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Mari RDB, Stabille SR, de Faria HG, Pereira JNB, Guimarães JP, Marinsek GP, de Souza RR. Balanced Caloric Restriction Minimizes Changes Caused by Aging on the Colonic Myenteric Plexus. J Diet Suppl 2018; 15:285-299. [PMID: 28759281 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1341446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aging can promote significant morphofunctional changes in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Regulation of GIT motility is mainly controlled by the myenteric neurons of the enteric nervous system. Actions that aim at decreasing the aging effects in the GIT include those related to diet, with caloric restriction (CR). The CR is achieved by controlling the amount of food or by manipulating the components of the diet. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate different levels of CR on the plasticity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate- (NADPH-) reactive myenteric neurons in the colon of Wistar rats during the aging process using ultrastructural (transmission electron microscopy) and morphoquantitative analysis. Wistar male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were distributed into 4 groups (n = 10/group): C, 6-month-old animals; SR, 18-month-old animals fed a normal diet; CRI, 18-month-old animals fed a 12% CR diet; CRII, 18-month-old animals fed a 31% CR diet. At 6 months of age, animals were transferred to the laboratory animal facility, where they remained until 18 months of age. Animals of the CRI and CRII groups were submitted to CR for 6 months. In the ultrastructural analysis, a disorganization of the periganglionar matrix with the aging was observed, and this characteristic was not observed in the animals that received hypocaloric diet. It was observed that the restriction of 12.5% and 31% of calories in the diet minimized the increase in density and cell profile of the reactive NADPH neurons, increased with age. This type of diet may be adapted against gastrointestinal disturbances that commonly affect aging individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata de Britto Mari
- a São Paulo State University (Unesp) , Institute of Biosciences , São Vicente , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Stabille
- b Department of Morphological Sciences , Maringá State University , Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Plácido Guimarães
- e Laboratory of Marine and Coastal Organisms , Santa Cecilia University , Santos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Romeu Rodrigues de Souza
- f Department of Physical Education , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Abstract
Urbanization, population aging and lifestyle changes have resulted in great changes in global disease pattern and medical model. Chronic non-communicable diseases have become the main cause of premature death around the world in the 21st century, and their prevention and control have also changed from "treatment" to "management". As a result, chronic disease management (CDM) model arises. Chronic constipation (CC) has a hidden onset, complex etiology, prolonged course, and high prevalence, and it can induce a variety of diseases and affect the quality of life seriously. Mainstream therapy for CC is empirical treatment for facilitating feces excretion, but it may lead to more serious symptoms. Application of the CDM model to CC management may solve this problem. In the current review, we will discuss the progress in research of CC and the current status of CDM.
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Kuru P, Bilgin S, Mentese ST, Tazegul G, Ozgur S, Cilingir OT, Akakin D, Yarat A, Kasimay O. Ameliorative effect of chronic moderate exercise in smoke exposed or nicotine applied rats from acute stress. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:559-65. [PMID: 25239964 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical activity has been found to be related with many health benefits. Our aim was to investigate the effect of chronic moderate exercise from acute stress on nicotine and cigarette smoke exposed rats. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats (200-250g, n = 48) were divided into 6 groups as non-exercised, exercised, smoke exposed, smoke exposed and exercised, nicotine applied, and nicotine applied and exercised. Nicotine bitartarate was applied intraperitoneally (0.1mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks, and cigarette smoke was exposed in a ventilated chamber. After 1 week of nicotine application or smoke exposure, moderate exercise training protocol was applied to exercise groups. At the end of the experiments, acute stress induction was made to all groups by electric foot shock. Holeboard tests were performed before and after the experiments. Biochemical and histological analyses were performed in lung, liver, colon, stomach, and gastrocnemius tissues. RESULTS Malondialdehyde levels were increased in all tissues of smoke exposed group (p < .05-.01) except gastrocnemius tissue compared to non-exercised group and were decreased with exercise (p < .05-.001). Myeloperoxidase levels were increased in lung, liver and colon tissues of smoke exposed group (p < .05-.001) and liver and colon tissues of nicotine applied rats (p < .01-.001) and decrease with exercise in liver and colon tissues of both smoke exposed or nicotine applied groups (p < .05-.01). In all tissue samples, increased histological injury scores (p < .05-.001) decreased significantly with exercise (p < .01-.001). CONCLUSION Biochemical parameters and histological scoring indicated increased tissue injury due to nicotine application and cigarette smoke exposure and exercise training ameliorated these effects in most of the tissues of acute stress induced rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Kuru
