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de Guilhem de Lataillade A, Caillaud M, Oullier T, Naveilhan P, Pellegrini C, Tolosa E, Neunlist M, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Gelpi E, Derkinderen P. LRRK2 expression in normal and pathologic human gut and in rodent enteric neural cell lines. J Neurochem 2023; 164:193-209. [PMID: 36219522 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene, which is the gene most commonly associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), is also a susceptibility gene for Crohn's disease, thereby suggesting that LRRK2 may sit at the crossroads of gastrointestinal inflammation, Parkinson's, and Crohn's disease. LRRK2 protein has been studied intensely in both CNS neurons and in immune cells, but there are only few studies on LRRK2 in the enteric nervous system (ENS). LRRK2 is present in ENS ganglia and the existing studies on LRRK2 expression in colonic biopsies from PD subjects have yielded conflicting results. Herein, we propose to extend these findings by studying in more details LRRK2 expression in the ENS. LRRK2 expression was evaluated in full thickness segments of colon of 16 Lewy body, 12 non-Lewy body disorders cases, and 3 non-neurodegenerative controls and in various enteric neural cell lines. We showed that, in addition to enteric neurons, LRRK2 is constitutively expressed in enteric glial cells in both fetal and adult tissues. LRRK2 immunofluorescence intensity in the myenteric ganglia was not different between Lewy body and non-Lewy body disorders. Additionally, we identified the cAMP pathway as a key signaling pathway involved in the regulation of LRRK2 expression and phosphorylation in the enteric glial cells. Our study is the first detailed characterization of LRRK2 in the ENS and the first to show that enteric glial cells express LRRK2. Our findings provide a basis to unravel the functions of LRRK2 in the ENS and to further investigate the pathological changes in enteric synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martial Caillaud
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Thibauld Oullier
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Naveilhan
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Carolina Pellegrini
- Unit of Histology and Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
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Yarova PL, Smirnov SV, Dora KA, Garland CJ. β₁-Adrenoceptor stimulation suppresses endothelial IK(Ca)-channel hyperpolarization and associated dilatation in resistance arteries. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:875-86. [PMID: 23488860 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In small arteries, small conductance Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channels (SK(Ca)) and intermediate conductance Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channels (IK(Ca)) restricted to the vascular endothelium generate hyperpolarization that underpins the NO- and PGI₂-independent, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor response that is the predominate endothelial mechanism for vasodilatation. As neuronal IK(Ca) channels can be negatively regulated by PKA, we investigated whether β-adrenoceptor stimulation, which signals through cAMP/PKA, might influence endothelial cell hyperpolarization and as a result modify the associated vasodilatation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rat isolated small mesenteric arteries were pressurized to measure vasodilatation and endothelial cell [Ca²⁺]i , mounted in a wire myograph to measure smooth muscle membrane potential or dispersed into endothelial cell sheets for membrane potential recording. KEY RESULTS Intraluminal perfusion of β-adrenoceptor agonists inhibited endothelium-dependent dilatation to ACh (1 nM-10 μM) without modifying the associated changes in endothelial cell [Ca²⁺]i . The inhibitory effect of β-adrenoceptor agonists was mimicked by direct activation of adenylyl cyclase with forskolin, blocked by the β-adrenoceptor antagonists propranolol (non-selective), atenolol (β₁) or the PKA inhibitor KT-5720, but remained unaffected by ICI 118 551 (β₂) or glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive K⁺ channels channel blocker). Endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization to ACh was also inhibited by β-adrenoceptor stimulation in both intact arteries and in endothelial cells sheets. Blocking IK(Ca) {with 1 μM 1-[(2-chlorophenyl)diphenylmethyl]-1H-pyrazole (TRAM-34)}, but not SK(Ca) (50 nM apamin) channels prevented β-adrenoceptor agonists from suppressing either hyperpolarization or vasodilatation to ACh. