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Nigam M, Devi K, Coutinho HDM, Mishra AP. Exploration of gut microbiome and inflammation: A review on key signalling pathways. Cell Signal 2024; 118:111140. [PMID: 38492625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiome, a crucial component of the human system, is a diverse collection of microbes that belong to the gut of human beings as well as other animals. These microbial communities continue to coexist harmoniously with their host organisms and perform various functions that affect the host's general health. Each person's gut microbiota has a unique makeup. The gut microbiota is well acknowledged to have a part in the local as well as systemic inflammation that underlies a number of inflammatory disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease).The gut microbiota's metabolic products, such as short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, and acetate) inhibit inflammation by preventing immune system cells like macrophages and neutrophils from producing pro-inflammatory factors, which are triggered by the structural elements of bacteria (like lipopolysaccharide). The review's primary goal is to provide comprehensive and compiled data regarding the contribution of gut microbiota to inflammation and the associated signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Kanchan Devi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
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2
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Del Negro I, Pez S, Versace S, Marziali A, Gigli GL, Tereshko Y, Valente M. Impact of Disease-Modifying Therapies on Gut-Brain Axis in Multiple Sclerosis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 60:6. [PMID: 38276041 PMCID: PMC10818907 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, autoimmune-mediated, demyelinating disease whose pathogenesis remains to be defined. In past years, in consideration of a constantly growing number of patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, the impacts of different environmental factors in the pathogenesis of the disease have been largely studied. Alterations in gut microbiome composition and intestinal barrier permeability have been suggested to play an essential role in the regulation of autoimmunity. Thus, increased efforts are being conducted to demonstrate the complex interplay between gut homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Numerous results confirm that disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) used for the treatment of MS, in addition to their immunomodulatory effect, could exert an impact on the intestinal microbiota, contributing to the modulation of the immune response itself. However, to date, the direct influence of these treatments on the microbiota is still unclear. This review intends to underline the impact of DMTs on the complex system of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Del Negro
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Udine University Hospital, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Medical Area (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Sara Pez
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Udine University Hospital, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Medical Area (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Salvatore Versace
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Udine University Hospital, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Medical Area (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marziali
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Udine University Hospital, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Medical Area (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- Department of Medical Area (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Yan Tereshko
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Udine University Hospital, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Medical Area (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Valente
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Udine University Hospital, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Medical Area (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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3
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Asghari KM, Dolatkhah N, Ayromlou H, Mirnasiri F, Dadfar T, Hashemian M. The effect of probiotic supplementation on the clinical and para-clinical findings of multiple sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18577. [PMID: 37903945 PMCID: PMC10616192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelination disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The gut-brain axis involves communication between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Probiotics can positively impact immune and inflammatory responses by regulating gut microbiota. A total of 40 MS patients (average age of 34.38 ± 6.65) were examined to determine the effect of the Saccharomyces boulardii supplement for four months compared to a placebo. The results showed that the Saccharomyces boulardii significantly decreased the inflammatory marker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) compared to the placebo (P < 0.001). The serum antioxidant capacity (TAC) also increased significantly in the probiotic group compared to the placebo (p = 0.004). Both the probiotic and placebo groups showed a reduction in the oxidative stress indicator malondialdehyde (MDA), but there was no significant difference between the two groups. Pain intensity (measured by Visual Analogue Scale) and fatigue severity (measured by Fatigue Severity Scale) significantly decreased in the probiotic group compared to the placebo (p = 0.004 and p = 0.01, respectively). The probiotic group experienced significant improvement in some quality of life scales (measured by 36-Item Short Form Survey) and somatic and social dysfunction subscale of General Health Questionnaire scores compared to the placebo group (p = 0.01). The study suggests that the Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic supplement may benefit inflammatory markers, oxidative stress indicators, pain, fatigue, and quality of life in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Motlagh Asghari
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Emam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht, Azadi Ave., Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Dolatkhah
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Emam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht, Azadi Ave., Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hormoz Ayromlou
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mirnasiri
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Dadfar
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hashemian
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Utica University, Utica, USA
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Chaudhry TS, Senapati SG, Gadam S, Mannam HPSS, Voruganti HV, Abbasi Z, Abhinav T, Challa AB, Pallipamu N, Bheemisetty N, Arunachalam SP. The Impact of Microbiota on the Gut-Brain Axis: Examining the Complex Interplay and Implications. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5231. [PMID: 37629273 PMCID: PMC10455396 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The association and interaction between the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS) is well established. Essentially ENS is the second brain, as we call it. We tried to understand the structure and function, to throw light on the functional aspect of neurons, and address various disease manifestations. We summarized how various neurological disorders influence the gut via the enteric nervous system and/or bring anatomical or physiological changes in the enteric nervous system or the gut and vice versa. It is known that stress has an effect on Gastrointestinal (GI) motility and causes mucosal erosions. In our literature review, we found that stress can also affect sensory perception in the central nervous system. Interestingly, we found that mutations in the neurohormone, serotonin (5-HT), would result in dysfunctional organ development and further affect mood and behavior. We focused on the developmental aspects of neurons and cognition and their relation to nutritional absorption via the gastrointestinal tract, the development of neurodegenerative disorders in relation to the alteration in gut microbiota, and contrariwise associations between CNS disorders and ENS. This paper further summarizes the synergetic relation between gastrointestinal and neuropsychological manifestations and emphasizes the need to include behavioral therapies in management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Srikanth Gadam
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Hari Priya Sri Sai Mannam
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Hima Varsha Voruganti
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Zainab Abbasi
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Tushar Abhinav
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | | | - Namratha Pallipamu
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Niharika Bheemisetty
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Shivaram P. Arunachalam
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.G.); (N.P.)
