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Martinez-Camarillo JC, Spee CK, Trujillo-Sanchez GP, Rodriguez A, Hinton DR, Giarola A, Pikov V, Sridhar A, Humayun MS, Weitz AC. Blocking Ocular Sympathetic Activity Inhibits Choroidal Neovascularization. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:780841. [PMID: 35082594 PMCID: PMC8784868 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.780841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate how modulating ocular sympathetic activity affects progression of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), a hallmark feature of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: In the first of two studies, Brown Norway rats underwent laser-induced CNV and were assigned to one of the following groups: daily eye drops of artificial tears (n = 10; control group); daily eye drops of the β-adrenoreceptor agonist isoproterenol (n = 10); daily eye drops of the β-adrenoreceptor antagonist propranolol (n = 10); sympathetic internal carotid nerve (ICN) transection 6 weeks prior to laser-induced CNV (n = 10). In the second study, rats underwent laser-induced CNV followed by ICN transection at different time points: immediately after the laser injury (n = 6), 7 days after the laser injury (n = 6), and sham surgery 7 days after the laser injury (n = 6; control group). All animals were euthanized 14 days after laser application. CNV development was quantified with fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography (in vivo), as well as lesion volume analysis using 3D confocal reconstruction (postmortem). Angiogenic growth factor protein levels in the choroid were measured with ELISA. Results: In the first study, blocking ocular sympathetic activity through pharmacological or surgical manipulation led to a 75% or 70% reduction in CNV lesion volume versus the control group, respectively (P < 0.001). Stimulating ocular sympathetic activity with isoproterenol also led to a reduction in lesion volume, but only by 27% versus controls (P < 0.05). VEGF protein levels in the choroid were elevated in the three treatment groups (P < 0.01). In the second study, fluorescein angiography and CNV lesion volume analysis indicated that surgically removing the ocular sympathetic supply inhibited progression of laser-induced CNV, regardless of whether ICN transection was performed on the same day or 7 days after the laser injury. Conclusion: Surgical and pharmacological block of ocular sympathetic activity can inhibit progression of CNV in a rat model. Therefore, electrical block of ICN activity could be a potential bioelectronic medicine strategy for treating wet AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Martinez-Camarillo
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christine K. Spee
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gloria Paulina Trujillo-Sanchez
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anthony Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David R. Hinton
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Victor Pikov
- Galvani Bioelectronics, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Arun Sridhar
- Galvani Bioelectronics, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Humayun
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Mark S. Humayun,
| | - Andrew C. Weitz
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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2
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Fujikawa T, Ohara M, Kohata Y, Nagaike H, Fukase A, Osaka N, Yashima H, Sato N, Kushima H, Shinmura K, Takahashi Y, Hiromura M, Terasaki M, Mori Y, Fukui T, Matsui T, Hirano T, Yamagishi SI. Glucose Variability is Independently Correlated with Serum Level of Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Ther 2021; 12:827-842. [PMID: 33586119 PMCID: PMC7947132 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-021-01008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) may play a role in cardiometabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate which biochemical and clinical parameters are independently associated with serum PEDF levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 124 patients with T2DM who underwent continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and blood chemistry analysis, including the diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) test and serum PEDF measurement (study 1). Then we investigated whether the changes in the studied biochemical and clinical parameters after 24 weeks of treatment (Δparameters) with anti-hyperglycemic agents, including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, and/or insulin and anti-hypertensive drugs and statins, were independently correlated with change in PEDF (ΔPEDF) in 52 of the patients with T2DM for whom there was sufficient serum samples to perform the post-treatment analysis (study 2). Serum levels of PEDF were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CGM metrics were calculated on days 2 and 3. Oxidative stress was evaluated using the d-ROMs test. RESULTS Body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, fasting C-peptide, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), and d-ROMs were positively associated with serum PEDF level, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were inversely associated with serum PEDF level. Because these parameters were correlated with each other, multivariate stepwise analysis was performed: eGFR, HDL-C, BMI, MAGE, and UACR remained significant (R2 = 0.452). Furthermore, ΔMAGE and Δd-ROMs were positively correlated with ΔPEDF in study 2. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that MAGE may be independently correlated with elevations in serum PEDF level in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Fujikawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohara
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yo Kohata
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroe Nagaike
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Fukase
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Osaka
