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Chen X, Wang N, Wang J, Liao B, Cheng L, Ren B. The interactions between oral-gut axis microbiota and Helicobacter pylori. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:914418. [PMID: 35992177 PMCID: PMC9381925 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.914418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human body, each microbial habitat exhibits a different microbial population pattern, and these distinctive microflorae are highly related to the development of diseases. The microbial interactions from host different niches are becoming crucial regulators to shape the microbiota and their physiological or pathological functions. The oral cavity and gut are the most complex and interdependent microbial habitats. Helicobacter pylori is one of the most important pathogens from digestive tract, especially the stomach, due to its direct relationships with many gastric diseases including gastric cancer. H. pylori infections can destroy the normal gastric environment and make the stomach a livable channel to enhance the microbial interactions between oral cavity and gut, thus reshaping the oral and gut microbiomes. H. pylori can be also detected in the oral and gut, while the interaction between the oral-gut axis microbiota and H. pylori plays a major role in H. pylori’s colonization, infection, and pathogenicity. Both the infection and eradication of H. pylori and its interaction with oral-gut axis microbiota can alter the balance of the microecology of the oral-gut axis, which can affect the occurrence and progress of related diseases. The shift of oral-gut axis microbiota and their interactions with H. pylori maybe potential targets for H. pylori infectious diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nanxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiannan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Binyou Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Cheng, ; Biao Ren,
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Cheng, ; Biao Ren,
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Microparticles (CD146) and Arterial Stiffness Versus Carotid Intima Media Thickness as an Early Predictors of Vascular Affection in Systemic Lupus Patients. Arch Rheumatol 2015; 31:31-40. [PMID: 29900986 DOI: 10.5606/archrheumatol.2016.5716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to evaluate cluster of differentiation 146 (CD146) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) as non-invasive methods for prediction of early vascular affection in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients without symptoms of vascular disease, to detect the outcome and reproducibility of these methods, and to correlate CD146 and PWV with lipid profile, intima media thickness (IMT), and ankle brachial index. Patients and methods Thirty female SLE patients (mean age 26.6±6.6 years; range 15 to 35 years) fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology 1997 revised criteria for SLE classification, and 15 age and sex matched healthy controls were included. All participants were performed full clinical assessments including measurement of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index, lipid profile, CD146, carotid IMT, PWV, and rise time as an indication of how fast the waveform rises. Results Cluster of differentiation 146 levels were elevated in patients with SLE compared to controls (p<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between patients and controls in the femoral, lower thigh, and ankle rise time. There was a statistically significant correlation between IMT and ages of patients, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index, and brachial-below knee PWV, while there was no correlation between IMT and disease duration, lipid profile, brachial-femoral PWV, and brachial-ankle PWV. There was statistically significant correlations between brachial-femoral PWV and serum cholesterol level, and between brachial-ankle PWV and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusion Our results showed that SLE vascular affection is more pronounced in small arteries. Also, elevated CD146 and brachial-femoral PWV are useful early markers of vascular affection in SLE as well as rise time may be a marker for arterial stiffness.
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Actin is a target of T-cell reactivity in patients with advanced carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:261054. [PMID: 24324294 PMCID: PMC3844233 DOI: 10.1155/2013/261054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall associated with autoimmune reactions. In a previous study, we observed the presence of actin-specific antibodies in sera from patients with carotid atherosclerosis. To extend our previous results we evaluated the possible role of actin as antigenic target of cell-mediated immune reactions in carotid atherosclerosis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 17 patients and 16 healthy subjects were tested by cell proliferation assay and by ELISA for cytokine production. Actin induced a proliferative response in 47% of patients' PBMC samples, with SI ranging from 2.6 to 21.1, and in none of the healthy subjects' samples (patients versus healthy subjects, P = 0.02). The presence of diabetes in patients was significantly associated with proliferative response to actin (P = 0.04). IFN-γ and TNF-α concentrations were higher in PBMC from patients than in those from healthy subjects and in PBMC proliferating to actin than in nonproliferating ones. Our data demonstrate for the first time a role of actin as a target autoantigen of cellular immune reactions in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. The preferential proinflammatory Th1 activation suggests that actin could contribute to endothelial dysfunction, tissue damage, and systemic inflammation in carotid atherosclerosis.