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyda Bilgin
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Sevinc Ozgur
- Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University School of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem T Cilingir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Akakin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysen Yarat
- Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University School of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Kasimay
- Department of Sport Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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PEREIRA JOICEN, MARI RENATAB, STABILLE SANDRAR, FARIA HAROLDOGDE, MOTA THAISF, FERREIRA WALTERM. Benefits of caloric restriction in the myenteric neuronal plasticity in aging rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2014; 86:1471-81. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201420130052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a biologic process characterized by progressive damage of structures and functions of organic systems. In gastrointestinal tract, it can involve enteric nervous system, which plays an important role in digestion and absorption of nutrients, causing hastening of intestinal transit thus reducing its absorptive function. Caloric restriction has been used in several studies with the intention of delaying deleterious effects of aging. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of caloric restriction on myenteric neurons of ileum by aging in rats. 30 Wistar rats were grouped as follows: GI (animals aged 6 months fed with normal diet), GII (animals aged 18 months fed with normal diet) and GIII (animals aged 18 months subject to 31% of caloric restriction). The rats of the GI group were euthanized at 6 months of age and after experimental period of 12 months animals of the group GII and GIII were euthanized, the ileum of all groups were collected, measured and processed by NADPH-dp and Acetylcholinesterase. Quantitative analysis of neurons revealed that aging promotes the increasing of myenteric neurons NADPH-dp and reduces Acetylcholinesterase neuronal population. However, in the cellular profile area, were not observed significant differences between the groups. The caloric restriction has been efficient and can be used preventively because it minimizes quantitative changes associated with aging on ileum myenteric plexuses.
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Moreira NM, Zanoni JN, de Oliveira Dalálio MM, de Almeida Araújo EJ, Braga CF, de Araújo SM. Physical exercise protects myenteric neurons and reduces parasitemia in Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Exp Parasitol 2014; 141:68-74. [PMID: 24667137 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the parasitemia, nitrergic neurons, and cytokines in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice subjected to moderate physical exercise, forty male Swiss mice, 30days of age, were divided: Trained Control (TC), Trained Infected (TI), Sedentary Control (SC), and Sedentary Infected (SI). The moderate physical exercise program on a treadmill lasted 8weeks. Three days after completing the moderate physical exercise program, the TI and SI groups were inoculated with 1300 blood trypomastigotes of the Y strain of T. cruzi, and parasitemia was evaluated from day 4 to day 22 after inoculation. After 75days of infection, cytokines were measured and colonic neurons were quantified using immunofluorescence to identify neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The results were analyzed using analysis of variance - Tukey and Kruskal-Wallis tests, to 5% significance. Moderate physical exercise reduced the parasite peak on day 8 of infection and total parasitemia (p<0.05), contributed to survival of number of nNOS-immunoreactive neurons (p<0.01) and promoted neuronal hypertrophy of the neurons (p<0.05), increased the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-α (p<0.01) and transforming growth factor-β (p>0.05), providing beneficial effects to the host by acting on the immune system to preserve nitrergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neide Martins Moreira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, Columbus Avenue, 5790, Zone 07, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Jacqueline Nelisis Zanoni
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Columbus Avenue, 5790, Zone 07, Maringá, PR 08020-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Eduardo José de Almeida Araújo
- Department of Histology, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, University Campus, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR 08057-970, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Felício Braga
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, Columbus Avenue, 5790, Zone 07, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Marques de Araújo
- Department of Basic Health Sciences-Parasitology, State University of Maringa, Columbus Avenue, 5790, Zone 07, Maringa, PR 87020-900, Brazil.