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Yashima
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuko Sato
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Kushima
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shinmura
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Munenori Hiromura
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michishige Terasaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusaku Mori
- Anti-Glycation Research Section, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Fukui
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsui
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hirano
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Diabetes Center, Ebina General Hospital, Ebina, Japan
| | - Sho-Ichi Yamagishi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Yamagishi SI, Koga Y, Sotokawauchi A, Hashizume N, Fukahori S, Matsui T, Yagi M. Therapeutic Potential of Pigment Epithelium-derived Factor in Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:313-324. [PMID: 30892156 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190319112106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is one of the serine protease inhibitors with multifunctional properties, which is produced by various types of organs and tissues. There is an accumulating body of evidence that PEDF plays an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Indeed, PEDF not only works as an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis, but also suppresses oxidative stress, inflammatory and thrombotic reactions in cell culture systems, animal models, and humans. Furthermore, we, along with others, have found that PEDF inhibits proliferation of, and induces apoptotic cell death in, numerous kinds of tumors. In addition, circulating as well as tumor expression levels of PEDF have been inversely associated with tumor growth and metastasis. These observations suggest that supplementation of PEDF proteins and/or enhancement of endogenous PEDF expression could be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer. Therefore, in this paper, we review the effects of PEDF on diverse types of cancer, and discuss its therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho-Ichi Yamagishi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Koga
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ami Sotokawauchi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Naoki Hashizume
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Suguru Fukahori
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsui
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Minoru Yagi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
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4
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Omri S, Tahiri H, Pierre WC, Desjarlais M, Lahaie I, Loiselle SE, Rezende F, Lodygensky G, Hebert TE, Ong H, Chemtob S. Propranolol Attenuates Proangiogenic Activity of Mononuclear Phagocytes: Implication in Choroidal Neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4632-4642. [PMID: 31682714 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Targeting β-adrenergic receptor signaling with propranolol has emerged as a potential candidate to counteract choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Little is known of its effect on macrophages, which play a critical role in CNV. We investigated the effect of propranolol on angiogenic response of mononuclear phagocytes (MPs). Methods The angiogenic effect of propranolol was evaluated in laser-induced CNV model. Mice received intraperitoneal injections of propranolol (6 mg/kg/d) or vehicle. CNV area and inflammatory cells were determined respectively by using lectin staining and an anti-IBA-1 antibody on RPE/choroid flat mounts. Inflammatory gene expression was evaluated by quantitative (q) PCR analysis. Mechanisms of propranolol was studied in MP cell lines J774 and RAW264.7 and in primary peritoneal macrophages. Expression of pro- and antiangiogenic mediators was studied. In addition, effects of propranolol treatment of MPs was assessed on choroidal explant. Results CNV was attenuated by propranolol and concomitantly associated with decreased inflammatory mediators IL-6 and TNFα, albeit with accumulation of (β-adrenoceptor harboring) MPs in the CNV area. Conditioned media from MPs preincubated with propranolol exerted antiangiogenic effects. Treatment of J774 confirmed the attenuation of inflammatory response to propranolol and increased cleaved caspase-3 on choroidal explant. We found that propranolol increased pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) expression in MPs. Trapping of PEDF with an antibody abrogated antiangiogenic effects of propranolol. PEDF was also detected in CNV-associated MPs. Conclusions We hereby show that propranolol confers on MPs antiangiogenic properties by increasing PEDF expression, which complements its effects on vascular tissue resulting in inhibition of choroidal vasoproliferation in inflammatory conditions. The study supports possible use of propranolol as a therapeutic modality for CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Omri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Houda Tahiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wyston Chadwick Pierre
- Department of Pharmacology, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Desjarlais
- Department of Pharmacology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Lahaie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah-Eve Loiselle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Flavio Rezende
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregory Lodygensky
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Terence E Hebert
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Huy Ong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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5