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Matsuura E, Lopez LR, Shoenfeld Y, Ames PR. β2-glycoprotein I and oxidative inflammation in early atherogenesis: A progression from innate to adaptive immunity? Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:241-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Tu H, Li Q, Xiang S, Jiang H, Mao Y, Shou Z, Chen J. Dual effects of statins therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus and SLE-related atherosclerosis: the potential role for regulatory T cells. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:29-33. [PMID: 22417842 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease associated with accelerated atherosclerosis independent of traditional risk factors. Statins, the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, have been widely prescribed for hyperlipidemia, which could slow the atherosclerosis progression, and reduce cardiovascular disease events. Nonetheless, accumulated evidences suggested that statins exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions independent of their lipid-lowering effects. By the virtue of pleiotropic immunomodulatory property, statins may be applied for the treatment of both autoimmunity and atherosclerosis in patients with SLE. Interestingly, it has been well documented that regulatory T cells (Tregs) are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE as well as atherosclerosis. Meanwhile, studies have shown that statins could induce augmented number of Tregs with increased functional inhibitory properties. Thus, we hypothesized that the effect of statins ameliorating lupus disease manifestations and lupus-mediated atherogenesis might be mediated, at least partly, via the activation of Tregs. To our knowledge, this is the first hypothesis focused on that Tregs might be involved in the immunomodulatory effect of statins on SLE and SLE-related atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Tu
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, PR China
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Profumo E, Buttari B, Riganò R. Oxidative stress in cardiovascular inflammation: its involvement in autoimmune responses. Int J Inflam 2011; 2011:295705. [PMID: 21755027 PMCID: PMC3132615 DOI: 10.4061/2011/295705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has become clear that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which inflammation and immune responses play a key role. Accelerated atherosclerosis has been reported in patients with autoimmune diseases, suggesting an involvement of autoimmune mechanisms in atherogenesis. Different self-antigens or modified self-molecules have been identified as target of humoral and cellular immune responses in patients with atherosclerotic disease. Oxidative stress, increasingly reported in these patients, is the major event causing structural modification of proteins with consequent appearance of neoepitopes. Self-molecules modified by oxidative events can become targets of autoimmune reactions, thus sustaining the inflammatory mechanisms involved in endothelial dysfunction and plaque development. In this paper, we will summarize the best characterized autoantigens in atherosclerosis and their possible role in cardiovascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Profumo
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
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Ramírez JH, Arce RM, Contreras A. Periodontal treatment effects on endothelial function and cardiovascular disease biomarkers in subjects with chronic periodontitis: protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Trials 2011; 12:46. [PMID: 21324167 PMCID: PMC3049125 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-12-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontal disease (PD) is an infectious clinical entity characterized by the destruction of supporting tissues of the teeth as the result of a chronic inflammatory response in a susceptible host. It has been proposed that PD as subclinical infection may contribute to the etiology and to the pathogenesis of several systemic diseases including Atherosclerosis. A number of epidemiological studies link periodontal disease/edentulism as independent risk factor for acute myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Moreover, new randomized controlled clinical trials have shown an improvement on cardiovascular surrogate markers (endothelial function, sICAM, hsPCR level, fibrinogen) after periodontal treatment. Nonetheless, such trials are still limited in terms of external validity, periodontal treatment strategies, CONSORT-based design and results consistency/extrapolation. The current study is designed to evaluate if periodontal treatment with scaling and root planning plus local delivered chlorhexidine improves endothelial function and other biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in subjects with moderate to severe periodontitis. Methods/Design This randomized, single-blind clinical trial will be performed at two health centers and will include two periodontal treatment strategies. After medical/periodontal screening, a baseline endothelium-dependent brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and other systemic surrogate markers will be obtained from all recruited subjects. Patients then will be randomized to receive either supragingival/subgingival plaque cleaning and calculus removal plus chlorhexidine (treatment group) or supragingival plaque removal only (control group). A second and third FMD will be obtained after 24 hours and 12 weeks in both treatment arms. Each group will consist of 49 patients (n = 98) and all patients will be followed-up for secondary outcomes and will be monitored through a coordinating center. The primary outcomes are FMD differences baseline, 24 hours and 3 months after treatment. The secondary outcomes are differences in C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), glucose serum levels, blood lipid profile, and HOMA index. Discussion This RCT is expected to provide more evidence on the effects of different periodontal treatment modalities on FMD values, as well as to correlate such findings with different surrogate markers of systemic inflammation with cardiovascular effects. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00681564.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H Ramírez
- Periodontal Medicine Research Group, Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad del Valle, Calle 4B 36-00, Cali, Colombia.