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In resistance arteries, endothelial cell β₁-adrenoceptors link to inhibit endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization and the resulting vasodilatation to ACh. This effect appears to reflect inhibition of endothelial IK(Ca) channels and may be one consequence of raised circulating catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Yarova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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KCa and Ca(2+) channels: the complex thought. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2322-33. [PMID: 24613282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Potassium channels belong to the largest and the most diverse super-families of ion channels. Among them, Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (KCa) comprise many members. Based on their single channel conductance they are divided into three subfamilies: big conductance (BKCa), intermediate conductance (IKCa) and small conductance (SKCa; SK1, SK2 and SK3). Ca(2+) channels are divided into two main families, voltage gated/voltage dependent Ca(2+) channels and non-voltage gated/voltage independent Ca(2+) channels. Based on their electrophysiological and pharmacological properties and on the tissue where there are expressed, voltage gated Ca(2+) channels (Cav) are divided into 5 families: T-type, L-type, N-type, P/Q-type and R-type Ca(2+). Non-voltage gated Ca(2+) channels comprise the TRP (TRPC, TRPV, TRPM, TRPA, TRPP, TRPML and TRPN) and Orai (Orai1 to Orai3) families and their partners STIM (STIM1 to STIM2). A depolarization is needed to activate voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels while non-voltage gated Ca(2+) channels are activated by Ca(2+) depletion of the endoplasmic reticulum stores (SOCs) or by receptors (ROCs). These two Ca(2+) channel families also control constitutive Ca(2+) entries. For reducing the energy consumption and for the fine regulation of Ca(2+), KCa and Ca(2+) channels appear associated as complexes in excitable and non-excitable cells. Interestingly, there is now evidence that KCa-Ca(2+) channel complexes are also found in cancer cells and contribute to cancer-associated functions such as cell proliferation, cell migration and the capacity to develop metastases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Calcium signaling in health and disease. Guest Editors: Geert Bultynck, Jacques Haiech, Claus W. Heizmann, Joachim Krebs, and Marc Moreau.
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Abstract
The electrical output of neurons relies critically on voltage- and calcium-gated ion channels. The traditional view of ion channels is that they operate independently of each other in the plasma membrane in a manner that could be predicted according to biophysical characteristics of the isolated current. However, there is increasing evidence that channels interact with each other not just functionally but also physically. This is exemplified in the case of Cav3 T-type calcium channels, where new work indicates the ability to form signaling complexes with different types of calcium-gated and even voltage-gated potassium channels. The formation of a Cav3-K complex provides the calcium source required to activate KCa1.1 or KCa3.1 channels and, furthermore, to bestow a calcium-dependent regulation of Kv4 channels via associated KChIP proteins. Here, we review these interactions and discuss their significance in the context of neuronal firing properties.
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Expression and Role of the Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel KCa3.1 in Glioblastoma. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:421564. [PMID: 22675627 PMCID: PMC3362965 DOI: 10.1155/2012/421564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are characterized by altered expression of several ion channels that have important consequences in cell functions associated with their aggressiveness, such as cell survival, proliferation, and migration. Data on the altered expression and function of the intermediate-conductance calcium-activated K (KCa3.1) channels in glioblastoma cells have only recently become available. This paper aims to (i) illustrate the main structural, biophysical, pharmacological, and modulatory properties of the KCa3.1 channel, (ii) provide a detailed account of data on the expression of this channel in glioblastoma cells, as compared to normal brain tissue, and (iii) critically discuss its major functional roles. Available data suggest that KCa3.1 channels (i) are highly expressed in glioblastoma cells but only scantly in the normal brain parenchima, (ii) play an important role in the control of glioblastoma cell migration. Altogether, these data suggest KCa3.1 channels as potential candidates for a targeted therapy against this tumor.