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
- Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Wang J, He L, Wang S, Zhao H, Chen J, Dong Y, Yasen S, Wang L, Zou H. Therapeutic effect of the total saponin from Panax Japonicus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by attenuating inflammation and regulating gut microbiota in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023:116681. [PMID: 37230280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhizomes of Panax japonicus (RPJ), a traditional herbal medicine, was used for treating arthritis and physical weakness in China from the Ming dynasty. Triterpene saponins are the main bioactive components of RPJ. In this work, for the first time, we evaluate the therapeutic effect of the total saponin from RPJ (TSPJ) on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55, a commonly used animal model of Multiple sclerosis (MS). AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the therapeutic effect of TSPJ on EAE and explored its possible underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS EAE was induced by MOG 35-55. Mice were administrated with TSPJ (36.5 mg/kg, 73 mg/kg) and prednisone acetate (positive control) orally once daily up to 28 days postimmunization, and their neurological deficit was scored. Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE), Luxol Fast Blue (LFB), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were carried out to evaluate the EAE-induced pathological changes in the brain and spinal cord. IL-17a and Foxp3 levels in central nervous system(CNS)were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. The changes in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in serum and CNS were measured with ELISA. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to access mRNA expression in CNS of the above indices. The percentages of Th1, Th2, Th17and Treg cells in spleen were determined by Flow Cytometry (FCM). Furthermore, 16S rDNA sequencing was used to detect the intestinal flora of mice in each group. In vitro studies, lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced BV2 microglia cells were used and the expression of TLR4, MyD88, p65, and p-p65 in cells was detected by Western blot. RESULTS TSPJ treatment significantly alleviated neurological impairment caused by EAE. Histological examination confirmed the protective effects of TSPJ on myelin sheath and the reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration in the brain and spinal cord of EAE mice. TSPJ notably downregulated the ratio of IL-17a/Foxp3 at protein and mRNA levels in CNS, as well as Th17/Treg and Th1/Th2 cell ratios in the spleen of EAE mice. The levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in CNS and peripheral serum also decreased post-TSPJ treatment. In vitro, TSPJ suppressed LPS-induced production of inflammatory factors in BV2 cells via TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway. More importantly, TSPJ interventions altered the composition of gut microbiota and restored the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in EAE mice. Furthermore, Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that a relationship existed between statistically significantly altered genera and CNS inflammatory indices. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated TSPJ had therapeutic effects on EAE. Its anti-neuroinflammation property in EAE was related to modulating gut microbiota and inhibiting TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway. Our study indicated that TSPJ may be a potential candidate for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Liying He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Yixin Dong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Subinuer Yasen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Haiyan Zou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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La Rosa G, Lonardo MS, Cacciapuoti N, Muscariello E, Guida B, Faraonio R, Santillo M, Damiano S. Dietary Polyphenols, Microbiome, and Multiple Sclerosis: From Molecular Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Mechanisms to Clinical Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087247. [PMID: 37108412 PMCID: PMC10138565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial, immune-mediated disease caused by complex gene-environment interactions. Dietary factors modulating the inflammatory status through the control of the metabolic and inflammatory pathways and the composition of commensal gut microbiota, are among the main environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis of MS. There is no etiological therapy for MS and the drugs currently used, often accompanied by major side effects, are represented by immunomodulatory substances capable of modifying the course of the disease. For this reason, nowadays, more attention is paid to alternative therapies with natural substances with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, as adjuvants of classical therapies. Among natural substances with beneficial effects on human health, polyphenols are assuming an increasing interest due to their powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Beneficial properties of polyphenols on the CNS are achieved through direct effects depending on their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and indirect effects exerted in part via interaction with the microbiota. The aim of this review is to examine the literature about the molecular mechanism underlying the protective effects of polyphenols in MS achieved by experiments conducted in vitro and in animal models of the disease. Significant data have been accumulated for resveratrol, curcumin, luteolin, quercetin, and hydroxytyrosol, and therefore we will focus on the results obtained with these polyphenols. Clinical evidence for the use of polyphenols as adjuvant therapy in MS is restricted to a smaller number of substances, mainly curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate. In the last part of the review, a clinical trial studying the effects of these polyphenols in MS patients will also be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana La Rosa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Lonardo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Cacciapuoti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Espedita Muscariello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Bruna Guida
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Faraonio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Santillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Damiano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
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Hashemi B, Abdollahi M, Abbaspour-Aghdam S, Hazrati A, Malekpour K, Meshgi S, Kafil HS, Ghazi F, Yousefi M, Roshangar L, Ahmadi M. The effect of probiotics on immune responses and their therapeutic application: A new treatment option for multiple sclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114195. [PMID: 36630847 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is known as a chronic inflammatory disease (CID) that affects the central nervous system and leads to nerve demyelination. However, the exact cause of MS is unknown, but immune system regulation and inhibiting the function of inflammatory pathways may have a beneficial effect on controlling and improving the disease. Studies show that probiotics can alter the gut microbiome, thereby improving and affecting the immune system and inflammatory responses in patients with MS. The results show that probiotics have a good effect on the recovery of patients with MS in humans and animals. The present study investigated the effect of probiotics and possible therapeutic mechanisms of probiotics on immune cells and inflammatory cytokines. This review article showed that probiotics could improve immune cells and inflammatory cytokines in patients with MS and can play an effective role in disease management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Hashemi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abdollahi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Abbaspour-Aghdam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kosar Malekpour
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahla Meshgi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhood Ghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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8
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Magni G, Riboldi B, Petroni K, Ceruti S. Flavonoids bridging the gut and the brain: intestinal metabolic fate, and direct or indirect effects of natural supporters against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115257. [PMID: 36179933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, experimental evidence suggested a possible role of the gut microbiota in the onset and development of several neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD and PD, MS and pain. Flavonoids, including anthocyanins, EGCG, the flavonol quercetin, and isoflavones, are plant polyphenolic secondary metabolites that have shown therapeutic potential for the treatment of various pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. This is due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, despite their low bioavailability which often limits their use in clinical practice. In more recent years it has been demonstrated that flavonoids are metabolized by specific bacterial strains in the gut to produce their active metabolites. On the other way round, both naturally-occurring flavonoids and their metabolites promote or limit the proliferation of specific bacterial strains, thus profoundly affecting the composition of the gut microbiota which in turn modifies its ability to further metabolize flavonoids. Thus, understanding the best way of acting on this virtuous circle is of utmost importance to develop innovative approaches to many brain disorders. In this review, we summarize some of the most recent advances in preclinical and clinical research on the neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of flavonoids on AD, PD, MS and pain, with a specific focus on their mechanisms of action including possible interactions with the gut microbiota, to emphasize the potential exploitation of dietary flavonoids as adjuvants in the treatment of these pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Magni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences - Università degli Studi di Milano - via Balzaretti, 9 - 20133 MILAN (Italy)
| | - Benedetta Riboldi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences - Università degli Studi di Milano - via Balzaretti, 9 - 20133 MILAN (Italy)
| | - Katia Petroni
- Department of Biosciences - Università degli Studi di Milano - via Celoria, 26 - 20133 MILAN (Italy)
| | - Stefania Ceruti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences - Università degli Studi di Milano - via Balzaretti, 9 - 20133 MILAN (Italy).
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9
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Wang L, Xu H, Yang H, Zhou J, Zhao L, Zhang F. Glucose metabolism and glycosylation link the gut microbiota to autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952398. [PMID: 36203617 PMCID: PMC9530352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates serve as important energy sources and structural substances for human body as well as for gut microbes. As evidenced by the advances in immunometabolism, glucose metabolism and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation are deeply involved in immune cell activation, proliferation, and signaling transduction as well as trafficking and effector functions, thus contributing to immune response programming and assisting in host adaption to microenvironment changes. Increased glucose uptake, aberrant expression of glucose transporter 1 (e.g., GLU1), and abnormal glycosylation patterns have been identified in autoimmunity and are suggested as partially responsible for the dysregulated immune response and the modification of gut microbiome composition in the autoimmune pathogenesis. The interaction between gut microbiota and host carbohydrate metabolism is complex and bidirectional. Their impact on host immune homeostasis and the development of autoimmune diseases remains to be elucidated. This review summarized the current knowledge on the crosstalk of glucose metabolism and glycosylation in the host with intestinal microbiota and discussed their possible role in the development and progression of autoimmune diseases. Potential therapeutic strategies targeting glucose metabolism and glycosylation in modulating gut ecosystem and treating autoimmune diseases were discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Rheumatology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Haojie Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Rheumatology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Huaxia Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Rheumatology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Rheumatology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaxin Zhou, ; Lidan Zhao,
| | - Lidan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Rheumatology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaxin Zhou, ; Lidan Zhao,
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Rheumatology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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Oliveira MET, Paulino GVB, Dos Santos Júnior ED, da Silva Oliveira FA, Melo VMM, Ursulino JS, de Aquino TM, Shetty AK, Landell MF, Gitaí DLG. Multi-omic Analysis of the Gut Microbiome in Rats with Lithium-Pilocarpine-Induced Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6429-6446. [PMID: 35962889 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence supports that the gut microbiota and bacteria-dependent metabolites influence the maintenance of epileptic brain activity. However, the alterations in the gut microbiota between epileptic versus healthy individuals are poorly understood. We used a multi-omic approach to evaluate the changes in the composition of gut metagenome as well in the fecal metabolomic profile in rats before and after being submitted to status epilepticus (SE)-induced temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing of fecal samples coupled to bioinformatic analysis revealed taxonomic, compositional, and functional shifts in epileptic rats. The species richness (Chao1 index) was significantly lower in the post-TLE group, and the β-diversity analysis revealed clustering separated from the pre-TLE group. The taxonomic abundance analysis showed a significant increase of phylum Desulfobacterota and a decrease of Patescibacteria in the post-TLE group. The DESEq2 and LEfSe analysis resulted in 18 genera significantly enriched between post-TLE and pre-TLE groups at the genus level. We observed that epileptic rats present a peculiar metabolic phenotype, including a lower concentration of D-glucose and L-lactic acid and a higher concentration of L-glutamic acid and glycine. The microbiota-host metabolic correlation analysis showed that the genera differentially abundant in post-TLE rats are associated with the altered metabolites, especially the proinflammatory Desulfovibrio and Marvinbryantia, which were enriched in epileptic animals and positively correlated with these excitatory neurotransmitters and carbohydrate metabolites. Therefore, our data revealed a correlation between dysbacteriosis in epileptic animals and fecal metabolites that are known to be relevant for maintaining epileptic brain activity by enhancing chronic inflammation, an excitatory-inhibitory imbalance, and/or a metabolic disturbance. These data are promising and suggest that targeting the gut microbiota could provide a novel avenue for preventing and treating acquired epilepsy. However, the causal relationship between these microbial/metabolite components and the SRS occurrence still needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eduarda T Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LBCM), Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo V B Paulino
- Laboratory of Molecular Diversity (LDM), Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Erivaldo D Dos Santos Júnior
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LBCM), Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Francisca A da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology (Lembiotech), Department of Biology, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 909, Fortaleza, CE, 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Vânia M M Melo
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology (Lembiotech), Department of Biology, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 909, Fortaleza, CE, 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Jeferson S Ursulino
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NAPRMN, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago M de Aquino
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NAPRMN, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Melissa Fontes Landell
- Laboratory of Molecular Diversity (LDM), Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Leite Góes Gitaí
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LBCM), Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-900, Brazil.