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Martinez-Camarillo JC, Spee CK, Chen M, Rodriguez A, Nimmagadda K, Trujillo-Sanchez GP, Hinton DR, Giarola A, Pikov V, Sridhar A, Humayun MS, Weitz AC. Sympathetic Effects of Internal Carotid Nerve Manipulation on Choroidal Vascularity and Related Measures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:4303-4309. [PMID: 31618767 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate specific effects of denervation and stimulation of the internal carotid nerve (ICN) on the choroid and retina. Methods Female Sprague Dawley rats underwent unilateral ICN transection (n = 20) or acute ICN electrical stimulation (n = 7). Rats in the denervation group were euthanized 6 weeks after nerve transection, and eyes were analyzed for changes in choroidal vascularity (via histomorphometry) or angiogenic growth factors and inflammatory markers (via ELISA). Rats in the stimulation group received acute ICN electrical stimulation with a bipolar cuff electrode over a range of stimulus amplitudes, frequencies, and pulse widths. Choroidal blood flow and pupil diameter were monitored before, during, and after stimulation. Results Six weeks after unilateral ICN transection, sympathectomized choroids exhibited increased vascularity, defined as the percentage of choroidal surface area occupied by blood vessel lumina. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) protein levels in denervated choroids were 61% and 124% higher than in contralateral choroids, respectively. TNF-α levels in denervated retinas increased by 3.3-fold relative to levels in contralateral retinas. In animals undergoing acute ICN electrical stimulation, mydriasis and reduced choroidal blood flow were observed in the ipsilateral eye. The magnitude of the reduction in blood flow correlated positively with stimulus frequency. Conclusions Modulation of ICN activity reveals a potential role of the ocular sympathetic system in regulating endpoints related to neovascular diseases of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Martinez-Camarillo
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Christine K Spee
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Michael Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Anthony Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Kiran Nimmagadda
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,USC - Caltech MD/PhD Program, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Gloria Paulina Trujillo-Sanchez
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - David R Hinton
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | | | - Victor Pikov
- Galvani Bioelectronics, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Arun Sridhar
- Galvani Bioelectronics, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Humayun
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Andrew C Weitz
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States.,USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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6
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Pavan B, Dalpiaz A. Retinal pigment epithelial cells as a therapeutic tool and target against retinopathies. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1672-1679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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7
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Filippi L, Cavallaro G, Berti E, Padrini L, Araimo G, Regiroli G, Bozzetti V, De Angelis C, Tagliabue P, Tomasini B, Buonocore G, Agosti M, Bossi A, Chirico G, Aversa S, Pasqualetti R, Fortunato P, Osnaghi S, Cavallotti B, Vanni M, Borsari G, Donati S, Nascimbeni G, la Marca G, Forni G, Milani S, Cortinovis I, Bagnoli P, Dal Monte M, Calvani AM, Pugi A, Villamor E, Donzelli G, Mosca F. Study protocol: safety and efficacy of propranolol 0.2% eye drops in newborns with a precocious stage of retinopathy of prematurity (DROP-ROP-0.2%): a multicenter, open-label, single arm, phase II trial. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:165. [PMID: 28709412 PMCID: PMC5513165 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) still represents one of the leading causes of visual impairment in childhood. Systemic propranolol has proven to be effective in reducing ROP progression in preterm newborns, although safety was not sufficiently guaranteed. On the contrary, topical treatment with propranolol eye micro-drops at a concentration of 0.1% had an optimal safety profile in preterm newborns with ROP, but was not sufficiently effective in reducing the disease progression if administered at an advanced stage (during stage 2). The aim of the present protocol is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of propranolol 0.2% eye micro-drops in preterm newborns at a more precocious stage of ROP (stage 1). METHODS A multicenter, open-label, phase II, clinical trial, planned according to the Simon optimal two-stage design, will be performed to analyze the safety and efficacy of propranolol 0.2% eye micro-drops in preterm newborns with stage 1 ROP. Preterm newborns with a gestational age of 23-32 weeks, with a stage 1 ROP will receive propranolol 0.2% eye micro-drops treatment until retinal vascularization has been completed, but for no longer than 90 days. Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters will be continuously monitored. Blood samplings checking metabolic, renal and liver functions, as well as electrocardiogram and echocardiogram, will be periodically performed to investigate treatment safety. Additionally, propranolol plasma levels will be measured at the steady state, on the 10th day of treatment. To assess the efficacy of topical treatment, the ROP progression from stage 1 ROP to stage 2 or 3 with plus will be evaluated by serial ophthalmologic examinations. DISCUSSION Propranolol eye micro-drops could represent an ideal strategy in counteracting ROP, because it is definitely safer than oral administration, inexpensive and an easily affordable treatment. Establishing the optimal dosage and treatment schedule is to date a crucial issue. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02504944, registered on July 19, 2015, updated July 12, 2016. EudraCT Number 2014-005472-29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Filippi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - Medical Surgical Fetal-Neonatal Department, Meyer University Children's' Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Cavallaro
