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Valls A, Kral-O'Brien K, Kopco J, Harmon JP. Timing alters how a heat shock affects a host-parasitoid interaction. J Therm Biol 2020; 90:102596. [PMID: 32479391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic factors' effects on species are now well-studied, yet they are still often difficult to predict, especially for strongly interacting species. If these altered abiotic factors and species interactions occur as discrete events in time, such complications may occur because of the events' relative timing. One such discrete abiotic factor is the short-duration, large magnitude increase in temperature called a heat shock. This study investigates how the timing of heat shocks affects the successful attack and reproduction of a parasitoid wasp (Aphidius ervi) attacking its host, the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). We tested three relative timings: 1) heat shock before the wasp attacks hosts, 2) heat shock while the wasp is foraging, and 3) heat shock after the wasp has attacked hosts. In each scenario we compared wasp mummy production (pupal stage) with and without a heat shock. Our results showed that a heat shock had the largest effect when it occurred while wasps actively foraged, with fewer mummies produced when exposed to a heat shock compared to the no heat shock control. Follow-up behavioral tests suggest this was caused by wasps becoming inactive during heat shocks. In contrast, when heat shocks were applied three days before or after foraging, we found no difference in mummy production between the heat shock treatment and no heat shock control. These results show the potential importance of timing when considering the ramifications of an altered abiotic factor, especially with relatively discrete abiotic events and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Valls
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Dept. 7650, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Katherine Kral-O'Brien
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Dept. 7650, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA.
| | - James Kopco
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Dept. 7650, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Jason P Harmon
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Dept. 7650, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA.
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2
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Louâpre P, Le Lann C, Hance T. When parasitoids deal with the spatial distribution of their hosts: consequences for both partners. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:923-931. [PMID: 29488695 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insect parasitoids developing inside hosts face a true challenge: hosts are scattered in the field and their localization and selection require the use of complex and sometime confusing information. It was assumed for a long time that small-brained organisms like parasitoids have evolved simple and efficient behavioral mechanisms, leading them to be adapted to a given ecological situation, for example, the spatial distribution of hosts in the habitat. However, hosts are not static and their distribution may also vary through generations and within the life of parasitoid individuals. We investigated if and how parasitoids deal with such a spatial complexity in a mesocosm experiment. We used the Aphidius rhopalosiphi/Sitobion avenae parasitoid/host system to investigate if parasitoid females experiencing different host aggregation levels exhibit different foraging behaviors independently of the number of hosts in the environment. We showed that A. rhopalosiphi females exploited hosts more intensively both within and among patches at higher host aggregation levels. We discussed the adaptiveness of such behaviors in the light of evolution and biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Louâpre
- Earth and Life Institue, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- CNRS, Biogéosciences UMR 6282, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institue, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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3
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Ben-Ari M, Outreman Y, Denis G, Le Gallic JF, Inbar M, Simon JC. Differences in escape behavior between pea aphid biotypes reflect their host plants’ palatability to mammalian herbivores. Basic Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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4
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Gish M, Inbar M. Standing on the shoulders of giants: young aphids piggyback on adults when searching for a host plant. Front Zool 2018; 15:49. [PMID: 30534184 PMCID: PMC6282293 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-018-0292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Upon the detection of imminent peril, pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) often drop off their host plant. Dropping in response to insect enemies is intermittent in nature, but when a mammalian herbivore feeds on their host plant, a large mixed-age group of aphids usually drops off the plant at once. Aphids that reach the ground are confronted with new, hostile environmental conditions and must therefore quickly walk toward a suitable host plant. The longer it takes an aphid to reach a host plant, the more it is exposed to the risks of starvation, desiccation and predation. Results We found that young nymphs, which have limited mobility and high mortality on the ground, quickly climb on conspecific (not necessarily parental) adults and cling to them before the latter start walking in search of a plant. This “riding” behavior is likely to be adaptive for the nymphs, for it shortens their journey and the time they spend off a host plant. Adults however, seem to be irritated by the riding nymphs, as they often actively try to remove them. Conclusions After dropping from the host plant, young aphid nymphs travel at least part of the way back to a plant on the backs of adults. For the riding behavior to take place, nymphs need to successfully find adults and withstand removal attempts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-018-0292-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Gish
- 1Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moshe Inbar