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11
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Therapeutic potential of Short Chain Fatty acid production by gut microbiota in Neurodegenerative disorders. Nutr Res 2022; 106:72-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Varela-Trinidad GU, Domínguez-Díaz C, Solórzano-Castanedo K, Íñiguez-Gutiérrez L, Hernández-Flores TDJ, Fafutis-Morris M. Probiotics: Protecting Our Health from the Gut. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071428. [PMID: 35889147 PMCID: PMC9316266 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) comprises billions of microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract. This microbial community exerts numerous physiological functions. Prominent among these functions is the effect on host immunity through the uptake of nutrients that strengthen intestinal cells and cells involved in the immune response. The physiological functions of the GM are not limited to the gut, but bidirectional interactions between the gut microbiota and various extraintestinal organs have been identified. These interactions have been termed interorganic axes by several authors, among which the gut–brain, gut–skin, gut–lung, gut–heart, and gut–metabolism axes stand out. It has been shown that an organism is healthy or in homeostasis when the GM is in balance. However, altered GM or dysbiosis represents a critical factor in the pathogenesis of many local and systemic diseases. Therefore, probiotics intervene in this context, which, according to various published studies, allows balance to be maintained in the GM, leading to an individual’s good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Urait Varela-Trinidad
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Con Orientaciones en Inmunología y Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (G.U.V.-T.); (C.D.-D.)
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología (CIINDE), Calzada del Federalismo Nte 3102, Zapopan 45190, Mexico
| | - Carolina Domínguez-Díaz
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Con Orientaciones en Inmunología y Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (G.U.V.-T.); (C.D.-D.)
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología (CIINDE), Calzada del Federalismo Nte 3102, Zapopan 45190, Mexico
| | - Karla Solórzano-Castanedo
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Liliana Íñiguez-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigación de Inmunodeficiencias y VIH, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Coronel Calderón 777, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (L.Í.-G.); (T.d.J.H.-F.)
| | - Teresita de Jesús Hernández-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación de Inmunodeficiencias y VIH, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Coronel Calderón 777, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (L.Í.-G.); (T.d.J.H.-F.)
- Departamento de Disciplinas Filosóficas Metodológicas e Intrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Mary Fafutis-Morris
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología (CIINDE), Calzada del Federalismo Nte 3102, Zapopan 45190, Mexico
- Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-33-1411-4590
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Navarro-López V, Méndez-Miralles MÁ, Vela-Yebra R, Fríes-Ramos A, Sánchez-Pellicer P, Ruzafa-Costas B, Núñez-Delegido E, Gómez-Gómez H, Chumillas-Lidón S, Picó-Monllor JA, Navarro-Moratalla L. Gut Microbiota as a Potential Predictive Biomarker in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050930. [PMID: 35627315 PMCID: PMC9140870 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of the microbiome on neurological diseases has been studied for years. Recent findings have shown a different composition of gut microbiota detected in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The role of this dysbiosis is still unknown. OBJECTIVE We analyzed the gut microbiota of 15 patients with active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), comparing with diet-matched healthy controls. METHOD To determine the composition of the gut microbiota, we performed high-throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The specific amplified sequences were in the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. RESULTS The gut microbiota of RRMS patients differed from healthy controls in the levels of the Lachnospiraceae, Ezakiella, Ruminococcaceae, Hungatella, Roseburia, Clostridium, Shuttleworthia, Poephyromonas, and Bilophila genera. All these genera were included in a logistic regression analysis to determine the sensitivity and the specificity of the test. Finally, the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) and AUC with a 95% CI were calculated and best-matched for Ezakiella (AUC of 75.0 and CI from 60.6 to 89.4) and Bilophila (AUC of 70.2 and CI from 50.1 to 90.4). CONCLUSIONS There is a dysbiosis in the gut microbiota of RRMS patients. An analysis of the components of the microbiota suggests the role of some genera as a predictive factor of RRMS prognosis and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Navarro-López
- Ph.D. Program in Health Sciences, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.S.-P.); (B.R.-C.); (E.N.-D.); (H.G.-G.); (S.C.-L.); (J.A.P.-M.); (L.N.-M.)
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Hospital Vinalopó, Carrer Tonico Sansano Mora 14, 03293 Elche, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.N.-L.); (M.Á.M.-M.)
| | - María Ángeles Méndez-Miralles
- Ph.D. Program in Health Sciences, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.S.-P.); (B.R.-C.); (E.N.-D.); (H.G.-G.); (S.C.-L.); (J.A.P.-M.); (L.N.-M.)
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Torrevieja, Carretera CV95, s/n, 03186 Alicante, Spain;
- Correspondence: (V.N.-L.); (M.Á.M.-M.)
| | - Rosa Vela-Yebra
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Torrevieja, Carretera CV95, s/n, 03186 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Ana Fríes-Ramos
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Vinalopó, Carrer Tonico Sansano Mora 14, 03293 Elche, Spain;
| | - Pedro Sánchez-Pellicer
- MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.S.-P.); (B.R.-C.); (E.N.-D.); (H.G.-G.); (S.C.-L.); (J.A.P.-M.); (L.N.-M.)
| | - Beatriz Ruzafa-Costas
- MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.S.-P.); (B.R.-C.); (E.N.-D.); (H.G.-G.); (S.C.-L.); (J.A.P.-M.); (L.N.-M.)
| | - Eva Núñez-Delegido
- MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.S.-P.); (B.R.-C.); (E.N.-D.); (H.G.-G.); (S.C.-L.); (J.A.P.-M.); (L.N.-M.)
| | - Humberto Gómez-Gómez
- MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.S.-P.); (B.R.-C.); (E.N.-D.); (H.G.-G.); (S.C.-L.); (J.A.P.-M.); (L.N.-M.)
| | - Sara Chumillas-Lidón
- MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.S.-P.); (B.R.-C.); (E.N.-D.); (H.G.-G.); (S.C.-L.); (J.A.P.-M.); (L.N.-M.)
| | - Jose A. Picó-Monllor
- MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.S.-P.); (B.R.-C.); (E.N.-D.); (H.G.-G.); (S.C.-L.); (J.A.P.-M.); (L.N.-M.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Pediatrics and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Laura Navarro-Moratalla
- MiBioPath Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.S.-P.); (B.R.-C.); (E.N.-D.); (H.G.-G.); (S.C.-L.); (J.A.P.-M.); (L.N.-M.)