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Decreased numbers of peripheral blood dendritic cells in patients with coronary artery disease are associated with diminished plasma Flt3 ligand levels and impaired plasmacytoid dendritic cell function. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011; 120:415-26. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether activation of circulating DCs (dendritic cells) or levels of Flt3L (FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand) and GM-CSF (granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor), haematopoietic growth factors important for DC differentiation, could account for reduced blood DC numbers in CAD (coronary artery disease) patients. Concentrations of Flt3L and GM-CSF were measured in plasma from CAD patients (n = 15) and controls (n = 12). Frequency and phenotype of mDCs (myeloid dendritic cells) and pDCs (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) were analysed by multicolour flow cytometry in fresh blood, and after overnight incubation with TLR (Toll-like receptor)-4 or -7 ligands LPS (lipopolysaccharide) or IQ (imiquimod). DC function was measured by IL (interleukin)-12 and IFN (interferon)-α secretion. Circulating numbers of CD11c+ mDCs and CD123+ pDCs and frequencies of CD86+ and CCR-7+ (CC chemokine receptor type 7) mDCs, but not pDCs, were declined in CAD. In addition, plasma Flt3L, but not GM-CSF, was lower in patients and positively correlated with blood DC counts. In response to LPS, mDCs up-regulated CD83 and CD86, but CCR-7 expression and IL-12 secretion remained unchanged, similarly in patients and controls. Conversely, pDCs from patients had lower CD83 and CCR-7 expression after overnight incubation and had a weaker IQ-induced up-regulation of CD83 and IFN-α secretion. In conclusion, our results suggest that reduced blood DC counts in CAD are, at least partly, due to impaired DC differentiation from bone marrow progenitors. Decreased levels of mDCs are presumably also explained by activation and subsequent migration to atherosclerotic plaques or lymph nodes. Although mDCs are functioning normally, pDCs from patients appeared to be both numerically and functionally impaired.
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Wada K, Kamisaki Y. Molecular dissection of Porphyromonas gingivalis-related arteriosclerosis: a novel mechanism of vascular disease. Periodontol 2000 2010; 54:222-34. [PMID: 20712642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: role of proinflammatory cytokines and therapeutic approaches. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20936125 PMCID: PMC2948929 DOI: 10.1155/2010/607084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a chronic multisystem autoimmune disease with a broad range of clinical manifestations, is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis (AT) and increased risk of cardiovascular complications. Relevant factors directly influencing the development of AT comprise immune complex generation, complement activation, and changes in the production and activity of a complex network of cytokines, including type I and II interferons, B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), TNFα, IL-6, IL-17 and migration macrophage inhibitor (MIF). Autoantibodies, also responsible for cytokine expression and activation, play a supplementary key role in the development of AT. Genomic and proteomic studies have contributed to the discovery of genes and proteins involved in AT, including some that may be suitable to be used as biomarkers. All that data has allowed the development of new drugs, most of them evaluated in clinical trials: inhibitors of IFN and TNFα, B cell directed therapies, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides, intravenous immunoglobulin, or statins. The focus of the present paper is to summarize recent evidence showing the role of cytokines in the development of AT in SLE and the rationale, and safety concerns, in the use of combined therapy to prevent AT and cardiovascular disease.
