1
|
Hirota K, Lambert DG. Ketamine; history and role in anesthetic pharmacology. Neuropharmacology 2022; 216:109171. [PMID: 35764129 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine (Ket) was developed in 1962 as a less hallucinogenic and shorter acting agent than phencyclidine. It was given to humans for the first time in 1964. However, Ket produces several adverse reactions such as raised intracranial and blood pressures along with seizures, and patients still show low acceptance due to hallucinations. As new volatile and intravenous anesthetic agents with good emergence and favorable side effect profiles were developed, Ket use markedly decreased. In the 1990s, as the ultrashort-acting opioid remifentanil was developed, high dose opioid could be used to reduce surgical stress in highly invasive procedures. However, high dose opioids can produce hyperalgesia and acute tolerance. As Ket can exert anti-hyperalgesic actions, the clinical use of low dose Ket has been reconsidered. Other beneficial effects of Ket such as; analgesia, anti-shock in hemorrhagic and septic insults, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-tumor effects, brain and spinal cord neuroprotection, and bronchodilation, have all been reported. Moreover, this anesthetic agent at low dose has been recently recognized to possess anti-depressive actions. This diverse profile extends Ket far beyond anesthesia practice and the operating room.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Hirota
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - David G Lambert
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management), University of Leicester, Hodgkin Building, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu W, Wang P, Wang D, Liu K, Zhang S, Zhao W, Liu G. S-ketamine alleviates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury and oxidative stress by targeting the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1308-1315. [PMID: 34310894 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of S-ketamine (S-KET) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) - induced liver damage and oxidative stress, as well as to elucidate the related underlying mechanisms. Blood was collected to measure biochemical parameters (alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB) and γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT)) and the liver was harvested for histopathological analysis of enzymes related to the antioxidant response (malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX)). Liver cell apoptosis was evaluated using the TUNEL assay. In addition, the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway were detected by Western blot analysis to explore potential mechanisms. S-KET protected the liver from CCl4-induced damage. The changes to the liver biochemical parameters (increased ALT, AST, ALP, TB, and γ-GT) and oxidative stress-related indicators (increased MDA; depleted SOD, GSH, and GSH-PX) induced by CCl4 were inhibited by S-KET. S-Ket also inhibited CCl4-induced cell apoptosis, the changes in expression of related proteins, and blocked CCl4-induced liver injury and oxidative stress via activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. S-KET effectively protected the liver by inhibition of CCl4-induced damage via upregulation the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying City, Shandong 257034, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying City, Shandong 257034, China
| | - Dalong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying City, Shandong 257034, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying City, Shandong 257034, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying City, Shandong 257034, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying City, Shandong 257034, China
| | - Guoqing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying City, Shandong 257034, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fu D, Liu H, Liu H, Yao J. Effects of D‑Ala2, D‑Leu5‑Enkephalin pre‑ and post‑conditioning in a rabbit model of spinal cord ischemia and reperfusion injury. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4811-4820. [PMID: 31638217 PMCID: PMC6854538 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been revealed that during the aorta-clamped period, D-Ala2, D-Leu5-Enkephalin (DADLE) infusion can protect the spinal cord against ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the protective effects of DADLE administration prior to ischemia or at the time of early reperfusion have not yet been investigated. Drug pre- or post-conditioning can serve as a more valuable clinical strategy. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of DADLE infusion at different time intervals in order to determine the optimum time point for ischemic spinal cord protection. A total of 40 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups: Sham-operated (Sham), normal saline pre-conditioning (NS), DADLE per-conditioning (Dper), DADLE pre-conditioning (Dpre) and DADLE post-conditioning (Dpost). All animals were subjected to spinal cord ischemia for 30 min followed by 48 h reperfusion. Hind limb motor functions were assessed according to the Tarlov criterion when the animals regained consciousness, 6, 24 and 48 h after reperfusion. Histological analysis and the number of viable α-motor neurons were also used to assess the extent of spinal cord injury. Compared with the NS group, the Tarlov scores and the number of normal neurons were significantly higher in the Dper group (P<0.05), which were consistent with the results of a previous study. In addition, the paraplegia rate and loss of normal motor neurons were lower in the DADLE per- and post-conditioning groups compared with the DADLE pre-conditioning; however, these were not statistically significant. DADLE 0.05 mg/kg administration at three time points all mitigated normal motor neuron injury in the anterior horn and decreased the paraplegia rates in rabbits. The therapeutic benefits appeared best in the post-conditioning group with DADLE, and worst in the pre-conditioning group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyun Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Haitong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Junyan Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang S, Wu Y, Fang DF, Chen Y. Hypothermic preconditioning but not ketamine reduces oxygen and glucose deprivation induced neuronal injury correlated with downregulation of COX-2 expression in mouse hippocampal slices. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 137:30-37. [PMID: 29681435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothermic preconditioning is an effective treatment for limiting ischemic injury, but the mechanism is poorly understood. This study was aimed to explore the effect of hypothermic and ketamine preconditioning on oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) induced neuronal injury in mouse hippocampal slices, and to investigate its possible mechanism. The population spike (PS) was recorded in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampal slices using extracellular recordings, Na+/K+ ATPase activity in slices was determined by spectrophotometer and the expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was measured by Western blot. Ten min of OGD induced a poor recovery of PS in slices after reoxygenation. Hypothermic (33 °C) preconditioning delayed the appearance of transient recovery (TR) of PS and improved the recovery amplitude of PS after reoxygenation. Hypothermic preconditioning also decreased the expression of COX-2 and increased Na+/K+ ATPase activity in slices. Pretreatment of ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist at a subanesthetic dose has no effect on OGD induced neuronal injury. Moreover, the protection of hypothermic preconditioning was not added by ketamine. The downregulation of COX-2 expression and the increase of Na+/K+ ATPase activity may be associated with the effectiveness of hypothermic preconditioning in increasing tolerance to an OGD insult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lianyungang Branch of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Union Technical Institute, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - De-Fang Fang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lianyungang Branch of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Union Technical Institute, Lianyungang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nardone R, Pikija S, Mutzenbach JS, Seidl M, Leis S, Trinka E, Sellner J. Current and emerging treatment options for spinal cord ischemia. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1632-1641. [PMID: 27326910 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord infarction (SCI) is a rare but disabling disorder caused by a wide spectrum of conditions. Given the lack of randomized-controlled trials, contemporary treatment concepts are adapted from guidelines for cerebral ischemia, atherosclerotic vascular disease, and acute traumatic spinal cord injury. In addition, patients with SCI are at risk for several potentially life-threatening but preventable systemic and neurologic complications. Notably, there is emerging evidence from preclinical studies for the use of neuroprotection in acute ischemic injury of the spinal cord. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art for the therapy and prevention of SCI and highlight potential emerging treatment concepts awaiting translational adoption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy
| | - Slaven Pikija
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J Sebastian Mutzenbach
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Seidl
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Leis
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dose-effects of aorta-infused clenbuterol on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84095. [PMID: 24391890 PMCID: PMC3877193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) plays an important role in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in various organs. Recently, a selective β2AR agonist clenbuterol was suggested to protect against cerebral I/R injury. This study was designed to investigate changes of β2ARs after spinal cord I/R injury and dose-effects of aorta-infused clenbuterol on spinal cord I/R injury in rabbits. Methods Spinal cord ischemia was induced in New Zealand white rabbits by infrarenal abdominal aortic occlusion with a balloon catheter for 30 minutes except the sham group. During occlusion, nothing (I/R group), normal saline (NS group) or clenbuterol at different doses of 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg (C0.005, C0.01, C0.05, C0.1, C0.5, and C1 groups) was infused into the occluded aortic segments. The hemodynamic data, blood glucose and serum electrolytes were measured during experimental period. Neurological function was assessed according to the modified Tarlov scales until 48 hours after reperfusion. After that, the lumbar spinal cord was harvested for β2AR immunohistochemistry and histopathologic evaluation in the anterior horns. Results The β2AR expression in the anterior horns of the spinal cord was significantly higher in the I/R group than in the sham group. Tarlov scores and the number of viable α-motor neurons were higher in C0.01-C0.5 groups than in the NS group, C0.005 and C1 groups and were highest in the C0.1 group. Hypotension and hyperglycemia were found in the C1 group. Conclusion β2ARs in the anterior horn were upregulated after spinal cord I/R injury. Aortic-infused clenbuterol (0.01–0.5 mg/kg) can attenuate spinal cord I/R injury dose-dependently during the ischemic period. The Optimal dosage was 0.1 mg/kg. Activation of β2AR could be a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of spinal cord I/R injury.
Collapse
|
7
|
Inoue H, Takenaga M, Ohta Y, Tomioka M, Watabe YI, Aihara M, Kumagai N. Improvement of hind-limb paralysis following traumatic spinal cord injury in rats by grafting normal human keratinocytes: new cell-therapy strategy for nerve regeneration. J Artif Organs 2011; 14:375-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10047-011-0598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
8
|
Willey JZ, Barnett HJ, Mohr J. Spinal Cord Ischemia. Stroke 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Güler A, Şahin MA, Ucak A, Onan B, Inan K, Öztaş E, Arslan S, Uysal B, Demirkılıç U, Tatar H. Protective Effects of Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor Blockade With Olmesartan on Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: An Experimental Study on Rats. Ann Vasc Surg 2010; 24:801-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
10
|
Rasouli MR, Rahimian R, Fakhfouri G, Mehr SE, Tavangar SM, Dehpour AR. Lithium does not protect against spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits. Ann Vasc Surg 2010; 24:299-300. [PMID: 20142005 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Current World Literature. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2009; 22:539-43. [DOI: 10.1097/aco.0b013e32832fa02c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Effects of Ketamine on the Balance of Ions Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ in the Ischemia-reperfusion Affected Spinal Cord Tissues in Rabbits. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:2192-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|