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14
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Mitrea L, Nemeş SA, Szabo K, Teleky BE, Vodnar DC. Guts Imbalance Imbalances the Brain: A Review of Gut Microbiota Association With Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:813204. [PMID: 35433746 PMCID: PMC9009523 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.813204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, there has been a growing interest in the relationship between gut microbiota, the brain, and neurologic-associated affections. As multiple preclinical and clinical research studies highlight gut microbiota’s potential to modulate the general state of health state, it goes without saying that gut microbiota plays a significant role in neurogenesis, mental and cognitive development, emotions, and behaviors, and in the progression of neuropsychiatric illnesses. Gut microbiota produces important biologic products that, through the gut-brain axis, are directly connected with the appearance and evolution of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, autism, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy. This study reviews recent research on the link between gut microbiota and the brain, and microbiome’s role in shaping the development of the most common neurological and psychiatric illnesses. Moreover, special attention is paid to the use of probiotic formulations as a potential non-invasive therapeutic opportunity for prevention and management of neuropsychiatric-associated affections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mitrea
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Silvia-Amalia Nemeş
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Katalin Szabo
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bernadette-Emőke Teleky
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan-Cristian Vodnar
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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15
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Alkhawajah NM, Aljarallah S, Hussain-Alkhateeb L, Almohaini MO, Muayqil TA. Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking and Other Multiple Sclerosis Environmental Risk Factors. Neuroepidemiology 2021; 56:97-103. [PMID: 34872078 DOI: 10.1159/000521223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There are a number of well-established risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS). Other factors however, showed conflicting or non-consistent results. Here we examine some factors that are unique to or more practiced in Saudi Arabia (SA) and the Arab region such as waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS), face veiling, raw milk (RM), and camel milk (CM) consumption, tuberculosis (TB) infection in addition to other traditional factors. Methods This is a sex and age matched case-control study in which we used a structured questionnaire to examine the relation between a number of factors and exposures and the risk of MS. Three hundred MS patients and 601 controls were included. Data was analyzed across different statistical models using logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, marital status, duration of breastfeeding, age first joining school, coffee consumption, and face exposure. Results Cigarette smoking [OR = 1.79, (95% CI 1.01-3.17), P =0.047)], WTS [OR = 2.25, (95% CI 1.21-4.15), P =0.010)], and CM consumption [OR = 2.50, (95% CI 1.20-5.21), P =0.014)] increased the risk of MS. While performing hajj [OR = 0.47, (95% CI 0.34-0.67), P =0.001)], TB infection [OR = 0.29, (95% CI 0.11-0.78), P =0.015)], face veiling [OR = 0.32, (95% CI 0.23-0.47), P =0.001)] and coffee consumption [OR =0.67, (95% CI 0.49-0.89), P =0.008)], appeared to be associated with decreased risk. No association was found between fast food, processed meat, soft drinks, animal milk (other than camel) or RM consumption and the risk of MS. Conclusion The results of this case-control study confirm that different means of tobacco smoking are associated with increased risk of MS. It also sheds more light on the complex association between infections and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha M Alkhawajah
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Aljarallah
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laith Hussain-Alkhateeb
- Global Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Osama Almohaini
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taim A Muayqil
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Faruqui NA, Prium DH, Mowna SA, Ullah MA, Araf Y, Sarkar B, Zohora US, Rahman MS. Gut microorganisms and neurological disease perspectives. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2020-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract of every healthy human consists of a unique set of gut microbiota that collectively harbors a diverse and complex community of over 100 trillion microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, archaea, protozoa and fungi. Gut microbes have a symbiotic relationship with our body. The composition of the microbiota is shaped early in life by gut maturation, which is influenced by several factors. Intestinal bacteria are crucial in maintaining immune and metabolic homeostasis and protecting against pathogens. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota is associated not only with intestinal disorders but also with extraintestinal diseases such as metabolic and neurological disorders. In this review, the authors examine different studies that have revealed the possible hypotheses and links in the development of neurological disorders associated with the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nairita Ahsan Faruqui
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Biotechnology Program, School of Data & Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Durdana Hossain Prium
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Biotechnology Program, School of Data & Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sadrina Afrin Mowna
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Biotechnology Program, School of Data & Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Asad Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yusha Araf
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Bishajit Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Umme Salma Zohora
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shahedur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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18
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The Role of Nutritional Lifestyle and Physical Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis and Management: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113774. [PMID: 34836032 PMCID: PMC8620342 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the role of nutritional factors and physical activity (PA) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) go back a long time. Despite the intrinsic difficulty of studying their positive or negative role in MS, the interest of researchers on these topics increased during the last few decades, since the role of diet has been investigated with the perspective of the association with disease-modifying drugs (DMD). The association of DMD, diets, and PA might have an additive effect in modifying disease severity. Among the various diets investigated (low-carbohydrate, gluten-free, Mediterranean, low-fat, fasting-mimicking, and Western diets) only low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, and fast-mimicking diets have shown both in animal models and in humans a positive effect on MS course and in patient-reported outcomes (PROs). However, the Mediterranean diet is easier to be maintained compared to fast-mimicking and low-carbohydrate diets, which may lead to detrimental side effects requiring careful clinical monitoring. Conversely, the Western diet, which is characterized by a high intake of highly saturated fats and carbohydrates, may lead to the activation of pro-inflammatory immune pathways and is therefore not recommended. PA showed a positive effect both in animal models as well as on disease course and PROs in humans. Training with combined exercises is considered the more effective approach.
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19
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Rispoli MG, Valentinuzzi S, De Luca G, Del Boccio P, Federici L, Di Ioia M, Digiovanni A, Grasso EA, Pozzilli V, Villani A, Chiarelli AM, Onofrj M, Wise RG, Pieragostino D, Tomassini V. Contribution of Metabolomics to Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11112. [PMID: 34681773 PMCID: PMC8541167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics-based technologies map in vivo biochemical changes that may be used as early indicators of pathological abnormalities prior to the development of clinical symptoms in neurological conditions. Metabolomics may also reveal biochemical pathways implicated in tissue dysfunction and damage and thus assist in the development of novel targeted therapeutics for neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Metabolomics holds promise as a non-invasive, high-throughput and cost-effective tool for early diagnosis, follow-up and monitoring of treatment response in multiple sclerosis (MS), in combination with clinical and imaging measures. In this review, we offer evidence in support of the potential of metabolomics as a biomarker and drug discovery tool in MS. We also use pathway analysis of metabolites that are described as potential biomarkers in the literature of MS biofluids to identify the most promising molecules and upstream regulators, and show novel, still unexplored metabolic pathways, whose investigation may open novel avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Gabriella Rispoli
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
- Department of Neurology, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.D.L.); (M.D.I.)
| | - Silvia Valentinuzzi
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Unit, Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.V.); (P.D.B.); (L.F.)
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Luca
- Department of Neurology, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.D.L.); (M.D.I.)
| | - Piero Del Boccio
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Unit, Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.V.); (P.D.B.); (L.F.)
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Federici
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Unit, Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.V.); (P.D.B.); (L.F.)
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Di Ioia
- Department of Neurology, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.D.L.); (M.D.I.)
| | - Anna Digiovanni
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
- Department of Neurology, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.D.L.); (M.D.I.)
| | - Eleonora Agata Grasso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Valeria Pozzilli
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
- Department of Neurology, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.D.L.); (M.D.I.)
| | - Alessandro Villani
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Antonio Maria Chiarelli
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
- Department of Neurology, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.D.L.); (M.D.I.)
| | - Richard G. Wise
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Damiana Pieragostino
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Unit, Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.V.); (P.D.B.); (L.F.)
- Department of Paediatrics, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Valentina Tomassini
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
- Department of Neurology, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.D.L.); (M.D.I.)