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Silvestrelli G, Corea F, Micheli S, Lanari A. Clinical pharmacology and vascular risk. Open Neurol J 2010; 4:64-72. [PMID: 20721317 PMCID: PMC2923338 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x01004020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological treatment and several drugs of abuse have been associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD). However, there is a paucity of data on the independent risk of vascular disease (VD) associated with pharmacological treatment and no controlled trials demonstrating a reduction in risk with abstinence. Information about IHD and CVD-related drug abuse is mainly limited to epidemiological studies focused on urban populations. The potential link between some pharmacological treatments (estrogen, some oncologic drugs and some atypical antipsychotics) and cerebrovascular adverse events was analyzed, but disagreement about an association persists. Drugs of abuse, including cocaine, amphetamines and heroin, have been associated with an increased vascular risk. These drugs can cause abrupt changes in blood pressure, vasculitic-type changes, lead to embolization caused by infective endocarditis, and hemostatic and hematologic abnormalities that can result in increased blood viscosity and platelet aggregation. Long-term treatment strategies based on medication, psychological support, and outreach programs play an important role in treatment of drug dependency. In these last years public interest in risk factors for VD has been constantly increasing and the successful identification and management of pharmacological treatment and drug abuse can be challenging. One of the major public health issues for the future will be to focus more on new vascular risk factor recognition and management. The objective of this chapter is to review the relevance of IHD and CVD associated with various pharmacological treatments and drug abuse with focusing on ischemic disease. This chapter reports the clinical evidence of this association and analyzes the experimental role of new drugs as a growing risk factor of VD with the hypothetical new association. In conclusion, in this chapter great attention is paid to evaluating the scientific and real evidence of cerebrovascular effect and drug use and abuse so as to identify a new groups of "modifiable" risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Silvestrelli
- Stroke Unit, Section of Neurology, C. Poma Hospital, Mantova, Italy
| | - F. Corea
- UO Gravi Cerebrolesioni, Odpedale San Giovanni Battista, Foligno, Italy
| | - S. Micheli
- Stroke Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Lanari
- Stroke Unit, Section of Neurology, C. Poma Hospital, Mantova, Italy
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Profumo E, Buttari B, Alessandri C, Conti F, Capoano R, Valesini G, Salvati B, Riganò R. Beta2-Glycoprotein I is a Target of T Cell Reactivity in Patients with Advanced Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:73-80. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence in animal models that beta2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI), the principal target of autoimmune antiphospholipid antibodies, is involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, prompted us to investigate the possible role of this self protein as a target autoantigen of immune reactions in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Plaque-infiltrating T lymphocytes from patients, and circulating T lymphocytes from patients and healthy subjects were tested by cell proliferation assay and by flow cytometry for intracellular cytokine expression in response to β2GPI. ELISA was used to detect cytokine production in culture supernatants and anti-β2GPI/anti-cardiolipin antibodies in serum samples. Eight of 35 PBMC samples and 1 of 5 plaque-infiltrating T lymphocyte samples from patients proliferated in response to β2GPI, whereas PBMC from healthy subjects did not. Patients' PBMC samples that proliferated in response to β2GPI produced significantly higher IFN-γ and TNF-α than non-proliferating PBMC. β2GPI-specific plaque-derived T lymphocytes expressed IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-4, suggesting concomitant Th1 and Th2 activation. Only one patient's serum was positive for anti-β2GPI and anti-cardiolipin IgM antibodies. These new findings indicate that β2GPI induces a cellular immune response in a subpopulation of patients with carotid atherosclerosis thus contributing to the inflammatory responses involved in carotid atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C. Alessandri
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapy, University of Rome Sapienza, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - F. Conti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapy, University of Rome Sapienza, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - R. Capoano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Sapienza, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Valesini
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapy, University of Rome Sapienza, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - B. Salvati