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elettra Berti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - Medical Surgical Fetal-Neonatal Department, Meyer University Children's' Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Letizia Padrini
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - Medical Surgical Fetal-Neonatal Department, Meyer University Children's' Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella Araimo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Regiroli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bozzetti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, MBBM Foundation, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara De Angelis
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, MBBM Foundation, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Paolo Tagliabue
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, MBBM Foundation, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Barbara Tomasini
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Siena, Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Buonocore
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Banchi di Sotto, 55, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Massimo Agosti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Del Ponte Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Angela Bossi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Del Ponte Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Gaetano Chirico
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, University Hospital "Spedali Civili" of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Aversa
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, University Hospital "Spedali Civili" of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Pasqualetti
- Pediatric Ophthalmology, A. Meyer" University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Pina Fortunato
- Pediatric Ophthalmology, A. Meyer" University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Osnaghi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Cavallotti
- Department of Ophthalomolgy, ASST Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vanni
- Pediatric Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Siena, Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Borsari
- Pediatric Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Siena, Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Donati
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nascimbeni
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital "Spedali Civili" of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo la Marca
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Newborn Screening, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Laboratory, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Forni
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Newborn Screening, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Laboratory, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvano Milani
- Laboratory "G.A. Maccacro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Cortinovis
- Laboratory "G.A. Maccacro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Bagnoli
- Department of Biology, Unit of General Physiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Dal Monte
- Department of Biology, Unit of General Physiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Calvani
- Department of Pharmacy, "A. Meyer" University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pugi
- Clinical Trial Office, "A. Meyer" University Children's Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gianpaolo Donzelli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - Medical Surgical Fetal-Neonatal Department, Meyer University Children's' Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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8
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Quercetin and quercetin-3-O-glucoside interact with different components of the cAMP signaling cascade in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Life Sci 2014; 121:166-73. [PMID: 25476834 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The ability of the plant flavonol quercetin and its conjugated form quercetin-3-glucoside, compared to that of the anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside, to interfere with 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) efflux was investigated in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cells. MAIN METHODS HRPE cells were stimulated for a time course with 1 μM adrenaline, in the presence and absence of increasing concentrations of anthocyanins or flavonols, then intracellular and extracellular cAMP levels obtained from whole cells and cAMP synthetized by the activity of adenylate cyclase in cell membrane fractions were determined by radiochemical assay. KEY FINDINGS The treatment with either compound caused a significant lowering in extracellular cAMP concentrations deriving from a time course cell stimulation with 1 μM epinephrine. As to quercetin, the effect was shown to rely on the inhibition of cAMP efflux transporters. In the case of the glycoside, it was found to depend on the contrary on a reduction in the extent of epinephrine stimulation. Consistently, quercetin-3-glucoside inhibited the epinephrine-stimulated activity of adenylyl cyclase in membrane preparations, while quercetin was ineffective. The anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside exerted similar effects as quercetin-3-glucoside. SIGNIFICANCE Results strengthen the diverse effect of the glucosides versus the corresponding aglycones. Since differently from flavonols, anthocyanins are present in human plasma in their glycosylated form, the aglycone or glycoside forms of these plant secondary metabolites might therefore be utilized as synergistic regulators of cAMP homeostasis for therapeutical purposes.