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20
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Dema M, Eixarch H, Villar LM, Montalban X, Espejo C. Immunosenescence in multiple sclerosis: the identification of new therapeutic targets. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102893. [PMID: 34237417 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The number of elderly multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is growing, mainly due to the increase in the life expectancy of the general population and the availability of effective disease-modifying treatments. However, current treatments reduce the frequency of relapses and slow the progression of the disease, but they cannot stop the disability accumulation associated with disease progression. One possible explanation is the impact of immunosenescence, which is associated with the accumulation of unusual immune cell subsets that are thought to have a role in the development of an early ageing process in autoimmunity. Here, we provide a recent overview of how senescence affects immune cell function and how it is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, particularly MS. Numerous studies have demonstrated age-related immune changes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models, and the premature onset of immunosenescence has been demonstrated in MS patients. Therefore, potential therapeutic strategies based on rejuvenating the immune system have been proposed. Senolytics and regenerative strategies using haematopoietic stem cells, therapies based on rejuvenating oligodendrocyte precursor cells, microglia and monocytes, thymus cells and senescent B and T cells are capable of reversing the process of immunosenescence and could have a beneficial impact on the progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dema
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Spain.
| | - Herena Eixarch
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Spain.
| | - Luisa M Villar
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Spain.
| | - Carmen Espejo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Spain.
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21
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Calvo-Barreiro L, Clerico M, Espejo C. Correcting gut dysbiosis can ameliorate inflammation and promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis - Yes. Mult Scler 2021; 27:1161-1162. [PMID: 34047231 DOI: 10.1177/13524585211016723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calvo-Barreiro
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marinella Clerico
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carmen Espejo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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22
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Mirzaei R, Bouzari B, Hosseini-Fard SR, Mazaheri M, Ahmadyousefi Y, Abdi M, Jalalifar S, Karimitabar Z, Teimoori A, Keyvani H, Zamani F, Yousefimashouf R, Karampoor S. Role of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in nervous system disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111661. [PMID: 34243604 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, accumulating evidence from the research highlights the suggested effects of bacterial communities of the human gut microbiota and their metabolites on health and disease. In this regard, microbiota-derived metabolites and their receptors, beyond the immune system, maintain metabolism homeostasis, which is essential to maintain the host's health by balancing the utilization and intake of nutrients. It has been shown that gut bacterial dysbiosis can cause pathology and altered bacterial metabolites' formation, resulting in dysregulation of the immune system and metabolism. The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate, acetate, and succinate, are produced due to the fermentation process of bacteria in the gut. It has been noted remodeling in the gut microbiota metabolites associated with the pathophysiology of several neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stress, anxiety, depression, autism, vascular dementia, schizophrenia, stroke, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, among others. This review will discuss the current evidence from the most significant studies dealing with some SCFAs from gut microbial metabolism with selected neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Behnaz Bouzari
- Department of Pathology, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mazaheri
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Milad Abdi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Jalalifar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Karimitabar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Bhuiyan P, Chen Y, Karim M, Dong H, Qian Y. Bidirectional communication between mast cells and the gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases: Avenues for therapeutic intervention. Brain Res Bull 2021; 172:61-78. [PMID: 33892083 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the global incidence of neurodegenerative diseases has been steadily increasing, especially in adults, there are no effective therapeutic interventions. Neurodegeneration is a heterogeneous group of disorders that is characterized by the activation of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) (e.g., mast cells and microglia) and subsequent neuroinflammation. Mast cells are found in the brain and the gastrointestinal tract and play a role in "tuning" neuroimmune responses. The complex bidirectional communication between mast cells and gut microbiota coordinates various dynamic neuro-cellular responses, which propagates neuronal impulses from the gastrointestinal tract into the CNS. Numerous inflammatory mediators from degranulated mast cells alter intestinal gut permeability and disrupt blood-brain barrier, which results in the promotion of neuroinflammatory processes leading to neurological disorders, thereby offsetting the balance in immune-surveillance. Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that gut-microbiota exert a pivotal role in inflammatory signaling through the activation of immune and inflammatory cells. Communication between inflammatory cytokines and neurocircuits via the gut-brain axis (GBA) affects behavioral responses, activates mast cells and microglia that causes neuroinflammation, which is associated with neurological diseases. In this comprehensive review, we focus on what is currently known about mast cells and the gut-brain axis relationship, and how this relationship is connected to neurodegenerative diseases. We hope that further elucidating the bidirectional communication between mast cells and the GBA will not only stimulate future research on neurodegenerative diseases but will also identify new opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piplu Bhuiyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, PR China
| | - Yinan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, PR China
| | - Mazharul Karim
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Science, 309 East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Hongquan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, PR China.
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, PR China.
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24
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Calvo-Barreiro L, Eixarch H, Cornejo T, Costa C, Castillo M, Mestre L, Guaza C, Martínez-Cuesta MDC, Tanoue T, Honda K, González-López JJ, Montalban X, Espejo C. Selected Clostridia Strains from The Human Microbiota and their Metabolite, Butyrate, Improve Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:920-937. [PMID: 33829410 PMCID: PMC8423884 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiome studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients are unravelling some consistent but modest patterns of gut dysbiosis. Among these, a significant decrease of Clostridia cluster IV and XIVa has been reported. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of a previously selected mixture of human gut-derived 17 Clostridia strains, which belong to Clostridia clusters IV, XIVa, and XVIII, on the clinical outcome of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The observed clinical improvement was related to lower demyelination and astrocyte reactivity as well as a tendency to lower microglia reactivity/infiltrating macrophages and axonal damage in the central nervous system (CNS), and to an enhanced immunoregulatory response of regulatory T cells in the periphery. Transcriptome studies also highlighted increased antiinflammatory responses related to interferon beta in the periphery and lower immune responses in the CNS. Since Clostridia-treated mice were found to present higher levels of the immunomodulatory short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate in the serum, we studied if this clinical effect could be reproduced by butyrate administration alone. Further EAE experiments proved its preventive but slight therapeutic impact on CNS autoimmunity. Thus, this smaller therapeutic effect highlighted that the Clostridia-induced clinical effect was not exclusively related to the SCFA and could not be reproduced by butyrate administration alone. Although it is still unknown if these Clostridia strains will have the same effect on MS patients, gut dysbiosis in MS patients could be partially rebalanced by these commensal bacteria and their immunoregulatory properties could have a beneficial effect on MS clinical course.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Butyrates/administration & dosage
- Clostridiaceae/immunology
- Dysbiosis/immunology
- Dysbiosis/pathology
- Dysbiosis/therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/administration & dosage
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calvo-Barreiro
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Herena Eixarch
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thais Cornejo
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Costa
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Castillo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leyre Mestre
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avda. Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Guaza
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Neuroinmunología, Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avda. Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Martínez-Cuesta
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), C/ Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Takeshi Tanoue
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kenya Honda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Juan José González-López
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Espejo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Salami M. Interplay of Good Bacteria and Central Nervous System: Cognitive Aspects and Mechanistic Considerations. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:613120. [PMID: 33642976 PMCID: PMC7904897 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.613120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract hosts trillions of microorganisms that is called “gut microbiota.” The gut microbiota is involved in a wide variety of physiological features and functions of the body. Thus, it is not surprising that any damage to the gut microbiota is associated with disorders in different body systems. Probiotics, defined as living microorganisms with health benefits for the host, can support or restore the composition of the gut microbiota. Numerous investigations have proved a relationship between the gut microbiota with normal brain function as well as many brain diseases, in which cognitive dysfunction is a common clinical problem. On the other hand, increasing evidence suggests that the existence of a healthy gut microbiota is crucial for normal cognitive processing. In this regard, interplay of the gut microbiota and cognition has been under focus of recent researches. In the present paper, I review findings of the studies considering beneficial effects of either gut microbiota or probiotic bacteria on the brain cognitive function in the healthy and disease statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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26
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Role of Peripheral Immune Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sci3010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the myelination of the neurons present in the central nervous system (CNS). The exact etiology of MS development is unclear, but various environmental and genetic factors might play a role in initiating the disease. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model that is used to study the pathophysiology of MS disease as well as the effects of possible therapeutic agents. In addition, autoreactive immune cells trigger an inflammatory process upon the recognition of CNS antigens, which leads to destruction of the neurons. These include innate immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Additionally, the activation and extravasation of adaptive immune cells such as CD4+ T cells into the CNS may lead to further exacerbation of the disease. However, many studies revealed that immune cells could have either a protective or pathological role in MS. In this review, we highlight the roles of innate and adaptive immune cellular and soluble players that contribute to the pathogenesis of MS and EAE, which may be used as potential targets for therapy.