- 2Department of Evolutionary & Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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5
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Shaw AK, Peace A, Power AG, Bosque-Pérez NA. Vector population growth and condition-dependent movement drive the spread of plant pathogens. Ecology 2018; 98:2145-2157. [PMID: 28555726 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses, often spread by arthropod vectors, impact natural and agricultural ecosystems worldwide. Intuitively, the movement behavior and life history of vectors influence pathogen spread, but the relative contribution of each factor has not been examined. Recent research has highlighted the influence of host infection status on vector behavior and life history. Here, we developed a model to explore how vector traits influence the spread of vector-borne plant viruses. We allowed vector life history (growth rate, carrying capacity) and movement behavior (departure and settlement rates) parameters to be conditional on whether the plant host is infected or healthy and whether the vector is viruliferous (carrying the virus) or not. We ran simulations under a wide range of parameter combinations and quantified the fraction of hosts infected over time. We also ran case studies of the model for Barley yellow dwarf virus, a persistently transmitted virus, and for Potato virus Y, a non-persistently transmitted virus. We quantified the relative importance of each parameter on pathogen spread using Latin hypercube sampling with the statistical partial rank correlation coefficient technique. We found two general types of mechanisms in our model that increased the rate of pathogen spread. First, increasing factors such as vector intrinsic growth rate, carrying capacity, and departure rate from hosts (independent of whether these factors were condition-dependent) led to more vectors moving between hosts, which increased pathogen spread. Second, changing condition-dependent factors such as a vector's preference for settling on a host with a different infection status than itself, and vector tendency to leave a host of the same infection status, led to increased contact between hosts and vectors with different infection statuses, which also increased pathogen spread. Overall, our findings suggest that vector population growth rates had the greatest influence on rates of virus spread, but rates of vector dispersal from infected hosts and from hosts of the same infection status were also very important. Our model highlights the importance of simultaneously considering vector life history and behavior to better understand pathogen spread. Although developed for plant viruses, our model could readily be utilized with other vector-borne pathogen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Angela Peace
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, USA
| | - Alison G Power
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Nilsa A Bosque-Pérez
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83843, USA
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6
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Humphreys RK, Ruxton GD. Dropping to escape: a review of an under-appreciated antipredator defence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:575-589. [PMID: 30298642 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dropping is a common antipredator defence that enables rapid escape from a perceived threat. However, despite its immediate effectiveness in predator-prey encounters (and against other dangers such as a parasitoid or an aggressive conspecific), it remains an under-appreciated defence strategy in the scientific literature. Dropping has been recorded in a wide range of taxa, from primates to lizards, but has been studied most commonly in insects. Insects have been found to utilise dropping in response to both biotic and abiotic stimuli, sometimes dependent on mechanical or chemical cues. Whatever the trigger for dropping, the decision to drop by prey will present a range of inter-related costs and benefits to the individual and so there will be subtle complexities in the trade-offs surrounding this defensive behaviour. In predatory encounters, dropping by prey will also impose varying costs and benefits on the predator - or predators - involved in the system. There may be important trade-offs involved in the decision made by predators regarding whether to pursue prey or not, but the predator perspective on dropping has been less explored at present. Beyond its function as an escape tactic, dropping has also been suggested to be an important precursor to flight in insects and further study could greatly improve understanding of its evolutionary importance. Dropping in insects could also prove of significant practical importance if an improved understanding can be applied to integrated pest-management strategies. Currently the non-consumptive effects of predators on their prey are under-appreciated in biological control and it may be that the dropping behaviour of many pest species could be exploited via management practices to improve crop protection. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the current literature on dropping and to raise awareness of this fascinating and widespread behaviour. It also seeks to offer some novel hypotheses and highlight key avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind K Humphreys
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Dyer's Brae House, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, U.K
| | - Graeme D Ruxton
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Dyer's Brae House, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, U.K