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The β-adrenergic system as a possible new target for pharmacologic treatment of neovascular retinal diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 42:103-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Craword SE, Fitchev P, Veliceasa D, Volpert OV. The many facets of PEDF in drug discovery and disease: a diamond in the rough or split personality disorder? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:769-92. [PMID: 23642051 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.794781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was discovered as a neurotrophic factor secreted by retinal pigment epithelial cells. A decade later, it re-emerged as a powerful angiogenesis inhibitor guarding ocular function. Since then, significant advances were made identifying PEDF's mechanisms, targets and biomedical applications. AREAS COVERED The authors review several methodologies that have generated significant new information about the potential of PEDF as a drug. Furthermore, the authors review and discuss mechanistic and structure-function analyses combined with the functional mapping of active fragments, which have yielded several short bioactive PEDF peptides. Additionally, the authors present functional studies in knockout animals and human correlates that have provided important information about conditions amenable to PEDF-based therapies. EXPERT OPINION Through its four known receptors, PEDF causes a wide range of cellular events vitally important for the organism, which include survival and differentiation, migration and invasion, lipid metabolism and stem cell maintenance. These processes are deregulated in multiple pathological conditions, including cancer, metabolic and cardiovascular disease. PEDF has been successfully used in countless preclinical models of these conditions and human correlates suggest a wide utility of PEDF-based drugs. The most significant clinical application of PEDF, to date, is its potential therapeutic use for age-related macular degeneration. Moreover, PEDF-based gene therapy has advanced to early stage clinical trials. PEDF active fragments have been mapped and used to design short peptide mimetics conferring distinct functions of PEDF, which may address specific clinical problems and become prototype drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Craword
- St. Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Stiles J, Amaya C, Pham R, Rowntree RK, Lacaze M, Mulne A, Bischoff J, Kokta V, Boucheron LE, Mitchell DC, Bryan BA. Propranolol treatment of infantile hemangioma endothelial cells: A molecular analysis. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:594-604. [PMID: 23170111 PMCID: PMC3501380 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are non-malignant, largely cutaneous vascular tumors affecting approximately 5-10% of children to varying degrees. During the first year of life, these tumors are strongly proliferative, reaching an average size ranging from 2 to 20 cm. These lesions subsequently stabilize, undergo a spontaneous slow involution and are fully regressed by 5 to 10 years of age. Systemic treatment of infants with the non-selective β-adrenergic receptor blocker, propranolol, has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in reducing the size and appearance of IHs. However, the mechanism by which this occurs is largely unknown. In this study, we sought to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of β blocker treatment in IHs. Our data reveal that propranolol treatment of IH endothelial cells, as well as a panel of normal primary endothelial cells, blocks endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and formation of the actin cytoskeleton coincident with alterations in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), p38 and cofilin signaling. Moreover, propranolol induces major alterations in the protein levels of key cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, and modulates global gene expression patterns with a particular affect on genes involved in lipid/sterol metabolism, cell cycle regulation, angiogenesis and ubiquitination. Interestingly, the effects of propranolol were endothelial cell-type independent, affecting the properties of IH endothelial cells at similar levels to that observed in neonatal dermal microvascular and coronary artery endothelial cells. This data suggests that while propranolol markedly inhibits hemangioma and normal endothelial cell function, its lack of endothelial cell specificity hints that the efficacy of this drug in the treatment of IHs may be more complex than simply blockage of endothelial function as previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stiles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX
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Filippi L, Cavallaro G, Fiorini P, Daniotti M, Benedetti V, Cristofori G, Araimo G, Ramenghi L, La Torre A, Fortunato P, Pollazzi L, la Marca G, Malvagia S, Bagnoli P, Ristori C, Dal Monte M, Bilia AR, Isacchi B, Furlanetto S, Tinelli F, Cioni G, Donzelli G, Osnaghi S, Mosca F. Study protocol: safety and efficacy of propranolol in newborns with Retinopathy of Prematurity (PROP-ROP): ISRCTN18523491. BMC Pediatr 2010; 10:83. [PMID: 21087499 PMCID: PMC2993687 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-10-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite new therapeutic approaches have improved the prognosis of newborns with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), an unfavourable structural and functional outcome still remains high. There is high pressure to develop new drugs to prevent and treat ROP. There is increasing enthusiasm for anti-VEGF drugs, but angiogenic inhibitors selective for abnormal blood vessels would be considered as an optimal treatment. In an animal experimental model of proliferative retinopathy, we have recently demonstrated that the pharmacological blockade of beta-adrenoreceptors improves retinal neovascularization and blood retinal barrier breakdown consequent to hypoxia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the propranolol administration in preterm newborns