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Kulkarni S, Zou B, Hanson J, Micci MA, Tiwari G, Becker L, Kaiser M, Xie X(S, Pasricha PJ. Gut-derived factors promote neurogenesis of CNS-neural stem cells and nudge their differentiation to an enteric-like neuronal phenotype. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G644-55. [PMID: 21817062 PMCID: PMC3191554 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00123.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have explored the potential of central nervous system-derived neural stem cells (CNS-NSC) to repopulate the enteric nervous system. However, the exact phenotypic fate of gut-transplanted CNS-NSC has not been characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the gut microenvironment on phenotypic fate of CNS-NSC in vitro. With the use of Transwell culture, differentiation of mouse embryonic CNS-NSC was studied when cocultured without direct contact with mouse intestinal longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparations (LM-MP) compared with control noncocultured cells, in a differentiating medium. Differentiated cells were analyzed by immunocytochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR to assess the expression of specific markers and by whole cell patch-clamp studies for functional characterization of their phenotype. We found that LM-MP cocultured cells had a significant increase in the numbers of cells that were immune reactive against the panneuronal marker β-tubulin, neurotransmitters neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and showed an increase in expression of these genes, compared with control cells. Whole cell patch-clamp analysis showed that coculture with LM-MP decreases cell excitability and reduces voltage-gated Na(+) currents but significantly enhances A-current and late afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and increases the expression of the four AHP-generating Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channel genes (KCNN), compared with control cells. In a separate experiment, differentiation of LM-MP cocultured CNS-NSC produced a significant increase in the numbers of cells that were immune reactive against the neurotransmitters nNOS, ChAT, and the neuropeptide VIP compared with CNS-NSC differentiated similarly in the presence of neonatal brain tissue. Our results show that the gut microenvironment induces CNS-NSC to produce neurons that share some of the characteristics of classical enteric neurons, further supporting the therapeutic use of these cells for gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kulkarni
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;
| | - Bende Zou
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; ,2AfaSci Research Laboratory, Redwood City, California;
| | - Jesse Hanson
- 2AfaSci Research Laboratory, Redwood City, California; ,5Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Maria-Adelaide Micci
- 3Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;
| | - Gunjan Tiwari
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;
| | - Laren Becker
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;
| | - Martin Kaiser
- 4Department of Computer Science and Microsystems Technology, UAS, Kaiserlautern, Germany; and
| | - Xinmin (Simon) Xie
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; ,2AfaSci Research Laboratory, Redwood City, California;
| | - Pankaj Jay Pasricha
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;
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Paillusson S, Tasselli M, Lebouvier T, Mahé MM, Chevalier J, Biraud M, Cario-Toumaniantz C, Neunlist M, Derkinderen P. α-Synuclein expression is induced by depolarization and cyclic AMP in enteric neurons. J Neurochem 2010; 115:694-706. [PMID: 20731759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence emphasizes the importance of α-synuclein expression levels in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. PD is a multicentric disorder that affects the enteric nervous system (ENS), whose involvement may herald the degenerative process in the CNS. We therefore undertook the present study to investigate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of expression of α-synuclein in the ENS. The regulation of α-synuclein expression was assessed by qPCR and western blot analysis in rat primary culture of ENS treated with KCl and forskolin. A pharmacological approach was used to decipher the signaling pathways involved. Intraperitoneal injections of Bay K-8644 and forskolin were performed in mice, whose proximal colons were further analyzed for α-synuclein expression. Depolarization and forskolin increased α-synuclein mRNA and protein expression in primary cultures of ENS, although L-type calcium channel and protein kinase A, respectively. Both stimuli increased α-synuclein expression through a Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinases pathway. An increase in α-synuclein expression was also observed in vivo in the ENS of mice injected with Bay K-8644 or forskolin. In conclusion, we have identified stimuli leading to α-synuclein over-expression in the ENS, which could be critical in the initiation of the pathological process in PD.