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Trotta V, Forlano P, Falabella P, Battaglia D, Fanti P. The aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum exhibits a greater survival after a heat shock when parasitized by the wasp Aphidius ervi. J Therm Biol 2018; 72:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Rossetti MR, Tscharntke T, Aguilar R, Batáry P. Responses of insect herbivores and herbivory to habitat fragmentation: a hierarchical meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:264-272. [PMID: 28111900 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Loss and fragmentation of natural habitats can lead to alterations of plant-animal interactions and ecosystems functioning. Insect herbivory, an important antagonistic interaction is expected to be influenced by habitat fragmentation through direct negative effects on herbivore community richness and indirect positive effects due to losses of natural enemies. Plant community changes with habitat fragmentation added to the indirect effects but with little predictable impact. Here, we evaluated habitat fragmentation effects on both herbivory and herbivore diversity, using novel hierarchical meta-analyses. Across 89 studies, we found a negative effect of habitat fragmentation on abundance and species richness of herbivores, but only a non-significant trend on herbivory. Reduced area and increased isolation of remaining fragments yielded the strongest effect on abundance and species richness, while specialist herbivores were the most vulnerable to habitat fragmentation. These fragmentation effects were more pronounced in studies with large spatial extent. The strong reduction in herbivore diversity, but not herbivory, indicates how important common generalist species can be in maintaining herbivory as a major ecosystem process.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa Rossetti
- Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Georg-August University, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramiro Aguilar
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000JJC Córdoba, Argentina.,Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica (LANASE), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, México
| | - Péter Batáry
- Agroecology, Georg-August University, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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9
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MERESMAN Y, BEN-ARI M, INBAR M. Turning in mid-air allows aphids that flee the plant to avoid reaching the risky ground. Integr Zool 2017; 12:409-420. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan MERESMAN
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology; University of Haifa; Haifa Israel
| | - Matan BEN-ARI
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology; University of Haifa; Haifa Israel
| | - Moshe INBAR
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology; University of Haifa; Haifa Israel
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10
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Lines, loops and spirals: an intraclonal continuum of host location behaviours in walking aphids. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Gish M, Ben-Ari M, Inbar M. Direct consumptive interactions between mammalian herbivores and plant-dwelling invertebrates: prevalence, significance, and prospectus. Oecologia 2016; 183:347-352. [PMID: 27878384 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian herbivores induce changes in the chemical composition, phenology, distribution, and abundance of the plants they feed on. Consequently, invertebrate herbivores (predominantly insects) that depend on those plants, and the predators and parasitoids that are associated with them, may be affected. This plant-mediated indirect interaction between mammals and invertebrates has been extensively studied, but mammalian herbivores may also directly affect plant-dwelling invertebrates (PDI) by incidentally ingesting them while feeding. The ubiquity and small size of PDI render them highly susceptible to incidental ingestion, but as common as this interaction may intuitively seem, very little is known about its prevalence and ecological consequences. Nevertheless, cases of incidental ingestion of PDI and associated adaptations for avoiding it that have been sporadically documented in several invertebrate groups and life stages allow us to carefully extrapolate and conclude that it should be common in nature. Incidental ingestion may, therefore, bear significant consequences for PDI, but it may also affect the mammalian herbivores and the shared plants. Future research on incidental ingestion of PDI would have to overcome several technical difficulties to gain better insight into this understudied ecological interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Gish
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Matan Ben-Ari
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moshe Inbar
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
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12
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Zhang Y, Wang XX, Zhu JY, Zhang ZF, Tian HG, Liu TX. Strategies used by two apterous strains of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum for passive dispersal. Biol Open 2016; 5:1535-1544. [PMID: 27628035 PMCID: PMC5087678 DOI: 10.1242/bio.018903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wingless forms of aphids are relatively sedentary, and have a limited ability to migrate or disperse. However, they can drop off hosts or walk away if disturbed, or their food quality or quantity become deteriorated. Earlier, we found that the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris, 1776), could use differed strategies to escape danger and locate new host plants. To determine the mechanisms behind the different strategies, we undertook a series of studies including the aphids' host location, energy reserves under starvation, glycogenesis, sugar assimilation, olfactory and probing behaviors. We found that in our controlled laboratory conditions, one strain (local laboratory strain) moved longer distances and dispersed wider ranges, and correspondingly these aphids assimilated more sugars, synthesized more glycogen, and moved faster than another strain (collected from Gansu Province, northwestern China). However, the latter strain could locate the host faster, probed leaves more frequently, and identified plant leaves more accurately than the former strain after they were starved. Our results explained how flightless or wingless insects adapt to fit biotic and abiotic challenges in the complex processes of natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- College of plant protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xing-Xing Wang
- College of plant protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing-Yun Zhu
- College of plant protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- College of plant protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hong-Gang Tian
- College of plant protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- College of plant protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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