suffering from a precocious phase of ROP in terms of safety and efficacy in counteracting the progression of retinopathy. Methods/Design Preterm newborns (gestational age at birth lower than 32 weeks) with stage 2 ROP (zone II-III without plus) will be randomized, according to their gestational age, to receive propranolol added to standard treatment (treatment adopted by the ETROP Cooperative Group) or standard treatment alone. Propranolol will be administered until retinal vascularization will be completely developed, but not more than 90 days. Forty-four participants will be recruited into the study. To evaluate the safety of propranolol administration, cardiac and respiratory parameters will be continuously monitored. Blood samplings will be performed to check renal, liver and metabolic balance. To evaluate the efficacy of propranolol, the progression of the disease, the number of laser treatments or vitrectomies, the incidence of retinal detachment or blindness, will be evaluated by serial ophthalmologic examinations. Visual function will be evaluated by means of behavioural standardized tests. Discussion This pilot study is the first research that explores the possible therapeutic role of beta blockers in ROP. The objective of this research is highly ambitious: to find a treatment simple, inexpensive, well tolerated and with few adverse effects, able to counteract one of the major complications of the prematurity. Any favourable results of this research could open new perspectives and original scenarios about the treatment or the prevention of this and other proliferative retinopathies. Trial Registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN18523491; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01079715; EudraCT Number 2010-018737-21
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Filippi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Perinatal Medicine, A, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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Richards JC, Johnson TK, Kuzma JN, Lonac MC, Schweder MM, Voyles WF, Bell C. Short-term sprint interval training increases insulin sensitivity in healthy adults but does not affect the thermogenic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation. J Physiol 2010. [PMID: 20547683 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) and traditional endurance training elicit similar physiological adaptations. From the perspective of metabolic function, superior glucose regulation is a common characteristic of endurance-trained adults. Accordingly, we have investigated the hypothesis that short-term SIT will increase insulin sensitivity in sedentary/recreationally active humans. Thirty one healthy adults were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) SIT (n = 12): six sessions of repeated (4-7) 30 s bouts of very high-intensity cycle ergometer exercise over 14 days; (2) sedentary control (n = 10); (3) single-bout SIT (n = 9): one session of 4 x 30 s cycle ergometer sprints. Insulin sensitivity was determined (hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp) prior to and 72 h following each intervention. Compared with baseline, and sedentary and single-bout controls, SIT increased insulin sensitivity (glucose infusion rate: 6.3 +/- 0.6 vs. 8.0 +/- 0.8 mg kg(1) min(1); mean +/- s.e.m.; P = 0.04). In a separate study, we investigated the effect of SIT on the thermogenic response to beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) stimulation, an important determinant of energy balance. Compared with baseline, and sedentary and single-bout control groups, SIT did not affect resting energy expenditure (EE: ventilated hood technique; 6274 +/- 226 vs. 6079 +/- 297 kJ day(1); P = 0.51) or the thermogenic response to isoproterenol (6, 12 and 24 ng (kg fat-free mass)(1) min(1): %EE 11 +/- 2, 14 +/- 3, 23 +/- 2 vs. 11 +/- 1, 16 +/- 2, 25 +/- 3; P = 0.79). Combined data from both studies revealed no effect of SIT on fasted circulating concentrations of glucose, insulin, adiponectin, pigment epithelial-derived factor, non-esterified fatty acids or noradrenaline (all P > 0.05). Sixteen minutes of high-intensity exercise over 14 days augments insulin sensitivity but does not affect the thermogenic response to beta-AR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Richards
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1582, USA
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Richards JC, Johnson TK, Kuzma JN, Lonac MC, Schweder MM, Voyles WF, Bell C. Short-term sprint interval training increases insulin sensitivity in healthy adults but does not affect the thermogenic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation. J Physiol 2010; 588:2961-72. [PMID: 20547683 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.189886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) and traditional endurance training elicit similar physiological adaptations. From the perspective of metabolic function, superior glucose regulation is a common characteristic of endurance-trained adults. Accordingly, we have investigated the hypothesis that short-term SIT will increase insulin sensitivity in sedentary/recreationally active humans. Thirty one healthy adults were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) SIT (n = 12): six sessions of repeated (4-7) 30 s bouts of very high-intensity cycle ergometer exercise over 14 days; (2) sedentary control (n = 10); (3) single-bout SIT (n = 9): one session of 4 x 30 s cycle ergometer sprints. Insulin sensitivity was determined (hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp) prior to and 72 h following each intervention. Compared with baseline, and sedentary and single-bout controls, SIT increased insulin sensitivity (glucose infusion rate: 6.3 +/- 0.6 vs. 8.0 +/- 0.8 mg kg(1) min(1); mean +/- s.e.m.; P = 0.04). In a separate study, we investigated the effect of SIT on the thermogenic response to beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) stimulation, an important determinant of energy balance. Compared with baseline, and sedentary and single-bout control groups, SIT did not affect resting energy expenditure (EE: ventilated hood technique; 6274 +/- 226 vs. 6079 +/- 297 kJ day(1); P = 0.51) or the thermogenic response to isoproterenol (6, 12 and 24 ng (kg fat-free mass)(1) min(1): %EE 11 +/- 2, 14 +/- 3, 23 +/- 2 vs. 11 +/- 1, 16 +/- 2, 25 +/- 3; P = 0.79). Combined data from both studies revealed no effect of SIT on fasted circulating concentrations of glucose, insulin, adiponectin, pigment epithelial-derived factor, non-esterified fatty acids or noradrenaline (all P > 0.05). Sixteen minutes of high-intensity exercise over 14 days augments insulin sensitivity but does not affect the thermogenic response to beta-AR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Richards