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Schoffen JPF, Santi Rampazzo AP, Cirilo CP, Zapater MCU, Vicentini FA, Comar JF, Bracht A, Natali MRM. Food restriction enhances oxidative status in aging rats with neuroprotective effects on myenteric neuron populations in the proximal colon. Exp Gerontol 2014; 51:54-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Moreira NM, de Moraes SMF, Dalálio MMO, Gomes ML, Sant'ana DMG, de Araújo SM. Moderate physical exercise protects myenteric metabolically more active neurons in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:307-14. [PMID: 24185679 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi causes neuronal myenteric depopulation compromising intestinal function. AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of moderate physical exercise on NADH diaphorase (NADH-d)-positive neurons in the myenteric plexus and intestinal wall of the colon in mice infected with T. cruzi. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty 30-day-old male Swiss mice were divided into the following groups: trained infected (TI), sedentary infected (SI), trained control (TC), and sedentary control. The TC and TI groups were subjected to a moderate physical exercise program on a treadmill for 8 weeks. Three days after finishing physical exercise, the TI and SI groups were intraperitoneally inoculated with 1,300 blood trypomastigotes of the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitemia was evaluated from days 4 to 61 after inoculation. On day 75 of infection, myenteric neurons in the colon were quantified (NADH-d), and inflammatory foci were counted. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels were evaluated in plasma. The results were compared using analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis test at a 5 % significance level. RESULTS Moderate physical exercise reduced the parasite peak on day 8 of infection (p = 0.0132) and total parasitemia (p = 0.0307). It also prevented neuronal depopulation (p < 0.01), caused hypertrophy of these cells (p < 0.05), prevented the formation of inflammatory foci (p < 0.01), and increased the synthesis of TNF-α (p < 0.01) and TGF-β (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION These results reinforce the therapeutic benefits of moderate physical exercise for T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neide Martins Moreira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, Columbus Avenue, 5790, Zone 07, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil,
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Moreira NM, Santos FDN, Toledo MJDO, Moraes SMFD, Araujo EJDA, Sant'Ana DDMG, Araujo SMD. Moderate physical exercise reduces parasitaemia and protects colonic myenteric neurons in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:426-35. [PMID: 24205797 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of moderate physical exercise on the myenteric neurons in the colonic intestinal wall of mice that had been infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitology and immunological aspects of the mice were considered. Forty-day-old male Swiss mice were divided into four groups: Trained Infected (TI), Sedentary Infected (SI), Trained Control (TC), and Sedentary Control (SC). The TC and TI were subjected to a moderate physical exercise program on a treadmill for 8 weeks. Three days after finishing exercise, the TI and SI groups were inoculated with 1,300 blood trypomastigotes of the Y strain-T. cruzi. After 75 days of infection results were obtained. Kruskal-Wallis or Analyze of variance (Tukey post hoc test) at 5% level of significance was performed. Moderate physical exercise reduced both the parasite peak (day 8 of infection) and total parasitemia compared with the sedentary groups (P < 0.05). This activity also contributed to neuronal survival (P < 0.05). Exercise caused neuronal hypertrophy (P < 0.05) and an increase in the total thickness of the intestinal wall (P < 0.05). The TI group exhibited an increase in the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (P > 0.05). In trained animals, the number of goblet cells was reduced compared with sedentary animals (P < 0.05). Physical exercise prevented the formation of inflammatory foci in the TI group (P < 0.05) and increased the synthesis of TNF-α (P < 0.05) and TGF-β (P > 0.05). The present results demonstrated the benefits of moderate physical exercise, and reaffirmed the possibility of that it may contribute to improving clinical treatment in Chagas' disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neide M Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Saffrey MJ. Cellular changes in the enteric nervous system during ageing. Dev Biol 2013; 382:344-55. [PMID: 23537898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic neurons of the gut, enteric neurons, have an essential role in gastrointestinal functions. The enteric nervous system is plastic and continues to undergo changes throughout life, as the gut grows and responds to dietary and other environmental changes. Detailed analysis of changes in the ENS during ageing suggests that enteric neurons are more vulnerable to age-related degeneration and cell death than neurons in other parts of the nervous system, although there is considerable variation in the extent and time course of age-related enteric neuronal loss reported in different studies. Specific neuronal subpopulations, particularly cholinergic myenteric neurons, may be more vulnerable than others to age-associated loss or damage. Enteric degeneration and other age-related neuronal changes may contribute to gastrointestinal dysfunction that is common in the elderly population. Evidence suggests that caloric restriction protects against age-associated loss of enteric neurons, but recent advances in the understanding of the effects of the microbiota and the complex interactions between enteric ganglion cells, mucosal immune system and intestinal epithelium indicate that other factors may well influence ageing of enteric neurons. Much remains to be understood about the mechanisms of neuronal loss and damage in the gut, although there is evidence that reactive oxygen species, neurotrophic factor dysregulation and/or activation of a senescence associated phenotype may be involved. To date, there is no evidence for ongoing neurogenesis that might replace dying neurons in the ageing gut, although small local sites of neurogenesis would be difficult to detect. Finally, despite the considerable evidence for enteric neurodegeneration during ageing, and evidence for some physiological changes in animal models, the ageing gut appears to maintain its function remarkably well in animals that exhibit major neuronal loss, indicating that the ENS has considerable functional reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jill Saffrey
- Department Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom.