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27
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Asakly S, Magen-Rimon R, Ighbariya A, Marjih-Shallufi M, Ben-Porat T, Ravid S, Eran A, Gepstein V, Hanna S, Weiss R. Bariatric Surgery-Associated Myelopathy. Obes Facts 2021; 14:431-439. [PMID: 34311464 PMCID: PMC8406245 DOI: 10.1159/000515374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is gaining acceptance as an efficient treatment modality for adults and adolescents with morbid obesity. The early postbariatric period has the potential to induce an immunomodulatory imbalance due to the development or worsening of nutritional deficiencies, changes in hormonal balance (specifically after sleeve gastrectomy), and a shift in the proinflammatory cytokine profile along with a major change in the gut microbiome and permeability. These changes may induce encephalomyelitic T cell activity, change neural barrier permeability, and induce gut dysbioisis, favoring a proinflammatory metabolic profile. Such changes, in genetically prone individuals or those with additional risk factors, may lead to the development of myelopathy, particularly MS. Key Message: Postbariatric myelopathy is rare but should be considered in bariatric patients with relevant complaints in the postoperative period.
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28
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Therapeutic Effect of Ginsenoside Rd on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Mice: Regulation of Inflammation and Treg/Th17 Cell Balance. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2020:8827527. [PMID: 33380901 PMCID: PMC7762661 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8827527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease. Inflammatory infiltrates and demyelination of the CNS are the major characteristics of MS and its related animal model-experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Immoderate autoimmune responses of Th17 cells and dysfunction of Treg cells critically contribute to the pathogenesis of MS and EAE. Our previous study showed that Ginsenoside Rd effectively ameliorated the clinical severity in EAE mice, but the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of Ginsenoside Rd on EAE in vivo and in vitro and also explored the potential mechanisms for alleviating the injury of EAE. The results indicated that Ginsenoside Rd was effective for the treatment of EAE in mice and splenocytes. Ginsenoside Rd treatment on EAE mice ameliorated the severity of EAE and attenuated the characteristic signs of disease. Ginsenoside Rd displayed the therapeutic function to EAE by modulating inflammation and autoimmunity, via the downregulation of related proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17, upregulation of inhibitory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10, and modulation of Treg/Th17 imbalance. And the Foxp3/RORγt/JAK2/STAT3 signaling was found to be associated with this protective function. In addition, analysis of gut microbiota showed that Ginsenoside Rd also had modulation potential on gut microbiota in EAE mice. Based on this study, we hypothesize that Ginsenoside Rd could be a potential and promising agent for the treatment of MS.
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Blais LL, Montgomery TL, Amiel E, Deming PB, Krementsov DN. Probiotic and commensal gut microbial therapies in multiple sclerosis and its animal models: a comprehensive review. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1943289. [PMID: 34264791 PMCID: PMC8284149 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1943289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for alternative treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS) has triggered copious amounts of research into microbial therapies focused on manipulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This comprehensive review was intended to present and systematically evaluate the current clinical and preclinical evidence for various probiotic and commensal gut microbial therapies as treatments for MS, using the Bradford Hill criteria (BHC) as a multi-parameter assessment rubric. Literature searches were performed to identify a total of 37 relevant studies (6 human, 31 animal), including 28 probiotic therapy and 9 commensal therapy studies. In addition to presenting qualitative summaries of these findings, therapeutic evidence for each bacterial formulation was assessed using the BHC to generate summative scores. These scores, which encompassed study quality, replication, and other considerations, were used to rank the most promising therapies and highlight deficiencies. Several therapeutic formulations, including VSL#3, Lactobacillus paracasei, Bifidobacterium animalis, E. coli Nissle 1917, and Prevotella histicola, emerged as the most promising. In contrast, a number of other therapies were hindered by limited evidence of replicable findings and other criteria, which need to be addressed by future studies in order to harness gut microbial therapies to ultimately provide cheaper, safer, and more durable treatments for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorrie L. Blais
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Theresa L. Montgomery
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Eyal Amiel
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Paula B. Deming
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Dimitry N. Krementsov
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Moser T, Akgün K, Proschmann U, Sellner J, Ziemssen T. The role of TH17 cells in multiple sclerosis: Therapeutic implications. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102647. [PMID: 32801039 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) where immunopathology is thought to be mediated by myelin-reactive CD4+ T helper (TH) cells. The TH cells most commonly implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease are of TH1 and TH17 lineage, which are defined by the production of interferon-γ and interleukin-17, respectively. Moreover, there is emerging evidence for the involvement of TH17.1 cells, which share the hallmarks of TH1 and TH17 subsets. In this review, we summarise current knowledge about the potential role of TH17 subsets in the initiation and progression of the disease and put a focus on their response to approved immunomodulatory MS drugs. In this regard, TH17 cells are abundant in peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid and brain lesions of MS patients, and their counts and inflammatory mediators are further increased during relapses. Fingolimod and alemtuzumab induce a paramount decrease in central memory T cells, which harbour the majority of peripheral TH17 cells, while the efficacy of natalizumab, dimethyl fumarate and importantly hematopoietic stem cell therapy correlates with TH17.1 cell inhibition. Interestingly, also CD20 antibodies target highly inflammatory TH cells and hamper TH17 differentiation by IL-6 reductions. Moreover, recovery rates of TH cells best correlate with long-term efficacy after therapeutical immunodepletion. We conclude that central memory TH17.1 cells play a pivotal role in MS pathogenesis and they represent a major target of MS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Moser
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technical, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katja Akgün
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technical, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Undine Proschmann
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technical, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Liechtensteinstrasse 67, 3120 Mistelbach, Austria; Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technical, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Mehrabadi S, Sadr SS. Assessment of Probiotics Mixture on Memory Function, Inflammation Markers, and Oxidative Stress in an Alzheimer's Disease Model of Rats. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2020; 24:220-8. [PMID: 32306720 PMCID: PMC7275815 DOI: 10.29252/ibj.24.4.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The most important cause of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Probiotics are microorganisms that are believed to be beneficial to human and animals. Probiotics reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in some cases. Therefore, this study determined the effects of probiotics mixture on the biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in an AD model of rats. Methods In this study, 50 rats were allocated to five groups, namely control, sham, and AD groups with Aβ1-40 intra-hippocampal injection, as well as AD + rivastigmine and AD + probiotics groups with Aβ1-40 intra-hippocampal injection and 2 ml (1010 CFU) of probiotics (Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Bifidobacterium infantis) orally once a day for 10 weeks. MWM was used to assess memory and learning. To detect Aβ plaque, Congo red staining was used. Oxidative stress was monitored by measuring the MDA level and SOD activity, and to assess inflammation markers (IL-1β and TNF-α) in the hippocampus, ELISA method was employed.. Results Spatial memory improved significantly in treatment group as measured by MWM. Probiotics administration reduced Aβ plaques in AD rats. MDA decreased and SOD increased in the treatment group. Besides, probiotics reduced IL-1β and TNF-α as inflammation markers in the AD model of rats. Conclusion Our data revealed that probiotics are helpful in attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Mehrabadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahabeddin Sadr
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ghajarzadeh M, Azimi A, Valizadeh Z, Sahraian MA, Mohammadifar M. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in treating patients with multiple sclerosis (MS): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102585. [PMID: 32531469 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ghajarzadeh
- Universal Council of Epidemiology (UCE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirreza Azimi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Valizadeh
- Universal Council of Epidemiology (UCE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang Y, Liu Q, Yu Y, Wang M, Wen C, He Z. Early and Short-Term Interventions in the Gut Microbiota Affects Lupus Severity, Progression, and Treatment in MRL/lpr Mice. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:628. [PMID: 32346376 PMCID: PMC7171286 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been attempts to reveal the possible associations between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and gut microbiota. Using MRL/lpr mice, this study was performed to reveal whether early and short-term interventions in gut microbiota affect lupus. MRL/lpr mice were treated with antibiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) before onset. Then, prednisone was used to treat the lupus mice with initially different gut microbiota compositions. The compositions of gut microbiota were assessed by the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene sequence. Early and short-term antibiotics exposure aggravated lupus severity by depleting beneficial gut microbiota for lupus, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and enriching harmful gut microbiota for lupus, such as Klebsiella and Proteus. FMT alleviated lupus severity by renovating the antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota in the following 1 week after antibiotics exposure. Besides, short-term antibiotics exposure before onset imposed no significant effects on lupus progression, but the following one week of FMT suppressed lupus progression. Moreover, the short-term antibiotics or FMT before onset inhibited the therapeutic efficiency of prednisone on lupus from 9 to 13 weeks old of MRL/lpr mice. These data demonstrate that the gut microbiota before onset is important for lupus severity, progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuping Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiran Yu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengping Wen
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhixing He
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neurodegeneration. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor however, mechanisms independent of IOP play a role in RGC pathology. Both antibodies and CD4 T-cells as well as microbiota take part in the pathogenesis of both glaucoma and rheumatoid arteritis (RA).Heat shock proteins (HSPs) which originate in bacteria cross-react with RCG epitopes and were involved in rat model of retinal injury. Enhanced expression of HSPs in the retina was associated with glaucoma-like neuropathology and previous studies have also suggested a pathogenic role for HSPs in RA. In view of these data we suggest that glaucoma should be included in the spectrum of autoimmune diseases and that proven medications for RA should be adopted as an innovative IOP -independent therapeutic strategy for glaucoma.
