinete Seixal Sustentável e Inovação, 2844-001 Seixal, Portugal
| | - Célia Alves
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Zsofia Kertesz
- Laboratory for Heritage Science, Institute for Nuclear Research, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Susana Marta Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
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