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Blankenship AG, Feller MB. Mechanisms underlying spontaneous patterned activity in developing neural circuits. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 11:18-29. [PMID: 19953103 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Patterned, spontaneous activity occurs in many developing neural circuits, including the retina, the cochlea, the spinal cord, the cerebellum and the hippocampus, where it provides signals that are important for the development of neurons and their connections. Despite there being differences in adult architecture and output across these various circuits, the patterns of spontaneous network activity and the mechanisms that generate it are remarkably similar. The mechanisms can include a depolarizing action of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), transient synaptic connections, extrasynaptic transmission, gap junction coupling and the presence of pacemaker-like neurons. Interestingly, spontaneous activity is robust; if one element of a circuit is disrupted another will generate similar activity. This research suggests that developing neural circuits exhibit transient and tunable features that maintain a source of correlated activity during crucial stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Blankenship
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Abstract
The inflammatory reaction is normally tightly regulated, and as soon as the original insult has been cleared, a resolution phase starts that aims at leading the tissues back to a normal physiological state. However, after intestinal inflammation, a number of patients develop postinflammatory hypersensitivity symptoms, which can be defined as an excessive sensitivity to gut nociceptive stimulation. The pain experienced by those patients has been largely studied in the context of postinfectious intestinal diseases. The mechanisms of postinflammatory persistent visceral pain involve peripheral and central neuroplastic changes, low-grade chronic inflammation that sensitizes visceral afferent pathways and sensitization of non-neuronal resident cells of the gut. Several molecular determinants such as neurokinins, serotonin, proteases and voltage-gated ion channels seem to play a significant role in the control of postinflammatory visceral sensation. This review tries to give insights into the mechanisms of persistent visceral pain following the resolution of intestinal inflammation and tries to identify what needs to be done to further advance the field of postinflammatory hypersensitivity clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vergnolle
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan and Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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Dora KA, Gallagher NT, McNeish A, Garland CJ. Modulation of endothelial cell KCa3.1 channels during endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor signaling in mesenteric resistance arteries. Circ Res 2008; 102:1247-55. [PMID: 18403729 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.172379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arterial hyperpolarization to acetylcholine (ACh) reflects coactivation of K(Ca)3.1 (IK(Ca)) channels and K(Ca)2.3 (SK(Ca)) channels in the endothelium that transfers through myoendothelial gap junctions and diffusible factor(s) to affect smooth muscle relaxation (endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor [EDHF] response). However, ACh can differentially activate K(Ca)3.1 and K(Ca)2.3 channels, and we investigated the mechanisms responsible in rat mesenteric arteries. K(Ca)3.1 channel input to EDHF hyperpolarization was enhanced by reducing external [Ca(2+)](o) but blocked either with forskolin to activate protein kinase A or by limiting smooth muscle [Ca(2+)](i) increases stimulated by phenylephrine depolarization. Imaging [Ca(2+)](i) within the endothelial cell projections forming myoendothelial gap junctions revealed increases in cytoplasmic [Ca(2+)](i) during endothelial stimulation with ACh that were unaffected by simultaneous increases in muscle [Ca(2+)](i) evoked by phenylephrine. If gap junctions were uncoupled, K(Ca)3.1 channels became the predominant input to EDHF hyperpolarization, and relaxation was inhibited with ouabain, implicating a crucial link through Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. There was no evidence for an equivalent link through K(Ca)2.3 channels nor between these channels and the putative EDHF pathway involving natriuretic peptide receptor-C. Reconstruction of confocal z-stack images from pressurized arteries revealed K(Ca)2.3 immunostain at endothelial cell borders, including endothelial cell projections, whereas K(Ca)3.1 channels and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase alpha(2)/alpha(3) subunits were highly concentrated in endothelial cell projections and adjacent to myoendothelial gap junctions. Thus, extracellular [Ca(2+)](o) appears to modify K(Ca)3.1 channel activity through a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism independent of changes in endothelial [Ca(2+)](i). The resulting hyperpolarization links to arterial relaxation largely through Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, possibly reflecting K(+) acting as an EDHF. In contrast, K(Ca)2.3 hyperpolarization appears mainly to affect relaxation through myoendothelial gap junctions. Overall, these data suggest that K(+) and myoendothelial coupling evoke EDHF-mediated relaxation through distinct, definable pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Dora
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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