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1582, USA
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Williams KP, Steinle JJ. Maintenance of beta-adrenergic receptor signaling can reduce fas signaling in human retinal endothelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:448-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Steinle JJ, Cappocia FC, Jiang Y. Beta-adrenergic receptor regulation of growth factor protein levels in human choroidal endothelial cells. Growth Factors 2008; 26:325-30. [PMID: 19021032 DOI: 10.1080/08977190802442070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling of the choroidal vasculature is a prominent factor in age-related macular degeneration. While many of the growth factors involved in this vascular remodeling are known, their regulation remains much less so. The hypothesis of the present study was that stimulation of human choroidal endothelial cells with the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol would lead to an increase in pigment epithelial derived factor (PEDF) and angiopoietin 1 (Ang1), markers of a stable vasculature. Protein levels of PEDF and Ang1 were significantly increased following stimulation with isoproterenol. However, isoproterenol also significantly increased protein levels of vascular endothelial cell growth factor, which is active during vasculature remodeling. These data suggest that beta-adrenergic receptor agonists are likely upstream of a number of growth factors implicated in ocular disease and have multiple effects on choroidal endothelial cells. Modulation of this signaling in the choroid may offer a new avenue for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena J Steinle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Yang JH, Meng XX, Xie LS, Guo Z. Acute myocardial ischemia up-regulates substance P in the retina of rats. Neurosci Lett 2008; 443:218-22. [PMID: 18687380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that sympathetic nerves and substance P (SP) are involved in some physiological and pathophysiological changes and activities in retina. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SP participates in the stress reaction and possible involvement of adrenergic mechanisms in modulation of the changes of SP in the retina of the rats suffering from acute stress evoked by coronary artery occlusion (CAO). The changes of SP in retina were examined and analyzed within 6h of CAO using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and EIA approaches. The effects of phentolamine, an antagonist of alpha1-adrenergic receptor, and esmolol, an antagonist of beta1-adrenergic receptor, on the changes of SP were investigated to examine the role of adrenergic mechanisms in modulation of expression of SP in the retina under the stressful condition. It was observed that SP was markedly up-regulated in the layers of ganglion cells, inner plexiform, inner nuclear and pigment epithelium within 6h of the CAO. Intravenous administration of the adrenergic antagonists attenuated the up-regulation of SP. The results may indicate that SP in retina was involved in the stress response induced by acute myocardial ischemia. Adrenergic mechanisms may modulate the process in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-hong Yang
- Shanxi Eye Hospital, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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Steinle JJ, Lashbrook BL. Cervical sympathectomy regulates expression of key angiogenic factors in the rat choroid. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83:16-23. [PMID: 16487969 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 55. In addition to an increased risk of vision loss due to macular degeneration, aging results in a substantial loss of sympathetic nerve activity. We have previously shown that loss of sympathetic nerve activity to the eye causes significant remodeling of the choroidal vasculature. The hypothesis of the present study was that the choroidal remodeling noted after sympathectomy was due to alterations in key angiogenic growth factors. To test this hypothesis, female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent superior cervical ganglionectomy, which eliminates all sympathetic innervation to the eye. Six weeks after surgery, eyes were removed, and the choroidal tissue was processed for real-time PCR to measure gene expression and western blot analysis to assess protein expression. Gene and protein expression were significantly increased for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelial-derived growth factor (PEDF) in the sympathectomized eye, as compared to the contralateral eye (P < 0.05). Protein expression was increased 4-fold for angiopoietin1, with no change in steady-state gene expression. For both p53 and placental growth factor, steady-state mRNA levels were significantly decreased, while protein expression was significantly increased. Protein expression for Flt-1 was decreased significantly, with reduced gene expression. These results suggest that the vascular remodeling noted in the choroidal blood vessels after sympathectomy is a complex process involving numerous growth factor families. Therefore, modulation of sympathetic nerve activity may be a suitable mechanism to prevent the vascular growth associated with macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena J Steinle
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 1135 Lincoln Drive, LSIII, Room 2071, Carbondale, IL, USA.
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