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Sapienza, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Autoimmune disease (AD) affects approximately 3% of the population. This is an enormous number, but ironically the study of autoimmunity has not taken on the significance of many other diseases because so many of the ADs are relatively uncommon. Indeed, despite enormous advances in the diagnosis and the treatment of AD, there is still a paucity of data on the etiological events that lead to the clinical pathology. For most other human diseases, the etiology is addressed and often solved by the use of epidemiology. Epidemiology consists of the study of prevalence of a disease, coupled with analysis of genetic factors and detection of environmental agents. In the context of autoimmune conditions, preclinical epidemiology has recently been favored, as a consequence of the discovery that autoantibody precedes overt disease. The idea of a North-South gradient in the prevalence of ADs, with a reciprocal gradient in that of infectious injuries has proven to be debatable. More importantly, environmentally-induced changes have been shown to modify certain diseases giving rise to the key concept of epigenetics. However, it is clear that major voids exist. Some of these voids were hoped to be solved by the use of genome-wide associations. This, however, has proven very problematic, as the genetic basis of AD is considerably more complicated than once believed. We now base our hopes on next generational sequencing as a brut force undertaking to partially decipher the genetic code that predisposes individuals to AD. This volume is a compilation of papers in Autoimmunity Reviews and the Journal of Autoimmunity and presented as part of the 7th International Congress on Autoimmunity in Ljubljana, Slovenia. It is clearly impossible to present data on the geoepidemiology of all of the AD. Instead, we attempted to generate interest amongst immunologists to generate papers that are thought provoking but also contemporary reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsuura
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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Shoenfeld Y, Gershwin ME, Cervera R. Ronald A. Asherson—“In Memoriam”. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-008-8111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Matsuura E, Kobayashi K, Matsunami Y, Lopez LR. The immunology of atherothrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome: Antigen presentation and lipid intracellular accumulation. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:500-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Lipid peroxidation occurs frequently in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases and contributes to autoimmune vascular inflammation. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) interacts with beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2GPI), forming oxLDL/beta2GPI complexes. Circulating oxLDL/beta2GPI complexes and autoantibodies to these complexes have been demonstrated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. These findings suggest an immunogenic nature of the complexes and an active proatherogenic role in autoimmunity. Biochemical characterization of the complexes and immunohistochemical studies of atherosclerotic lesions suggest that most of the complexes originate in the arterial wall and are released into circulation. The in vitro macrophage uptake of oxLDL/beta2GPI complexes increased significantly in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (anti-beta2GPI), suggesting that macrophage Fcgamma receptors are involved in the lipid intracellular influx that leads to foam cell formation. These findings provide an immunologic explanation for the accelerated development of atherosclerosis seen in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsuura
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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López-Pedrera C, Barbarroja N, Villalba JM. Novel biomarkers of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk in autoimmune diseases: Genomics and proteomics approaches. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 3:213-25. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Profumo E, Buttari B, Riganò R. Oxidized haemoglobin as antigenic target of cell-mediated immune reactions in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:558-62. [PMID: 19393213 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which immune responses play a crucial role. Evidence exist demonstrating the involvement of autoimmune mechanisms in atherogenesis. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the possible role of human oxidized haemoglobin (Hb) as antigenic target of cell-mediated immune reactions in carotid atherosclerosis. PBMC from 44 patients and 24 healthy subjects, and T lymphocytes isolated from 9 carotid atherosclerotic plaques were tested by cell proliferation assay and by ELISA for cytokine production in response to oxidized Hb. This molecule induced a proliferative response in 21 of 44 (48%) patients' PBMC samples, in 12 of 24 (50%) healthy subjects' PBMC samples and in 2 of 9 (22%) infiltrating T lymphocyte samples. Cells from patients proliferating in response to oxidized Hb showed high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Our findings implicate oxidized Hb as a possible antigenic target of cell-mediated immune responses contributing to inflammation in the pathogenesis of carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Profumo
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Praprotnik S, Ferluga D, Vizjak A, Hvala A, Avčin T, Rozman B. Microthrombotic/Microangiopathic Manifestations of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 36:109-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-008-8104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ortona E, Margutti P, Matarrese P, Franconi F, Malorni W. Redox state, cell death and autoimmune diseases: A gender perspective. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7:579-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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