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Sviridova AA, Kabaeva AR, Rogovskii VS, Kozhieva MK, Melnikov MV, Boyko AN. [Norepinephrine and intestinal microbiome in the early stages of demyelination: clinical-immunological parallels]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 119:28-34. [PMID: 31934986 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20191191028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic amines are key mediators of neuroimmune interaction and may influence on multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis and MS course. At the same time, the role of biogenic amines in immunoregulation of early stages of demyelination, in particular clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) is still unclear. This literature review addresses a role of norepinephrine in the regulation of neuroimmune interactions in the early stages of the demyelination. Neuropsychological disorders, immunological characteristics, gut-brain axis as well as the role of norepinephrine in these interactions in patients with CIS, RIS and early MS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Sviridova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Federal Center of Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Moscow, Russia
| | - A R Kabaeva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V S Rogovskii
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Kh Kozhieva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Melnikov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Federal Center of Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A N Boyko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Federal Center of Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Moscow, Russia
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Wasko NJ, Nichols F, Clark RB. Multiple sclerosis, the microbiome, TLR2, and the hygiene hypothesis. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Alcohol shifts gut microbial networks and ameliorates a murine model of neuroinflammation in a sex-specific pattern. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25808-25815. [PMID: 31792189 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912359116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is a widely consumed dietary component by patients with autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases, but current evidence on the effects of alcohol in these conditions is confounding. Epidemiological studies suggest moderate consumption of alcohol may be protective in some autoimmune diseases; however, this correlation has not been directly investigated. Here, we characterize the effects of moderate-dose alcohol in a model system of autoimmune neuroinflammation, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Male and female C57BL/6J mice were fed a 2.6% alcohol or isocaloric diet for 3 wk prior to MOG35-55 EAE induction. Surprisingly, alcohol-fed males experienced significantly greater disease remission compared to alcohol-fed females and control-fed counterparts. We observed a male-specific decrease in microglial density in alcohol-consuming animals in cervical and thoracic spinal cord in late-stage disease. In the gut, alcohol diet resulted in several sex-specific alterations in key microbiota known for their regulatory immune roles, including Turicibacter, Akkermansia, Prevotella, and Clostridium Using a correlation network modeling approach, we identified unique bacterial modules that are significantly enriched in response to treatment and sex, composed of Clostridial taxa and several Firmicutes known to be protective in EAE. Together, these data demonstrate the potential of alcohol to significantly alter the course of autoimmunity differentially in males and females via effects on gut bacterial networks and support further need to evaluate dose and sex-specific alcohol effects in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other autoimmune neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Paudel YN, Angelopoulou E, C BK, Piperi C, Othman I. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Life Sci 2019; 238:116924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gut microbiota depletion from early adolescence alters adult immunological and neurobehavioral responses in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2019; 157:107685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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40
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Schepici G, Silvestro S, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. The Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Clinical Trials. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1507-1527. [PMID: 31512505 PMCID: PMC6923550 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719873890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating, and
degenerative disease that affects the central nervous system. A recent study
showed that interaction between the immune system and the gut microbiota plays a
crucial role in the development of MS. This review reports the clinical studies
carried out in recent years that aimed to evaluate the composition of the
microbiota in patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RR-MS). We also report what
is available in the literature regarding the effectiveness of fecal microbiota
transplantation and the role of the diet in restoring the intestinal bacterial
population. Studies report that patients with RR-MS have a microbiota that,
compared with healthy controls, has higher amounts of
Pedobacteria, Flavobacterium,
Pseudomonas, Mycoplana,
Acinetobacter, Eggerthella,
Dorea, Blautia,
Streptococcus and Akkermansia. In
contrast, MS patients have a microbiota with impoverished microbial populations
of Prevotella, Bacteroides,
Parabacteroides, Haemophilus,
Sutterella, Adlercreutzia,
Coprobacillus, Lactobacillus,
Clostridium, Anaerostipes and
Faecalibacterium. In conclusion, the restoration of the
microbial population in patients with RR-MS appears to reduce inflammatory
events and the reactivation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Schepici
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Serena Silvestro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
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Zoledziewska M. The gut microbiota perspective for interventions in MS. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:814-824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Gonçalves ED, Dutra RC. Cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases: where do we stand? Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1845-1853. [PMID: 31158514 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Described during the late 1980s and 1990s, cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R) are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activated by endogenous ligands and cannabinoid drug compounds, such as Δ9-THC. Whereas CB1R has a role in the regulation of neurotransmission in different brain regions and mainly mediates the psychoactive effects of cannabinoids, CB2R is found predominantly in the cells and tissues of the immune system and mediates anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory processes. Studies have demonstrated that CB1R and CB2R can affect the activation of T cells, B cells, monocytes, and microglial cells, inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine expression and upregulating proresolution mediators. Thus, in this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which CBRs interact with the autoimmune environment and the potential to suppress the development and activation of autoreactive cells. Finally, we highlight how the modulation of CB1R and CB2R is advantageous in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine D Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus of Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Dutra
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus of Araranguá, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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D'Amico E, Zanghì A, Gastaldi M, Patti F, Zappia M, Franciotta D. Placing CD20-targeted B cell depletion in multiple sclerosis therapeutic scenario: Present and future perspectives. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:665-672. [PMID: 31059839 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acquired demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that traditionally has been considered to be mediated primarily by T cells. Increasing evidence, however, suggests the fundamental role of B cells in the pathogenesis and development of the disease. Recently, anti-CD20 B cell-based therapies have demonstrated impressive and somewhat surprising results in MS, showing profound anti-inflammatory effects with a favorable risk-benefit ratio. Moreover, for the first time in the MS therapeutic scenario, the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody ocrelizumab has been granted for the treatment of the primary progressive form of the disease. In this review, we provide a brief overview about anti-CD20 B cell-based therapies in MS, in the perspective of their influence on the future management of the disease, and of their possible positioning in a new wider therapeutic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurora Zanghì
- Department G.F.Ingrassia, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Matteo Gastaldi
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Mario Zappia
- Department G.F.Ingrassia, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Diego Franciotta
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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He Z, Kong X, Shao T, Zhang Y, Wen C. Alterations of the Gut Microbiota Associated With Promoting Efficacy of Prednisone by Bromofuranone in MRL/lpr Mice. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:978. [PMID: 31118928 PMCID: PMC6504707 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota played an important role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and glucocorticoids were prone to cause alterations in gut microbiota. This study addressed the effect of bromofuranone on the treatment of SLE with prednisone, since bromofuranone could regulate gut microbiota by inhibiting the AI-2/LuxS quorum-sensing. Remarkably, bromofuranone did not alleviate lupus but promoted the efficacy of prednisone in the treatment of lupus. The alterations in the gut microbiota, including decreased Mucispirillum, Oscillospira, Bilophila and Rikenella, and increased Anaerostipes, were associated with prednisone treatment for SLE. In addition, the increase of Lactobacillus, Allobaculum, Sutterella, and Adlercreutzia was positively associated with the bromofuranone-mediated promotion for the treatment of lupus. This was the first study demonstrating that the efficacy of glucocorticoids could be affected by the interventions in gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yun Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengping Wen