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De Britto Mari R, Scoz JR, De Melo Germano R, Pereira JNB, De Toledo EL, De Faria HG, Stabille SR. Quantification and morphometry of myenteric neurones in the jejunum of Holtzman rats (Rattus norvegicus). Anat Histol Embryol 2011; 40:256-62. [PMID: 21569076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED With 2 figures and 3 tables SUMMARY The morphological pattern of the myenteric plexus (MP) is species-specific, and little is known about this pattern in Holtzman rats. The aim of the current experiment was the morphological and quantitative study of myenteric neurones in the Holtzman rat jejunum. Hematoxylin-Eosin and NADH-diaphorase (NADH-dp) staining were used to assess muscular layer thickness, neurone cell body area (CBA) and nuclei area (NA). Muscular layer thickness was found to be 114.77 ± 14.89 μm. Neuronal densities across the subregions of the jejunum were similar: mesenteric, 11.78 ± 2.89/mm(2) ; intermediate, 12.06 ± 2.69/mm(2) ; and antimesenteric, 10.67 ± 1.89/mm(2) . As expected, there was positive correlation between the CBA and NA of 79.19, 79.26 and 78.5% in the mesenteric, intermediate and antimesenteric subregions of the jejunum, respectively. Medium-sized neurones predominated in the ganglionic arrangement of the MP. These results indicate that the NADH-dp myenteric neurones in the jejunum of Holtzman rats are similar in many aspects to those found in the ileum of Holtzman rats and to those found in the small intestine of Wistar rats, including their location, ganglionic disposition and predominance of medium-sized CBA. However, neuronal density in the jejunum is lower than in the ileum. Based on these results showing morphological similarities to the MP of the Wistar rat, the Holtzman strain can be used to investigate the effects of adverse conditions on the morphology of the MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R De Britto Mari
- Institute of Biological, Medical and Health Sciences, Paranaense University (UNIPAR), Paranavaí, PR, Brazil.
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Abstract
Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), the sole output neurons in the cerebellar cortex, play an important role in the cerebellar circuit. PCs appear to be rather sensitive to aging, exhibiting significant changes in both morphology and function during senescence. This article reviews such changes during the normal aging process, including a decrease in the quantity of cells, atrophy in the soma, retraction in the dendritic arborizations, degeneration in the subcellular organelles, a decline in synapse density, disorder in the neurotransmitter system, and alterations in electrophysiological properties. Although these deteriorative changes occur during aging, compensatory mechanisms exist to counteract the impairments in the aging PCs. The possible neural mechanisms underlying these changes and potential preventive treatments are discussed.
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Scoaris CR, Rizo GV, Roldi LP, de Moraes SMF, de Proença ARG, Peralta RM, Natali MRM. Effects of cafeteria diet on the jejunum in sedentary and physically trained rats. Nutrition 2009; 26:312-20. [PMID: 19665869 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of a cafeteria diet on the small intestine were investigated in adult Wistar rats under sedentary conditions and after physical training. METHODS Parameters including morphometry, enzyme activities, and total myenteric populations in the jejunum were evaluated. RESULTS The cafeteria diet, characterized as hyperlipidic, produced obese rats, corroborated by increases in the Lee index and the weights of the periepididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissues (P<0.01). Obesity caused increases in the length of the small intestine, villi height, crypt depth, whole-wall thickness (P<0.05), and the enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase, lipase, and sucrase (P<0.01), in addition to a reduction in the number of goblet cells (P<0.05). With reference to the jejunal intrinsic innervations, the total number and area of myenteric neurons was unchanged regardless of the group. Physical training promoted 1) a reduction of the weight in the retroperitoneal and periepididymal adipose tissues (P<0.05) and 2) an increase in the thickness of the muscular layer (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The cafeteria diet promoted obesity in rodents, leading to alterations in morphometry and enzymatic intestinal parameters, which were partily attenuated by physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Regina Scoaris
- Department of Morphophysiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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