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Bello-Gil D, Audebert C, Olivera-Ardid S, Pérez-Cruz M, Even G, Khasbiullina N, Gantois N, Shilova N, Merlin S, Costa C, Bovin N, Mañez R. The Formation of Glycan-Specific Natural Antibodies Repertoire in GalT-KO Mice Is Determined by Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol 2019; 10:342. [PMID: 30891034 PMCID: PMC6411795 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut commensal bacteria are known to have a significant role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune homeostasis. Alterations in the intestinal microbial composition have been associated with several disease states, including autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. However, it is not entirely clear how commensal gut microbiota modulate and contribute to the systemic immunity, and whether circulating elements of the host immune system could regulate the microbiome. Thus, we have studied the diversity and abundance of specific taxons in the gut microbiota of inbred GalT-KO mice during 7 months of animal life by metagenetic high-throughput sequencing (16S rRNA gene, variable regions V3-V5). The repertoire of glycan-specific natural antibodies, obtained by printed glycan array technology, was then associated with the microbial diversity for each animal by metagenome-wide association studies (MWAS). Our data show that the orders clostridiales (most abundant), bacteriodales, lactobacillales, and deferribacterales may be associated with the development of the final repertoire of natural anti-glycan antibodies in GalT-KO mice. The main changes in microbiota diversity (month-2 and month-3) were related to important changes in levels and repertoire of natural anti-glycan antibodies in these mice. Additionally, significant positive and negative associations were found between the gut microbiota and the pattern of specific anti-glycan antibodies. Regarding individual features, the gut microbiota and the corresponding repertoire of natural anti-glycan antibodies showed differences among the examined animals. We also found redundancy in different taxa associated with the development of specific anti-glycan antibodies. Differences in microbial diversity did not, therefore, necessarily influence the overall functional output of the gut microbiome of GalT-KO mice. In summary, the repertoire of natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies may be partially determined by the continuous antigenic stimulation produced by the gut bacterial population of each GalT-KO mouse. Small differences in gut microbiota diversity could determine different repertoire and levels of natural anti-glycan antibodies and consequently might induce different immune responses to pathogens or other potential threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bello-Gil
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christophe Audebert
- Genes Diffusion, Douai, France.,PEGASE-Biosciences, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sara Olivera-Ardid
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magdiel Pérez-Cruz
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gaël Even
- Genes Diffusion, Douai, France.,PEGASE-Biosciences, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Nausicaa Gantois
- Lille University, CNRS, Inserm, Lille University Hospital, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019 -UMR 8204 -CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nadezhda Shilova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sophie Merlin
- Genes Diffusion, Douai, France.,PEGASE-Biosciences, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cristina Costa
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolai Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rafael Mañez
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Intensive Care Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Efficacy and safety of rituximab for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:542-548. [PMID: 30844555 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of rituximab for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. RESULTS Fifteen studies that collectively included 946 patients were selected for the meta-analysis. Rituximab therapy was associated with the mean annualized relapse rates decreasing by 0.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.45-1.15) and the mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score decreasing by 0.46 (95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.87). The likelihood of patients experiencing a relapse after starting rituximab therapy was only 15% (95% confidence interval, 7%-26%). Although mild-to-moderate adverse events occurred in 29.6% of the patients, there were no severe adverse events. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This systematic review and meta-analysis shows that rituximab is associated with reduced annualized relapse rates and disability levels in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. It is also well tolerated and is not associated with serious adverse events.
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Meng X, Zhou HY, Shen HH, Lufumpa E, Li XM, Guo B, Li BZ. Microbe-metabolite-host axis, two-way action in the pathogenesis and treatment of human autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:455-475. [PMID: 30844549 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of microorganism in human diseases cannot be ignored. These microorganisms have evolved together with humans and worked together with body's mechanism to maintain immune and metabolic function. Emerging evidence shows that gut microbe and their metabolites open up new doors for the study of human response mechanism. The complexity and interdependence of these microbe-metabolite-host interactions are rapidly being elucidated. There are various changes of microbial levels in models or in patients of various autoimmune diseases (AIDs). In addition, the relevant metabolites involved in mechanism mainly include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and polysaccharide A (PSA). Meanwhile, the interaction between microbes and host genes is also a factor that must be considered. It has been demonstrated that human microbes are involved in the development of a variety of AIDs, including organ-specific AIDs and systemic AIDs. At the same time, microbes or related products can be used to remodel body's response to alleviate or cure diseases. This review summarizes the latest research of microbes and their related metabolites in AIDs. More importantly, it highlights novel and potential therapeutics, including fecal microbial transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Nonetheless, exact mechanisms still remain elusive, and future research will focus on finding a specific strain that can act as a biomarker of an autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hao-Yue Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui-Hui Shen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Eniya Lufumpa
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Biao Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Castillo-Álvarez F, Marzo-Sola ME. El holobionte enfermo, el ejemplo de la esclerosis múltiple. Med Clin (Barc) 2019; 152:147-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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50
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Butnaru D, Chapman J. The impact of self-replicating proteins on inflammation, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration-An untraveled path. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:231-240. [PMID: 30639644 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) in neurodegenerative diseases is a battlefield in which microglia fight a highly atypical battle. During the inflammatory process microglia themselves become dysfunctional and even with all the available immune arsenal including cytokine or/and antibody production, the battle is eventually lost. A closer look into the picture will reveal the fact that this is mainly due to the atypical characteristics of the infectious agent. The supramolecular assemblies of misfolded proteins carry unique features not encountered in any of the common pathogens. Through misfolding, proteins undergo conformational changes which make them become immunogenic, neurotoxic and highly infective. The immunogenicity appears to be triggered by the exposure of previously hidden hydrophobic portions in proteins which act as damage-associated molecular patters (DAMPs) for the immune system. The neurotoxicity and infectivity are promoted by the small oligomeric forms of misfolded proteins/peptides. Oligomers adopt conformations such as tubular-like, beta-barrel-like, etc., that penetrate cell membranes through their hydrophobic surfaces, thus destabilizing ionic homeostasis. At the same time, oligomers act as a seed for protein misfolding through a prion/prion-like mechanism. Here, we propose the hypothesis that oligomers have catalytic surfaces and exercise their capacity to infect native proteins through specific characteristics such as hydrophobic, electrostatic and π-π stacking interactions as well as the specific surface area (SSA), surface curvature and surface chemistry of their nanoscale supramolecular assemblies. All these are the key elements for prion/prion-like mechanism of self-replication and disease spreading within the CNS. Thus, understanding the mechanism of prion's templating activity may help us in the prevention and development of novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Butnaru
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Joab Chapman
- Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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